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ap psych > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

behavior

A

natural process subject to natural laws

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2
Q

mind

A

sensations, emotions, motives, memories, thoughts, etc not readily observable

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3
Q

dualism

A

mind body split

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4
Q

rene descartes

A

world follows observable rules

except mind

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5
Q

john locke

A

empiricism (acquisition of truth thru observations and experiences)
tabula rasa

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6
Q

empiricism

A

acquisition of truth thru observations and experiences (john locke)

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7
Q

thomas hobbes

A

mind/spirit/soul is meaningless

materialism (belief that only things that exist are matter and energy)

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8
Q

charles darwin

A 
on the origin of species
natural selection (all creatures have evolved into their present state over long periods of time)
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9
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

founder of the science of psycholoygy

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10
Q

edward titchener

A

student of wundt, brought science of psych to the us.
structuralism (elements of parts of mind would lead to understanding of whole)
introspection (subject describing conscious experience)

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11
Q

structuralism

A

elements of parts of mind would lead to understanding of whole

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12
Q

william james

A

opposed structuralism

functionalism (how mind fulfills its purpose)

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13
Q

functionalism

A

how mind fulfills its purpose

william james

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14
Q

biological psychology

A

relationship between anatomy/physiology and behavior

cat scans, pet scans, mris, etc

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15
Q

behavioral genetics

A

behavior attributed to genetically-based physiological characteristics
biological predisposition + environment

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16
Q

behaviorism

A

observable behavior
classical conditioning
pavlov, watson, skinner (operant conditioning)
now used in behavior modification

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17
Q

classical conditioning

A

behavior comes to be elicited by a formally neutral stimulus

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18
Q

john watson

A

assistant rosalie rayner
little albert
behaviorism

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19
Q

bf skinner

A 
skinners box
i can make you do anything
operant conditioning (response associated with environmental outcome)
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20
Q

cognitive psychology

A

how people think

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21
Q

humanistic approach

A

emphasizes personal values and goals and how they influence behavior
maslow’s self actualization
carl rogers-unconditional positive regard

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22
Q

psychanalytic

A

freud
conscious vs unconscious
repression

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23
Q

sociocultural

A

environment has a huge impact on the person and how they behave and how others perceive that behavior

24
Q

evolutionary approach

A

darwin

behavior explained as how it helps us survive

25
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated variable in an experiment

group receiving is experimental group, group not is control group

26
Q

dependent variable

A

what is measured, affected by the independent variable

27
Q

representativeness

A

degree to which a sample reflects the diverse characteristics of the population that is being studied

do random sampling and random assignments

28
Q

single or double blind

A

1: subjects don’t know if they’re control or experimental

2. subjects and researchers dont know which group is which

29
Q

correlational research

A

observe naturally occurring differences

does not prove causation

30
Q

confounding variable

A

unknown factor playing a role in an experiment

31
Q

conceptual definition vs operational definition

A

conceptual: theoretical
operational: how will it be directly observed

32
Q

internal validity

A

certainty with which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some other, confounding variable

33
Q

external validity

A

extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other contexts in the “real world”

34
Q

reliability

A

whether or not the same results appear if the experiment is repeated under similar conditions

35
Q

descriptive statistics

A

summarize data

36
Q

inferential statistics

A

allow researchers to test hypotheses about data and determine how confident they can be in their inferences about the data

37
Q

mean, median, mode

A

arithmetic average, most frequently occurring, middle number

represented by a normal curve

38
Q

psychology

A

study of behavior and the mind

39
Q

negative skew

positive skew

A

more exceptionally small values

more exceptionally large values

40
Q

correlation coefficient

pearson correlation coefficient

A

numerical value that indicates degree and direction of relationship between two variables. ranges from -1 to 1. 1 is perfectly positive, -1 is perfectly negative.

41
Q

inferential statistics

A

used to determine our level of confidence in claiming that a given set of results would be extremely unlikely to occur if the result was only up to chance

-generalize. sample representative of population.

42
Q

null hypothesis

alternate hypothesis

A

treatment had no effect in an experiment

treatment did have edfect

43
Q

american psychological association rules

A 
IRB asses research plans
participants give informed consent
must be able to leave
debriefing 
confidentiality
44
Q

physiological psychology

A

study of behavior as influenced by biology

45
Q

afferent

efferent

A

sending information to the brain (sensory)

conveying information from the brain (motor)

46
Q

somatic nervous system

autonomic ns

A

responsible for voluntary movement of large skeletal muscles

controls nonskeletal or smooth muscles (heart and digestive tract)

47
Q

hindbrain parts

cerebellum
medulla oblongata
reticular formation (RAS)
pons
thalamus
A 
muscle tone and balance
involuntary actions 
arousal 
passing neural info around
sensory info (auditory and visual)
48
Q

midbrain parts

tectum
tegmentum

together:

A

brain’s roof
brain’s floor

visual and auditory reflexes, such as orienting to a sight or sound

49
Q

forebrain parts

limbic system
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus
-lateral hypothalamus 
-ventromedial hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
sensory cortex
motor cortex
A 
emotional center
memory formation
anger and frustration (emotion)
hunger and sex drives
-on switch for eating
-off switch
thinking, planning, language use, fine motor control
sensory input
motor information
50
Q

left hemisphere of the brain

expressive aphasia

receptive aphasia

A

language processing
paul broca

loss of ability to speak
broca’s area

inability to comprehend speech
carl wernicke’s area

51
Q

right hemisphere of the brain

contralateral processing

A

visual and spatial information

roger sperry
split brain patients can describe objects without deficit if presented in the right visual field, but have great difficulty drawing the image. if the object is presented in the left visual field, the person can draw or choose the object but cannot explain it verbally.

52
Q

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

temporal lobe

occipital lobe

A

high level thinking

somatosensory (temperature, pressure, texture, pain)

auditory input

visual input

53
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

inhibitory

A

excite the cell or cause the neuron to fire

inhibit (stop) cell from firing

54
Q

acetylcholine

serotonin

dopamine

gaba

glutamate

norepinephrine

endorphins

A

memory function and muscle contraction

arousal, sleep, pain sensitivity, mood and hunger regulation

movement, attention, reward; schizo, parkinsons

inhibitory neurotransmitters

alertness; low levels in depression

painkillers

55
Q

signal detection theory

A

hit: signal present, participant reported sensing it
miss: signal present, participant didn’t sense it
false alarm: no signal, participant reported one
correct rejection: no signal, no report from participant

56
Q

JND

A

just noticeable difference: minimal amount of distance between two stimuli that can be detected as distinct.
also weber’s law: greater the magnitude of the stimulus, the larger the differences must be to be noticed

ap psych (7 decks)

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