memory

Question 1

storage

Answer 1

maintaining encoded information in memory over time

Question 2

retrieval

Answer 2

recovering information from memory stores

Question 3

attention

Answer 3

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

Question 4

cocktail party phenomenon

Answer 4

hearing your name in a different conversation even though you weren’t listening

Question 5

structural encoding

Answer 5

relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

Question 6

phonemic encoding (aka acoustic)

Answer 6

emphasizes what word/thing sounds like

Question 7

semantic encoding

Answer 7

emphasizes meaning of verbal input

Question 8

levels of processing theory

Answer 8

deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes

Question 9

elaboration

Answer 9

linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Question 10

imagery

Answer 10

creation of visual images to represent words. can be used to enrich encoding.

Question 11

duel coding theory

Answer 11

memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall

Question 12

self referent encoding

Answer 12

deciding how or whether information is personally relevant

Question 13

motivation to remember

Answer 13

when MTR is high at time of encoding, people are more likely to exert extra effort to attend to and organize information in ways that facilitate future recall

Question 14

information processing theories

Answer 14

sensory memory > short term memory > long term memory

Question 15

sensory memory

Answer 15

preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

Question 16

short term memory (STM)

Answer 16

limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for about 10-20 seconds

Question 17

rehearsal

Answer 17

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information

Question 18

phonemic encoding

Answer 18

like saying phone numbers again and again until you dial

Question 19

decay

Answer 19

losing memory

Question 20

chunk

Answer 20

group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

Question 21

capacity of short term memory

Answer 21

7 plus or minus two

now 4 plus or minus two

Question 22

working memory capacity

Answer 22

refers to ones ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

Question 23

long term memory (LTM)

Answer 23

unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time

Question 24

flashbulb memories

Answer 24

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of the circumstances in which people learned about momentous, newsworthy events

Question 25

conceptual hierarchy

Answer 25

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

Question 26

schema

Answer 26

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event

Question 27

semantic network

Answer 27

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Question 28

spreading activation

Answer 28

one word triggers another word, related through semantic networks

Question 29

parallel distributed processing (connectionism)

Answer 29

simultaneous processing of the same information that is spread across networks of neurons

Question 30

parallel distributed processing (connectionist) models

Answer 30

assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks

Question 31

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 31

temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by the feeling that its just out of reach

Question 32

misinformation effect

Answer 32

occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information

Question 33

reality monitoring

Answer 33

refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations)

Question 34

source monitoring (error)

Answer 34

involves making attributions about the origins of memories | sm errors occur when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

Question 35

destination memory

Answer 35

recalling to whom one has told what

Question 36

forgetting curve

Answer 36

graphs retention and forgetting over time

Question 37

retention

Answer 37

refers to the proportion of material retained

Question 38

recall

Answer 38

a recall measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any clues

Question 39

recognition

Answer 39

requires subjects to reproduce information with clues

Question 40

relearning

Answer 40

memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before

Question 41

pseudoforgetting

Answer 41

not actually forgetting, but something you never really knew. what a penny looks like exactly. comes from a lack of attention.

Question 42

retroactive interference

Answer 42

occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info

Question 43

proactive interference

Answer 43

occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info

Question 44

encoding specificity principle

Answer 44

value of retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code

Question 45

transfer appropriate processing

Answer 45

occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention

Question 46

repression

Answer 46

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Question 47

long term potentiation

Answer 47

long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway

Question 48

retrograde amnesia

Answer 48

loss of memories before onset of amnesia

Question 49

anterograde amnesia

Answer 49

loss of memories after onset of amnesia

Question 50

consolidation

Answer 50

a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long term memory

Question 51

declarative memory system

Answer 51

handles factual information

Question 52

nondeclarative memory sustem

Answer 52

houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses

Question 53

encoding

Answer 53

forming a memory code