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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the most common causes of death?

A

Cardiovascular disease, cancers, strokes, chronic lung disease, unintentional accidents, suicides

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2
Q

Name the 2 frames of health communication .

A

Gain frame and loss frame

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3
Q

Gain Frame

A

Emphasizes benefits associated with behaving a certain way

Ex. Health promoting behavior, risk averse

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4
Q

Loss Frame

A

Emphasizes cost associated with not behaving this way

Ex. Illness detection behaviors, risk seeking

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5
Q

Mouth Rinse Study

A

Gain and Loss Frame; slide 18-21 on health communications

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6
Q

Approach-orientation

A

People who actively seek out positive and good things: gain frame
“When I see an opportunity for something I like, I get excited right away”

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7
Q

Avoidance-orientated

A

People who actively try to avoid negative things: loss frame

“I worry about making mistakes”

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8
Q

Message Framing and Type of Person Study

A

Approach and Avoidance people; slide 26-30 of health communications

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9
Q

Paradox of Personal Relevance

A

The people that relate to the information the most are the least likely to accept it

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10
Q

Self Affirmation Theory

A

The goal of the self system is to maintain global self integrity

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11
Q

How do people respond to threading health information?

A
  1. Change their health behavior
  2. Deny the health information
  3. Affirm the self in alternative domain
    - family, religion
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12
Q

Reducing Defensiveness I Study

A
  1. Affirmation essay or not
  2. Watch video about AIDS in young people
  3. Measure risk for HIV and whether they take condoms
    Results: affirmed people reported feeling more at risk for HIV, twice as likely to buy condoms
    Slide 35-36 of health communications
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13
Q

Reducing Defensiveness II Study

A
  1. Affirm self or not
  2. Read threatening coffee article
  3. Measures acceptance of information and intentions to change behavior
    Results: Affirmed coffee drinkers more likely to accept risk, more likely to intend to change behavior
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14
Q

Effective interventions are based on _____

A

Theory

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15
Q

Scare Tactics

A

Intended tomaniplate public opinion about a particular issue by arousing fear or alarm; does not work

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16
Q

Effective interventions target _______ and appropriate levels

A

Multiple; individual, couple, family, community

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17
Q

Effective interventions are usually intense in ____ and _____

A

Larger size results in larger changes, more likely to lead to sustained behavior change

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18
Q

Stanford 5-city study

A

Slide 9 in behavior change

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19
Q

D.A.R.E study

A

Slide 10-11 behavior change

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20
Q

Active Peer Pressure

A

An actual demand; not so common

Ex. Have a drink or you are a loser

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21
Q

Passive Peer Pressure

A

Internalized norm, very common

Ex. You noticed that the cool kids are drinking

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22
Q

Effective interventions target people who are ___________ at ______

A

Don’t miss people who ARE at risk even if it’s hard to find them
Don’t target people who are NOT at risk even if they are right in front of you

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23
Q

Effective interventions are tailored to the ________

A

Understandable language, relatable interveners

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24
Q

American Legacy Foundation

A

Slide 19-22 anti smoking

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25
Effective interventions keep ____ and ______ prevention distinct
Primary: keep someone from starting something unhealthy/getting illness Secondary: intervening early to stop a behavior before it gets worse/reduce the damage an illness causes
26
Do abstinence pledges work?
Slide 25 in behavior change
27
Effective interventions are ______
Slide 29 behavior change
28
Effective interventions are appropriate for individuals levels of readiness to _____
Slide 30 in behavior change
29
Preventing Teen Pregnancy
Baby stimulator programs: virtual infant parenting of a realistic child (13-15 yo) Free long term birth control: IUDs or implants
30
Name the 5 Behavior change models
1. Health belief model 2. Theory of planned behavior 3. Diffusion of innovations model 4. Stages of change model 5. Self regulation models/strategies
31
Health belief model
1. Belief that there is a health threat | 2. Belief that a behavior can reduce threat
32
Health belief model study
HBM interventions: 40% had a mammogram in the next 6 months | Control group: 17%
33
Theory of planned behavior
Attitudes are a function of: beliefs about the outcome of an action, evaluation of the outcome Norms are a functions of: perception of other's support, motivation to comply with others' wishes
34
Perceived behavioral control
An individual's belief in her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce a certain outcome
35
Diffusion of Innovation model
Knowledge, persuasion, behavior change, confirmation | - opinion leaders: influence others decision
36
Diffusion of Innovation Model Study
1. Identify opinion leaders 2. Train opinion leaders - how to share safe sex 3. Opinion leaders spread the word Results: unsafe sex decreased by 30% in this approach no change in control towns
37
Stages of change model
PCPAM: 1. Pre contemplation: person does not recognize the problem 2. Contemplation: seriously considering the possibility of change 3. Preparation: making a commitment to change 4. Action: modifying behavior for 3-6 months 5. Maintenance: modifying lifestyle to avoid relapse (6+ months)
38
Self regulation models
The process that people use to set, pursue, and attain goals
39
Self Regulation Strategies
1. Prospective strategies 2. Automated strategies 3. Reconstrual strategies 4. Effortful inhabition of temptation
40
Prospective strategies
Think of a challenge that might come up them commit to a will help avoid the problem
41
Automated strategies
Making something into a habit by pairing it with repeated behavior - Implementation Intentions
42
Implementation intentions
If-then plans for doing a particular behavior in a particular behavior in a particular context "If I am in line at the snack bar, then I will order an apple."
43
Implementation intentions study
1. List ways you can overcome a barrier 2. Form into implementation intentions Ex. If I am going on a date, then I will put a condom in my purse Results: pregnancy rates 40% lower for 2 years
44
Reconstrual strategies
Cool construal: abstract, distance, high-level, rational - effective for self control Ex. Candy has lots of calories and c an lead to weight gain Hot construal: concrete, immediate, low-level, emotional - less effective for self control Ex. This chocolate is caramel and yummy, makes me happy when I eat it
45
Effortful Inhibition of Temptation
Using willpower to resist something you want | Fails often
46
Ice cream diet study I
The eating of non dieters is influenced by hunger than by cognitive, social or emotional factors - Doesn't matter if they're: stressed, if another is in the room, after a preload
47
Ice Cream Study II
The eating of dieters is influenced by hunger than by cognitive, social or emotional factors than by hunger - eat more if they're: stressed, if another is in the room, after a preload
48
Development and Eating
Amount of calories eaten at particular meals from day to day : highly variable Amount of calories eaten per day from day to day: highly stable Conclusion: children regulate their intake by day
49
What determines what people eat
Parents decide: what foods to offer, when meals will occur, where Kids decide: how much to eat, whether to eat at all
50
Semi starvation study
WWII slide 25-30; even though they were eating they were still hinge this continued after a year of study
51
Name some psychological effects of starvation
``` Obsession with food Eating rituals Weak Tired Irritable No self control Apathetic ```
52
Effects on exercise on health
Average weight loss 7 pounds | 58 obese subjects exercise 5 times a week for 12 weeks burned 500 calories
53
Overall benefits of exercise
Improves: heart rate, blood pressure, waist circumference
54
Beta waves
Awake High frequency Low voltage
55
Alpha waves
Awake, but relaxed getting ready for bed Higher voltage More regular
56
Sleep stage 1
Transitional stage Theta brain waves Lasts from 10 seconds to 10 minutes
57
Sleep stage 2
Theta waves Sleep spindles Lasts 10-20 minutes Beginning of actual sleep
58
Stage 3 sleep
Theta and delta
59
Sleep Stage 4
Only delta waves Deepest stage of sleep Important for: restoration and growth Immune functioning
60
Stage 5 REM
Rapid eye movement Paradoxical sleep Memory storage and retention, learning, organization
61
Physical consequences of sleep and deprivation
``` Drowsiness Colds and sleep Weight gain Heart disease Poor athletic performance ```
62
Psychological consequences of sleep and deprivation
Worsens mood Increased stress and anxiety Reduced mental functioning Memory problems
63
Sleep hygiene
Promotion of good sleep habits and regular sleep
64
Mortality
Females are healthier | Life span, death rates, causes
65
Morbidity
Disability, hospital usage, physician visits
66
Sources of biological differences
1. Hormone differences (cardiovascular system) 2. Recessive X chromosome disorders (hemophilia) 3. Different parts (testicular or prostate cancer)
67
Men vs women | Social support, stress, social roles
Social support: women have more Stress: women=men? Social roles: women approach, men avoidant
68
What illnesses are found late in women
Heart disease, HIV | Women die from this because they thing it's a man's diseases
69
Longitudinal studies of aging stereotypes
People with negative views of aging: - did worse on hearing tests - less likely to engage in preventative health behaviors - died sooner

Health Psychology (3 decks)

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