Test 2-Boots Flashcards by Matt Lazarus

What pH conditions increase lead absorption?

Acidic

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T/F: Chelation should be started before removing lead FBs

False: will increase absorption further

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Iron toxicity signs?

GIT, liver, cardio-> shock and death

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T/F: activated charcoal is not effective with iron

True

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Treatment that will help precipitate iron

Milk of magnesia

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T/F: Ferrous iron is more irritant than ferric iron

False

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What are the late signs of EG toxicosis and how long do they last?

Oliguric renal failure

Anuria (72-96h PI)

Dogs - 24-72h PI

Cats - 12-24h PI

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What substances could cause a false positive reading on the Kacey EG test?

Propylene glycol (diazepam)

Mannitol

Sorbitol (activated charcoal)

Glycerol

Ethanol

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Clinical signs of PG?

Narcotic effects and acidosis

Ataxia and CNS depression

Heinz body anemia in cats

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Lesions or characteristics that can help you diagnose zinc phosphide toxicity?

Garlic/fishy odor

Gastroeneteritis

Congestion of liver, kidney, lungs

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Treatment options for flouroacetate?

Often too later

Activated charcoal

Glyceryl monoacetate

Acetic acid/ethanol-oral, less effective

Acetamide/Dextros__e

IV calcium for arrhythmias

Sodium bicarb for met. acidosis

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Is acute renal failure caused by EG or its metabolites?

Metabolites

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What pH environment favors zinc absoprtion?

Acidic

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Prognosis or flouroacetate?

Guarded to grave

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What is the second most common cause of fatal poisoning in animals?

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Prognosis of EG?

Good if treated early

Grave once azotemia is present

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Supportive and symptomatic treatment for PG?

IV fluids

Bicarbonate

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Most common clinical signs of flouroacetate tox in horses, cattle, sheep, gots

Cardiac signs

Death from arrhythmias or respiratory failure

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MOA of metaldehyde?

Decreases brain GABA, NE, Serotonin

Increases MAO-> breaksdown Serotonin and NE

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Most common clinical signs of flouroacetate tox in cats and pigs?

CNS depression or excitement

Cardiac signs: bradycardia, arrhythmias

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T/F: PG is metabolized to toxic metabolites

False

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Rodenticide that is a weak base?

Strychnine

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Primary transport protein of iron

Transferrin

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Toxins on this test that cause rapid rigor mortis?

Strychnine

Flouroacetate

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Characteristics and lesions that help diagnose metaldehyde?

Formaldehyde odor Congestion Survivors: degeneration of brain tissue

Main clinical signs of flouroacetate tox in dogs?

CNS stimulation GI signs Death within 2-12h from resp. failure

Treatment for metaldehyde

Deizures- diazepam, phenobarbital (increases elmination) Xylazine/Ace- horses Muscle relaxants

Deficiency in what minerals increases lead absorption

Iron Zinc Ca Vit D

How is lead transported throughout the body?

Bound to RBC membrane

Lead accumulates where?

Soft tissues (4-6w) Bone (years)

T/F: You should not use activated charcoal if you are giving oral ethanol as treatment for EG

True

Where does zinc accumulate the fastest?

Pancrese Livery Kidney Spleen Male repro

Most sensitive animal to Strychnine? Most frequently poisoned?

Dogs x2

Clinicals signs of zinc phosphide toxicity?

CNS excitment in dogs- mad dog running Anorexia, hematemesis Abd pain/bloat- cattle Wheezing, dyspnea Tissue anoxia-\> death within 48h

T/F: Oral iron is more toxic than parenteral iron

False

T/F: activated charcoal is the treatment of choice for lead

False- not recommended, doesn't bind well to heavy metals

Stage of lead toxicity where GI obstruction may occur from fibrosis

Stage 4: 2-6w

Stage of iron toxicity where animal appears normal

Stage 2: 6-24h

This toxin is used to control coyotes preying on sheep and goats

Flouroacetate

Most toxic route of metaldehyde? Most common route of metaldehyde?

Inhalation Ingestion

Zinc phosphide toxicity looks similar to what two other toxins?

Aluminum phoshide Magnesium phosphide

Species most sensitive to metaldehyde? Species most commonly poisoned with metaldehyde?

Cats Dogs

What is normal serum osmolality compared to EG serum osmolality?

Normal = 280-310 EG = as high as 450

Clinical onset of flouroacetate?

30m-4h

MOA of EG?

Direct GI irritation Increased serum osmolality CNS depression

What is absorbed ferrous iron oxidized to?

Ferric

What are some sources of PG?

Diazepam Semi-moist pet foods Treatment of bovine ketosis Tobacco products

Onset of strychnine?

Rapid: 10m-2h

T/F: Serum transferrin concentrations greatly exceed incoming iron

True

MOA of EG toxic metabolites?

Mainly cause metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure

T/F: Vomiting increases Strychnine toxicity

False

Best treatment for zinc phosphide toxicity?

Antacids-\> raises pH over 4! Oxygen- in ALL cases

How does Fomepizole differ from ethanol in the treatment of EG?

Doesnt cause CNS depression, diuresis, hyperosmolality Faster recovery

What dietary ingredients decrease zinc absorption?

Ca Cu Fe Phytate Fiber

Why are hedgehogs in the UK endangered?

Metaldehyde

What are the early signs of EG toxicosis and how long do they last?

Systemic acidosis Basically drunk Cats are depressed but dont show PD 30min-12h PI

Stage or iron toxicity with nausea, V/D, GI hemorrhage

Stage 1: 0-6h

T/F: Metaldehyde predisposes dogs to have future seizures

False

Clinical signs of strychnine toxicity?

Muscle spasms extensor rigidity tonic seizures sardonic grin respiratory failure-\>death

MOA of flouroacetate?

Competes with citrate in TCA cycle for _aconitase_ -\>-\> citrate toxicity Decreases cellular respiration

What anion gaps is associated with EG?

\>40-50mEq/L

What pH echances zinc phosphide toxicity?

Acidic- gastric acid

What treatment should be avoided with Strychnine toxicity?

Bicarbonate Antacids Opioids Phenothiazines NM blockers Dissociative anesthetics

A trace element tube should be used to analyze this suspected toxin?

Zinc

Why is inducing emesis for zinc phosphide up for debate?

Corrosive BUT vomiting/alkalinity decreases toxicity

At what pH does zinc phosphide liberate phosphine gas?

pH 4 or lower

Chelting agents for iron

Deferoxamine- for severe toxicosis w/i 12h causes red/brown urine pulmonary toxicity may occur do for 2-3d

What metabolized form of EG binds to calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals (monohydrate)

Oxalic acid

Lesions seen with oral iron

GI ulcers hemorrhagic enteritis Congestion

Effects of lead toxicity?

Anemia Increased nRBCs Basophilic stippling CNS excitement Flourescence of plasma porphyrins

What characteristics of the product zinc phosphide can help you identify it?

Grey-black powder Acetylene, garlic, dead fish odor

What does zinc bind to?

Albumin- 2/3 B2-macroglobulin- 1/3

Silver-nitrate paper and drager detector tubes allow for rapid testing for this toxin

Zinc phosphide

MOA of zinc toxicity?

Injure RBCs, liver, kidney, pancreas

Specimens for this toxin shoud be placed in an airtight container and frozen ASAP

Zinc phosphide

Shake and bake toxin

Metaldehyde (neurotoxicosis, hyperthermia)

T/F: only the soluble form or iron is toxic

False- insoluble and soluble are toxic

T/F: Food delays the absorption of EG

True

What tissues does zinc phosphide injury the most?

Those with high oxygen demands (brain, heart) kidney, liver High phosphine content organs (lungs)

Prognosis of strychnine?

Good if less than 72h

Lead competes with what ion in the body, affecting membrane movement?

Calcium

What color is the trace elements tube?

Dark blue top

Which EG metabolite mainly causes metabolic acidosis?

Glycolic acid

Lesions of zinc toxicity?

Gastritis/ulcer Liver damage Renal tubular casts Pancreatitis

T/F: Organic iron is less irritant that inorganic

True

Stage or iron toxicity with the most severe clinical signs

Stage 3: 12-96h V/D, GI hemorrhage, met. acidosis, coag disorders, hepatic failure, cardio collapse

Toxins on this test that cross the BBB?

Strychnine Metaldehyde/Acetaldehyde Lead EG

MOA of strychnine?

Blocks glycine in SC

Lead chelators?

Calcium disodium EDTA Dimercaptosuccinic acid- better than D-penicillamine Dimercaprol- cross BBB-\> more excretion, avoid w/ liver/kidney disease. IM-painful D-penicillamine- oral, often given after EDTA

Clinical signs of zinc toxicity?

GI- V/D, pica, anorexia, pain Hematologic- anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria Renal- azotemia, hyperphosphatemia

Are young or old animals more sensitive than adults?

Young

How soon after ingestion of EG should you use activated charcoal?

Within 4 hours of ingestion

Why are signs of hypocalcemia usually not seen?

Because when the patient is acidotic, there is more calcium available

Where does iron accumulate?

Liver-\> systemic acidosis and shock

Onset of zinc phosphide toxicity?

Minutes to hours

Rate limiting factor or iron absorption?

Carrier dependent absorption in SI

Most common source of lead toxicosis?

Lead-based paints

Chelating agents for zinc?

Calcium disodium EDTA D-penicillamine

What enzyme oxidizes EG to glycoaldehyde?

Alcohol dehydrogenase

What can be used to for chemical analysis of EG toxicosis?

Blood Urine Renal tissue

What compounds increase zinc toxicity?

AAs Peptides EDTA

Most commonly used lead chelating agent? Primary concern?

Calcium disodium EDTA Renal injury (5days on, 5 days off, etc)

T/F: Non-ruminants absorb lead more readily

True

Prognosis of zinc phosphide toxicity?

No signs within 24h-\> good Severe signs-\> guarded/poor Check liver values in liver/kidney values

Characteristic lesion of parental preparations

Yellow-brown discoloration at injection site and lymph nodes

What drugs reduce the toxicity of metaldehyde?

Enzyme inducers

Antemortem specimen of choice for lead?

Whole blood

Prognosis of lead tox?

Guarded- better if early

Toxins on this test that undergo enterohepatic recirculation?

Strychnine Metaldehyde

What is the significance of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals?

Acute renal failure

These compounds bind with lead to form lead sulfate-\> decreasing absorption

Sulfate cathartics Lead cathartics

Test 2-Boots Flashcards

(111 cards)