Final Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
• The ANS consists of motor neurons that:
- Innervate _____ and ______muscle and _________
- Make adjustments to ensure ________for body activities
- Operate via ________ control
A
- smooth and cardiac** and **glands
- _optimal support _
- subconscious control
2
Q
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Other names
A
- Involuntary nervous system
- General visceral motor system
3
Q
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
• The two systems differ in
A
- Effectors
- Efferent pathways (and their neurotransmitters)
- Target organ responses to neurotransmitters
4
Q
Effectors
• Somatic nervous system
A
• Skeletal muscles
5
Q
Effectors
• ANS
A
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Glands
6
Q
_ __Efferent Pathways_
• Somatic nervous system
• A, thick, heavily myelinated __________ makes up each pathway from the CNS to the __________
A
• somatic motor fiber / muscle
7
Q
Efferent Pathways in
• ANS pathway is a two-neuron chain
- ______________________has a thin, lightly myelinated preganglionic axon
- ___________________has an unmyelinated postganglionic axon that extends to the effector organ
A
- Preganglionic neuron (in CNS)
- Ganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion
8
Q
Neurotransmitter Effects in the
• Somatic nervous system
• All somatic motor neurons release _______ and the Effects are _____________
A
acetylcholine (ACh)
• Effects are always stimulatory
9
Q
Neurotransmitter Effects
in the
• ANS
• Preganglionic fibers release ____________
• _Post_ganglionic fibers release ______/______ at effectors
• Effect is either _______/________, depending on type of receptors
A
- ACh
- norepinephrine or ACh
- stimulatory or inhibitory
10
Q
Divisions of the ANS
A
Divisions of the ANS
- Sympathetic division
- Parasympathetic division
11
Q
In the ANS
Parasympathetic division
• _Dual innervatio_n Is?
A
• Almost all visceral organs are served by both divisions, but they cause opposite effects
12
Q
Role of the Parasympathetic Division
A
- Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy
- Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes, reading, after a meal
13
Q
Role of the Parasympathetic Division
• Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy
• Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes, reading, after a meal by?
A
- Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
- Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
- Pupils are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision
14
Q
Role of the Sympathetic Division
A
- Mobilizes the body during activity; is the “fight-or-flight” system
- Promotes adjustments during exercise, or when threatened
15
Q
Role of the Sympathetic Division
• Promotes adjustments during exercise, or when threatened
How?
A
- Blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart
- Bronchioles dilate
- Liver releases glucose
16
Q
Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division Outflow
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division
• Preganglionic neurons are in ?
A
spinal cord segments T1 – L2
17
Q
Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division Outflow
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division
• Sympathetic neurons produce ?
A
lateral horns of the spinal cord
18
Q
Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division Outflow
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division
• Preganglionic fibers pass through the_________communicantes and enter _________
A
white rami
sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia
19
Q
• There are ____paravertebral ganglia in the sympathetic trunk (chain)
A
23
20
Q
• There are 23 paravertebral ganglia in the sympathetic trunk (chain)
how many in each area?
- cervical?
- thoracic?
- lumbar?
- sacral?
- coccygeal ?
A
- 3 cervical
- 11 thoracic
- 4 lumbar
- 4 sacral
- 1 coccygeal
21
Q
• Upon entering a sympathetic trunk ganglion a preganglionic fiber may do one of the following:
A
- Synapse with a ganglionic neuron within the same ganglion
- Ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
- Pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge without synapsing
22
Q
• Postganglionic axons enter the ventral rami via
A
the gray rami communicantes
23
Q
Pathways with Synapses in Chain Ganglia
• Postganglionic axons enter the ventral rami via the gray rami communicantes
• These fibers innervate
A
- Sweat glands
- Arrector pili muscles
- Vascular smooth muscle
24
Q
Pathways to the Head
• Fibers emerge from _______and synapse in_________
A
T1 – T4
the superior cervical ganglion
25
Pathways to the Head
• Fibers emerge from T1 – T4 and synapse in the superior cervical ganglion
• These fibers
do what?
* Innervate skin and blood vessels of the head
* Stimulate dilator muscles of the iris
* Inhibit nasal and salivary glands
26
Pathways to the Thorax
• Preganglionic fibers emerge from _______ and synapse in the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• Postganglionic fibers emerge from the middle and inferior \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and enter nerves \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
T1 – T6
cervical trunk ganglia
cervical ganglia
C4 – C8
27
Pathways to the _Thorax_
• Preganglionic fibers &
• Postganglionic fibers
• These fibers innervate:
* Heart via the cardiac plexus
* Thyroid gland and the skin
* Lungs and esophagus
28
Pathways with Synapses in Collateral Ganglia
## Footnote
* Most fibers from T5 – L2 synapse in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* They form thoracic, lumbar, and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Their ganglia include the _______ and the superior and inferior \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* collateral ganglia
* sacral splanchnic nerves
* celiac
mesenteric
29
Pathways to the Abdomen
## Footnote
* Preganglionic fibers from T5 – L2 travel through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Synapses occur in the _________ and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* _______________ serve the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys
* thoracic splanchnic nerves
* celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
* Postganglionic fibers
30
Pathways to the Pelvis
## Footnote
* Preganglionic fibers from T10 – L2 travel via the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Synapses occur in the __________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Postganglionic fibers serve the _______ of the large \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ organs
* lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves
* inferior mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia
* **_distal half_** of the **_large intestine_**, the **_urinary bladder**_, and the _**reproductive organs_**
31
Pathways with Synapses in the Adrenal Medulla
## Footnote
* Some preganglionic fibers pass directly to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_without synapsing
* Upon stimulation, _medullary cells secrete_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_into the blood
* adrenal medulla
* norepinephrine and epinephrine
32
Visceral Reflexes
## Footnote
* Visceral reflex arcs have the same components as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Main difference: visceral reflex arc has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, contributing to the phenomenon of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* somatic reflexes
* 2 neurons in the motor pathway
* _somatic pain fibers_, _referred pain_
33
Referred Pain
## Footnote
* Visceral pain _______ travel along the same pathway as somatic pain fibers
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_arising in the viscera are perceived as somatic in origin
* afferents
* Pain stimuli
34
Neurotransmitters
## Footnote
* ___________ release the neurotransmitter ACh
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ***_pre_**ganglionic* axons
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_***_post_****ganglionic* axons
* Cholinergic fibers
* All ANS
* All parasympathetic
35
Neurotransmitters
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ release the neurotransmitter NE
* Most \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ postganglionic axons
* **_Exceptions_**: _sympathetic ***post***ganglionic fibers_ secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_at sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscles
* Adrenergic fibers
* sympathetic
* ACh
36
Receptors for Neurotransmitters
## Footnote
1. Cholinergic receptors for \_\_\_\_\_\_
2. Adrenergic receptors for\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1. ACh
2. NE
37
Cholinergic Receptors
## Footnote
• Two types of receptors bind ACh
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• Named after drugs that bind to them and mimic \_\_\_\_\_
1. Nicotinic
2. Muscarinic
• ACh effects
38
Nicotinic Receptors
• Found on
## Footnote
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of skeletal muscle cells (Chapter 9)
* All \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(sympathetic and parasympathetic)
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_producing cells of the adrenal medulla
* Effect of ACh at nicotinic receptors is always \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Motor end plates
* All ganglionic neurons
* Hormone-
* always stimulatory
39
Muscarinic Receptors
• Found on
* _All **effector** cells_ stimulated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* The effect of \_\_\_\_\_\_at muscarinic receptors
* Can be either \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and ____________
* Depends on the ____________ of the _target organ_
* postganglionic cholinergic fibers
* ACh
* **_inhibitory**_ or _**excitatory_**
* receptor type
40
Adrenergic Receptors
• Two types
1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• Effects of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_depend on which ___________ on the target organ
* Alpha (α) (subtypes *_α1, α2)_*
* Beta (β) (subtypes *_β1, β2 , β3_*)
* **_NE_** depend on **_subclass of receptor predominates _**
41
Effects of Drugs
## Footnote
* Anticholinergic; blocks muscarinic receptors
* Used to prevent salivation during surgery, and to dilate the pupils for examination
**
• Atropine
**
42
Effects of Drugs
• Inhibits acetylcholinesterase
• _Used to **treat myasthenia gravis
**_
**
• Neostigmine**
43
Effects of Drugs
• *_Stimulate_* **_α-adrenergic_** receptors
• Over-the-counter drugs for colds, allergies, and nasal congestion
44
Effects of Drugs
• Drugs that ***_attach to β2 receptors_*** to dilate lung bronchioles in asthmatics; other uses
• Beta-blockers
45
Interactions of the Autonomic Divisions
## Footnote
* Most visceral organs have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* _____________ allows for precise control of visceral activity
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_division\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ heart and respiratory rates, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_digestion and elimination
* _________ division ________ heart and respiratory rates, and **_allows_** for digestion and the discarding of wastes
* dual innervation
* Dynamic antagonism
* **_Sympathetic**_ division _**increases_**
* **_Parasympathetic**_ division _**decreases_**
46
Sympathetic Tone
## Footnote
```
• Sympathetic division controls\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, even at rest
Sympathetic tone (vasomotor tone) • Keeps the blood vessels in a continual state of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
```
* Sympathetic fibers\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to _______ vessels and cause blood pressure to\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Sympathetic fibers fire __________ to prompt vessels to ________ to _decrease_ blood pressure
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat hypertension
* blood pressure
* partial constriction
* **_fire more rapidly**_ to _**constrict_** blood vessels and cause blood pressure to **r**_ise_****
* Sympathetic fibers fire **_less rapidly**_ to prompt vessels to _**dilate_** to decrease blood pressure
* Alpha-blocker drugs
47
Parasympathetic Tone
* Parasympathetic division normally dominates the \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Slows the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Dictates normal activity levels of the\_\_\_\_\_/ \_\_\_\_\_\_tracts
* The\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can _override_ these _effects_ _during times of stress_
* Drugs that block parasympathetic responses _increase_ _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_fecal and urinary retention
* _heart and smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs_
* heart
* digestive and urinary tracts
* sympathetic division
* _heart rate_ and _block _
48
Cooperative Effects
## Footnote
* Best seen in control of the external \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; are responsible for erection of the penis or clitoris
* _____________ cause _________ of semen in males and reflex ___________ of a female’s vagina
* **_ genitalia_**
* **_Parasympathetic fibers**_ cause _**vasodilation_**;
* **_Sympathetic fibers**_ cause _**ejaculation**_ of semen in males and _**reflex contraction_** of a female’s vagina
49
Unique Roles of the Sympathetic Division
• The adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kidneys, and most blood vessels receive only \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
sympathetic fibers
50
• The **_sympathetic division controls_**
## Footnote
* ______________ responses to heat
* Release of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_from the kidneys
* _________ effects
* Increases metabolic rates of \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Raises blood ________ levels
* Mobilizes fats for use as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
***_SYMPATHETIC DIVISION CONTROLS_***
* Thermoregulatory
* renin
* Metabolic
* cells
* glucose
* fuels
51
Localized Versus Diffuse Effects
## Footnote
* ________________ division: **_short-**_lived, _**highly localized control over effectors_**
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_division: _l**ong**_-lasting, **_bodywide effects _**
* Parasympathetic division:
* Sympathetic division:
52
Effects of Sympathetic Activation
## Footnote
* Sympathetic activation is long lasting because \_\_\_\_\_
* Is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_more slowly than ACh
* NE and epinephrine are released into the blood and remain there until destroyed by the\_\_\_\_\_\_
* NE
* inactivated
• liver
53
Control of ANS Functioning
## Footnote
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_—main integrative center of ANS activity
* Subconscious cerebral input via ________ connections influences ___________ function
* Other controls come from the \_\_\_\_\_\_, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the spinal cord
* Hypothalamus
* **limbic lobe / hypothalamic **
* **cerebral cortex**, the **reticular formation**,
54
Hypothalamic Control
## Footnote
* Control may be _____ or \_\_\_\_\_\_(through the \_\_\_\_\_\_system)
* Centers of the __________ control
* \_\_\_\_\_\_activity and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_pressure
* Body \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, _______ balance, and\_\_\_\_\_\_
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_stages (rage, pleasure) and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_drives (hunger, thirst, sex)
* Reactions to fear and the “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_” system
* **_direct_** or **_indirect**_ (through the _**reticular_** system)
* hypothalamus
* **_Heart**_ activity and _**blood_** pressure
* **_Body temperature**_, _**water**_ balance, and _**endocrine activity_**
* **_Emotional_** and **_biological_**
* ***“fight-or-flight” ***
55
Developmental Aspects of the ANS
## Footnote
* During _youth, ANS impairments_ are usually due \_\_\_\_
* In _old age_, ANS efficiency \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, partially due to structural changes at \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**_ to injury_**
• **_declines_**, **_ preganglionic axon terminals_**
56
Developmental Aspects of the ANS
• **_Effects of age on ANS_**
## Footnote
* Constipation
* Dry eyes
* Frequent eye infections
* Orthostatic hypotension
57
• _Low blood pressure_ occurs because _aging_ pressure **_receptor_**s respond _less to changes in blood pressure_ with changes in body position and because of slowed responses by _sympathetic **vasoconstrictor** centers_
• Orthostatic hypotension
