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Ergonomics > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Well designed displays

A

insure the safe and effective operation of the system

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2
Q

Designs should be related to

A

the principles of human perception

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3
Q

Most displays are

A

visual or auditory

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4
Q

Use auditory presentation if:

A
  • message is simple
  • message is short
  • it won’t be referred to later
  • deals with events in time
  • calls for immediate action
  • visual system of person is overburdened
  • location is too bright or dark
  • job requires continual motion
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5
Q

Use visual presentation if:

A
  • message is complex
  • is long
  • will be referred to later
  • deals with location in space
  • doesn’t call for immediate action
  • auditory system is too burdened
  • location is noisy
  • person’s job requires staying in one position
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6
Q

Static displays

A

fixed signs- don’t move or change- stop sign

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7
Q

Dynamic displays

A

does change- speedometer - may have static parts

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8
Q

Displays could be

A

between static and dynamic

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9
Q

6 principles of static displays

A

Conspicuity- static displays- how well it attracts attention
Visibility
Legibility- how easy to see INDIVIDUAL letters
readability- comprehension
Intelligibility
Maintainability- has to hold up in environment

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10
Q

Humans are maximally sensitive to this color

A

lime yellow- new emergency vehicles are this color

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11
Q

Factors of legibility

A

size/ width of letters
images- pixles
contrast with background

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12
Q

Legibility Distance

A

distance a person can read the sign

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13
Q

Intelligibility

A

Message in displays should be unambiguous and show consequences of ignoring it

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14
Q

Alphanumeric display

A

uses words, numbers, letters

  • assuming person is literate
  • legibility important- some characters are similar
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15
Q

Ability to read or interpret a display is influenced by:

A
  1. Overall density- number of characters on total display
  2. Local density- density in region surrounding a char.
  3. Grouping- related to gestalt principles
  4. Layout complexity- extent to which layout is predictable
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16
Q

Symbolic displays

A

use image to convey message- best if standardized

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17
Q

The speed and accuracy with which you can identify symbolic displays is related to:

A

the gestalt principles

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18
Q

Coding dimensions

A

arbitrary features can be coded to go along with objects/ concepts

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19
Q

Absolute judgement

A

coding- refers to the classification of a stimulus when several options are available

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20
Q

Peoples can discriminate between

A

5 and 7 stimuli

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21
Q

Different coding dimenstions

A
  1. absolute coding
  2. color coding
  3. shape coding
  4. combination codes- uses more than one type
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22
Q

Dynamic display principles

A

same as static >.<

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23
Q

Analog displays

A

have a continuous scale and a pointer

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24
Q

Digital displays

A

present info. in alphanumeric form- better when measures aren’t changing rapidly

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25
Sequence of use
the order in which displays are used- very useful for display arrangements. If there's no sequence, display should be grouped by function
26
Link analysis
technique used to design display configurations- displays with strong links should be closer together
27
Link
How two things are connected
28
Motion interpret ability
how well displays shows motion of object- gps- car on map
29
Head up displays
common in airplanes and video games
30
3 Types of warning signals
Advisories, cautions, warnings
31
Auditory icons
representational, everyday sounds with stereotypical meanings- police siren
32
Earcons
brief, recognizable tones to provide info- text ding
33
Three- dimensional displays
can be made using auditory localization cues- provide spacial information by directing a user's attention to a particular location without requiring change of field of vision- surround sound
34
Dichotic Displasy
each ear get different signal
35
Speech display
transmit slightly more complicated messages. much better when accompanied by visual displays- should use sentences
36
Haptic displays
vibration, motion, force to display info
37
Things to consider when creating a display:
sensory modality, environment, purpose of system, nature of info. to be communicated, capabilities of the users
38
4 things to keep in mind when writing a survey question
1. Be brief 2. Be objective 3. Be Specific 4. Be simple
39
Social desirability bias
People put the answers they think will make them look better to other people
40
Semantic differential technique
using bipolar pairs at opposite ends of scale
41
Response types for scales
multichotomous and continuous (usually give you better data)
42
Prototype
allows stakeholders to interact with an envisioned product, to gain experience with it a realistic setting, and to explore imagined uses
43
Actual definition of prototype
limited representation of a design that allows users to interact with it and explore it suitability
44
Low fidelity prototyping
doesn't look much like final product. Cheap, easy to make, easy and fast to modify
45
Types of low fidelity prototyping
Storyboard- gets feedback from colleges and gets design team to consider scenario it'll be used in in more detail. that's it?
46
High fidelity prototyping
looks more like finished product- useful for selling ideas to ppl and for testing out technical issues
47
Horizontal prototyping
wide range of functions with little detail
48
Vertical prototyping
providing a lot of detail for fewer functions
49
What are task analyses used for?
help understand human and system performance in a particular task/ scenario
50
Task analyses involve:
identifying tasks, collecting task data, analyzing data so tasks are understood, presenting documented representation
51
2 Kinds of task analyses
hierarchical and cognitive
52
HTA
breaks tasks down into goals, operations, and plans
53
HTA goals
unobservable task goals associated with the task in question
54
HTA operations
observable behaviours the operator must do to accomplish goal
55
HTA plans
unobservable
56
The bottom level of any HTA will always be an
operation
57
HTA- underneath subgoals
what the operator needs to do to achieve that subgoal
58
Steps to an HTA
goals, sub goals, operations, plans
59
CTA
breaks down components of task in terms of cognitive ability required during each step
60
Pros of task analysis
HTA's are: easy to learn and implement requires minimal training quick to use used in wide range of contexts gives great insight into specific tasks of product tasks can be analyzed to any level of detail needed
61
Cons of task analysis
``` descriptive, not analytical little that can DIRECTLY improve design can be time consuming analyst must be trained well no good software for HTA ```
62
Factors that contribute to workload
types of task user must perform number of tasks accuracy requirements time demands
63
We can assess workload via
empirical: measure direct analytical: predict early during system development
64
4 major types of empirical techniques for assessing workload
primary task, secondary task, physiology, subjective- rating scales and interviews
65
Commonly used measures for primary task assessments
accuracy and reaction time
66
Workload
the amount of effort/ work a person or group must perform in a time limit
67
Mental workload
amount of mental effort required of a task in a time limit
68
Problems with primary task measures
not diagnostic of mental resources that are being overloaded- like which exact ones not good for measuring differences in workload when performance doesn't change
69
Paradigms of secondary task measures
loading task- maintain perf. on secondary task while primary sufferes subsidiary- opposite
70
What kind of secondary tasks should you use
ones that draw on resources also being used in primary task
71
Workload is assumed to rise with
arousal- one way to test by physiology
72
Problems with subjective task measures
users may confuse perceived difficulty with effort workloads might be inaccessible to conscious evaluation may not be sensitive to aspects of task environment that affect primary task performance- can fix if do a primary task also
73
6 scales of NASA- TLX
physical demand, mental demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, frustration level
74
If you use analytical techniques, you should
use a battery of them
75
5 categories of analytical techniques
comparison, expert opinion, mathematical models, task analysis, simulation models

Ergonomics (3 decks)

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