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final Flashcards

1
Q

behavior

A

natural process subject to natural laws

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2
Q

mind

A

sensations, emotions, motives, memories, thoughts, etc not readily observable

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3
Q

dualism

A

mind body split

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4
Q

rene descartes

A

world follows observable rules

except mind

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5
Q

john locke

A

empiricism (acquisition of truth thru observations and experiences)
tabula rasa

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6
Q

empiricism

A

acquisition of truth thru observations and experiences (john locke)

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7
Q

thomas hobbes

A

mind/spirit/soul is meaningless

materialism (belief that only things that exist are matter and energy)

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8
Q

charles darwin

A 
on the origin of species
natural selection (all creatures have evolved into their present state over long periods of time)
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9
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

founder of the science of psycholoygy

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10
Q

edward titchener

A

student of wundt, brought science of psych to the us.
structuralism (elements of parts of mind would lead to understanding of whole)
introspection (subject describing conscious experience)

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11
Q

structuralism

A

elements of parts of mind would lead to understanding of whole

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12
Q

william james

A

opposed structuralism

functionalism (how mind fulfills its purpose)

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13
Q

functionalism

A

how mind fulfills its purpose

william james

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14
Q

biological psychology

A

relationship between anatomy/physiology and behavior

cat scans, pet scans, mris, etc

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15
Q

behavioral genetics

A

behavior attributed to genetically-based physiological characteristics
biological predisposition + environment

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16
Q

behaviorism

A

observable behavior
classical conditioning
pavlov, watson, skinner (operant conditioning)
now used in behavior modification

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17
Q

classical conditioning

A

behavior comes to be elicited by a formally neutral stimulus

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18
Q

john watson

A

assistant rosalie rayner
little albert
behaviorism

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19
Q

bf skinner

A 
skinners box
i can make you do anything
operant conditioning (response associated with environmental outcome)
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20
Q

cognitive psychology

A

how people think

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21
Q

humanistic approach

A

emphasizes personal values and goals and how they influence behavior
maslow’s self actualization
carl rogers-unconditional positive regard

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22
Q

psychanalytic

A

freud
conscious vs unconscious
repression

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23
Q

sociocultural

A

environment has a huge impact on the person and how they behave and how others perceive that behavior

24
Q

evolutionary approach

A

darwin

behavior explained as how it helps us survive

25
independent variable
manipulated variable in an experiment group receiving is experimental group, group not is control group
26
dependent variable
what is measured, affected by the independent variable
27
representativeness
degree to which a sample reflects the diverse characteristics of the population that is being studied do random sampling and random assignments
28
single or double blind
1: subjects don't know if they're control or experimental | 2. subjects and researchers dont know which group is which
29
correlational research
observe naturally occurring differences | does not prove causation
30
confounding variable
unknown factor playing a role in an experiment
31
conceptual definition vs operational definition
conceptual: theoretical operational: how will it be directly observed
32
internal validity
certainty with which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some other, confounding variable
33
external validity
extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other contexts in the "real world"
34
reliability
whether or not the same results appear if the experiment is repeated under similar conditions
35
descriptive statistics
summarize data
36
inferential statistics
allow researchers to test hypotheses about data and determine how confident they can be in their inferences about the data
37
mean, median, mode
arithmetic average, most frequently occurring, middle number represented by a normal curve
38
psychology
study of behavior and the mind
39
negative skew positive skew
more exceptionally small values more exceptionally large values
40
correlation coefficient pearson correlation coefficient
numerical value that indicates degree and direction of relationship between two variables. ranges from -1 to 1. 1 is perfectly positive, -1 is perfectly negative.
41
inferential statistics
used to determine our level of confidence in claiming that a given set of results would be extremely unlikely to occur if the result was only up to chance -generalize. sample representative of population.
42
null hypothesis alternate hypothesis
treatment had no effect in an experiment treatment did have edfect
43
american psychological association rules
``` IRB asses research plans participants give informed consent must be able to leave debriefing confidentiality ```
44
physiological psychology
study of behavior as influenced by biology
45
afferent efferent
sending information to the brain (sensory) conveying information from the brain (motor)
46
somatic nervous system autonomic ns
responsible for voluntary movement of large skeletal muscles controls nonskeletal or smooth muscles (heart and digestive tract)
47
hindbrain parts ``` cerebellum medulla oblongata reticular formation (RAS) pons thalamus ```
``` muscle tone and balance involuntary actions arousal passing neural info around sensory info (auditory and visual) ```
48
midbrain parts tectum tegmentum together:
brain's roof brain's floor visual and auditory reflexes, such as orienting to a sight or sound
49
forebrain parts ``` limbic system hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus -lateral hypothalamus -ventromedial hypothalamus cerebral cortex sensory cortex motor cortex ```
``` emotional center memory formation anger and frustration (emotion) hunger and sex drives -on switch for eating -off switch thinking, planning, language use, fine motor control sensory input motor information ```
50
left hemisphere of the brain expressive aphasia receptive aphasia
language processing paul broca loss of ability to speak broca's area inability to comprehend speech carl wernicke's area
51
right hemisphere of the brain contralateral processing
visual and spatial information roger sperry split brain patients can describe objects without deficit if presented in the right visual field, but have great difficulty drawing the image. if the object is presented in the left visual field, the person can draw or choose the object but cannot explain it verbally.
52
frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe
high level thinking somatosensory (temperature, pressure, texture, pain) auditory input visual input
53
excitatory neurotransmitters inhibitory
excite the cell or cause the neuron to fire inhibit (stop) cell from firing
54
acetylcholine serotonin dopamine gaba glutamate norepinephrine endorphins
memory function and muscle contraction arousal, sleep, pain sensitivity, mood and hunger regulation movement, attention, reward; schizo, parkinsons inhibitory neurotransmitters alertness; low levels in depression painkillers
55
signal detection theory
hit: signal present, participant reported sensing it miss: signal present, participant didn't sense it false alarm: no signal, participant reported one correct rejection: no signal, no report from participant
56
JND
just noticeable difference: minimal amount of distance between two stimuli that can be detected as distinct. also weber's law: greater the magnitude of the stimulus, the larger the differences must be to be noticed

ap psych (7 decks)

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