Final Flashcards by Matt Lazarus

Effect of DDT toxicity in fish?

Repro

Neurotoxic

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What gas is associated with a yellow haze in animal quarters?

Nitrogen oxide

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Commercial test for cyanide poisoning? What kind of sample do you use? What color change is positive?

Sodium picrate paper test

Rumen contents or the plant

Change from yellow to brick red

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Gasoline, kerosene, and petroleum distillates are what type of petroleum products and what do they cause?

Refined long-chain aliphatics

Aspiration pneumonia

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How does calcium affect the toxicity of soluble oxalate?

Decreases

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Lesions associated with petroleum products?

Ulceration in the trachea

Oil in bronchi or GIT

Degeneration and necrosis of liver and kidney (aliphatic hydrocarbons)

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Toxins that cause death by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase?

H2S

Cyanide

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DDX of fluoride toxicosis?

Vitamin D deficiency

Parathyroid disease

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MOA of H2S?

Direct irritant of MM

Inhibits cytochrome oxidase -> inhibits cellular respiration

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What is the toxic dose of HCN in all animals?

2-2.3 mg/kg (highly toxic)

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Clinical signs of chronic cyanide poisoning?

Posterior paralysis

Incontinence

Cystitis

Possible goitrogenic effect

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Effect of DDT toxicity in birds?

Eggshell thinning

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How can nitrogen gas be converted to nitrate/nitrite?

Alkali

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Bovine hyerkeratosis is associated with what toxin?

Petroleum (chlorinated naphthalenes)

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Treatment of CO?

Oxygen

5% CO2

Blood transfusion

Fluids

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What is the most important determinant of respiratory injury?

Solubility of the toxin

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T/F: Most young plants are less toxic than mature plants

False

More toxic

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What is the specimen of choice for diagnosing nitrite poisoning in dead animals?

Ocular fluid

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MOA of chronic cyanide poisoning?

Neuronal degeneration and demyelination of the brain and spinal cord

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Lesions of Nitrogen oxide?

Lung shit

Methemoglobinemia

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Odor associated with nitrogen oxide?

Chlorine-like odor

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MOA of irritants (smoke inhalation)

Chemically react on contact with mucous membranes to cause local effects

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What type of fluoride toxicosis causes delayed mineralization of teeth?

Chronic

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What are the characteristic lesions of nitrogen oxide gas toxicity?

Pulmonary edema

Methemoglobinemia

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Where is fluoride mainly stored?

Bones and teeth

Lesions of H2S?

Dark blood, may not clot Tissues are dark or green/purple GI contents are black/gray and smell

T/F: Nitrite crosses the placenta

True

What toxin in associated with bloood-tinged froth?

Soluble oxalate

Adding murcuric chloride to a sample being tested for what poison will preserve it?

Cyanide

What treatments are generally contraindicated with petroleum poisoning?

Emetics Gastric lavage Glucocorticoids

T/F: Petroleum products with high boiling points are relatively non-toxic

True

At what percent COHb will death occur?

60-70%

Benzene, toluene, and xylene are what type of petroleum products and what do they cause?

Refined aromatic hydrocarbons Bone mattow suppression

Sodium thiosulfate is used to treat what toxin and how does it work?

Cyanide Converts CN- to thiocyanate (less toxic)

T/F: Emetics and gastric lavage are good treatments for petroleum poisoning

False Generally contraindicated

What gas is reddish brown in color?

NO2

What are the best diagnostic samples for cyanide poisoning?

Brain and heart

Which is more readily absorbed, aromatic hydrocarbons or aliphatic hydrocarbons?

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Along with nitrite, what other toxins cause methemoglobinemia?

Copper Acetominophen

T/F: Nitrate is 10x more toxic than nitrite

False Nitrite is more toxic

Lesions of acute fluoride toxicosis?

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Prognosis of petroleum poisoning?

Depends on severity Guarded to poor in severe cases due to oil in the lungs

What form of absorption of petroleum products will cause aspiration pneumonia?

Absorption via GIT

Sodium nitrite is used to treat what toxin and how does it work?

Cyanide Causes methemoglobin which binds CN- and reactivated cytochrome oxidase

Which form of cyanide is more toxic? Cyanide or thiocyanate

Cyanide

How is cyanide absorbed into the body?

GIT Inhalation Intact skin

Fluoride is fatal to the fetus?

False It crosses the placenta but the fetus is generally not affected

For soluble oxalate poisoning, list the parts of the plant from most to least toxic: Seeds Leaves Stems

Leaves Seeds Stems

What causes "silo filler's disease" in people?

Nitrogen oxide

Clinical signs of acute fluoride toxicosis?

Hemorrhagic hastroenteritis CNS stimulation/clonic seizures Decreased milk production Death from respiratory and cardiac failure

Effect of DDT toxicity in mammals?

Liver and kidney damage Neurotoxin effects Teratogenic (mice) Carcinogenic

What is the cause of death with nitrogen oxide poisoning?

Hypoxia

How do petroleum products enter the body?

GI Intact skin Inhalation

MOA of simple asphyxiants?

Space occupying at the expense of oxygen

Systemic effects of petroleum products?

CNS depression Liver/kidney damage Bone marrow suppression

Treatment of H2S?

Sodium nitrite IV Forms metHg which reactivates cytochrome oxidase

Lesions of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

Dental and bone lesions

Describe the lesions in the kidney from soluble oxalate poisoning

Dark red cortex and medulla separated by a gray line from accumulation of oxalate crystals in the renal tubules

T/F: Stimulation of rumen microflora increases the toxicity of nitrates

True

What species are most susceptible to ammonia?

Livestock

Which is more toxic? Sour crude of sweet crude

Sweet crude

Colors of Nitrogen oxide gases?

NO2 = red brown NO4 = colorless

Which toxin causes hypocalcemia, tetany, and damage to kidney tubules and why?

Soluble oxalate Binds with calcium in the blood to for calcium oxalate crystals

How can you tell the difference between nitrate and cyanide poisoning since they both cause rapid death?

Blood color Nitrate = chocolate brown Cyanide = cherry red

If you see a yellow haze within animal quarters, what gas is present?

Nitrogen oxide DO NOT ENTER

Odor associated with Nitrogen oxide?

Chlorine

What is the most important lesion associated with nitrite poisoning?

Brown-chocolate colored blood (methemoglobin)

Which is more toxic, soluble sodium fluoride or calcium fluoride?

Sodium fluoride

How does Methylene blue 1% treat nitrate poisoning?

Converts metHb back to Hb Turns ferric iron back into ferris

What species is most susceptible to petroleum poisoning?

Cattle

MOA of chemical asphyxiants

Prevent uptake of oxygen

Half life of DDT?

Up to 15 years

Lesions on CO?

Bright red blood

Methane, ethane, propane, and butane are what type of petroleum product?

Refined short-chain aliphatics

What is the field test used to test for nitrate in forage?

Diphenylamine test

What species should you not induce emesis in?

Horse Rat Rabbits Guinea pigs Japanese quail

T/F: Food in the rumen reduces the rate of absorption of soluble oxalate

True

How is fluoride absorbed?

GIT

Which fluoride toxicosis is more common, acute or chronic? Which species is it more common in?

Chronic more common Mainly seen in dairy cattle

How do you preserve blood to test for methemoglobin concentration?

One part blood to twenty parts phosphate buffer (pH6.6)

Sensitivity levels in ruminants, horses, and pigs to nitrate?

Ruminants are most susceptible Horses are very sensitive to IV nitrite Pigs are resistant

Gas common in silos?

Nitrogen oxide

What enzyme is released due to damage to cyanide plants?

B-glucosidase Hydrolyzes cyanogenic glycosides and releases cyanide

Cause of death of sulfur oxide?

Hypoxia

Toxins that cause bright red blood?

CO Cyanide

Best specimen to submit for Dx of fluoride toxicosis?

Bone

Clinical signs of acute cyanide poisoning?

Tachypnea Anziety Panting Gasping Die in 4-5 minutes from onset of clinical signs

Treatment for Nitrogen oxide?

Methylene blue IV Reverses metHb

MOA of acute nitrite toxicosis?

Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric and conversion of hemoblobin to methemoglobin

MOA of CO?

Forms carboxyhemoglobin

Treatment of fluoride toxicosis?

Aluminum salts Calcium carbonate Defluoridated phosphate Form insoluble compounds with fluoride in the gut

Lesions associated with cyanide poisoning?

Bright red mucous membranes Cherry red blood

What gas is associated with a bitter almond or ammoniacal odor?

HCN

What is the treatment of choice for nitrate poisoning?

Metylene blue 1% Cant give it to cats

Clinical signs of ammonia?

Decreased growth rate and egg production Clonic seizures

What species does cyanide poisoning mostly affect?

Large animals Cattla\>sheep\>horses and swine

Rank the following parts of a plant from most to least toxic for cyanide: Bark Fruit Leaves Seeds Stems

Seeds Leaves Bark Stems Fruit

MOA of acute cyanide poisoning?

Blocks electron transport and causes histotoxic anoxia

Source of H2S?

Urine and feces

Odor associated with H2S?

Rotten egg smell

Clinical signs of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

Bony exostoses Spontaneous fractures Brown color around eroded areas in teeth Rough haircoat, reduced millk production and reproduction

What two blood conditions increase nitrate toxicity?

Anemia Methemoglobinemia

MOA of ammonia?

Direct irritant to mucous membranes causing pulmonary edema and congestion

Whal ions does fluoride have a strong affinity for?

Calcium Aluminum Iron

What causes abortion in acute and chronic nitrite toxicosis?

Acute = fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic = decreased progesterone

Treatment for cyanide poisoning?

Sodium nitrite 20% Sodium thiosulfate 20%

Do short-chain aliphatics have a low or high toxicity?

Low

Which gas causes more deaths in closed facilities than any other gas?

H2S