Final Flashcards
1
Q
Test #1
A
Multiple Choice
2
Q
He was famous for stimulus response studies, looking for the connection between behaviour and an independent variable, he thought the rewarded behaviours would persist and punished behaviours would desist, he did lots of experiments with salivating dogs.
A
Ivan Pavlov
3
Q
Famous for ethological theory in which he believed that behaviour is linked to biological processes, and therefor is linked to heredity. Most famous for 1987 research study, of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
A
Thomas Bouchard
4
Q
(Uncle Creepy) the Swiss psychologist known for his research on the mental processes utilized during the 4 developmental stages of intelligence of children and therefor cognitive theory.
A
Jean Piaget
5
Q
The founder of psychoanalysis, his theory focuses on intrinsic drives and motives, he explored dream analysis and hypnotism. He’s famous for his theories on gender issues hidden in the subconscious rooted in traumatic childhood experiences.
A
Sigmund Freud
6
Q
Established the first psychology lab in Canada in 1879
A
Wilhelm Wundt
7
Q
Really into social learning theory, and believed our behaviour is controlled by environmental influences, what is modelled for children is often the behaviour they will acquire, “Monkey see monkey do”.
A
Albert Bandura
8
Q
Focused his attention on sociocultural factors, such as: family, culture, and society, he thought our behaviours are influenced by over lapping systems of concentric circles of support from our inner-circle of intimate relationships to less immediate factors in our world.
A
Urie Bronfenbrenner
9
Q
This research begins with a question that is translated into a hypothesis or prediction. It relies on the scientific method and experimental conditions to provide data.
A
Quantitative
10
Q
Refers to the time that an organism, material, or object can survive or last.
A
Lifespan
11
Q
The civilization of given people or a nation at a given time.
A
Culture
12
Q
A specialized approach to acquiring knowledge
A
Science
13
Q
The extent to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure
A
Validity
14
Q
A personal opinion favouring a particular leaning
A
Bias
15
Q
A statement or prediction that is assumed to be true, used as a basis for gathering research data.
A
Hypothesis
16
Q
Research findings to test questions must be credible, unbias, reliable, verifiable, and observable. This research style adheres to the process or concept (whole umbrella of that).
A
Scientific Method
17
Q
How you view your relationship to your environment, both natural and human is based on your belief overtime. This is your overriding outlook on life, that determines life choices.
A
Worldview
18
Q
This research method begins with an inquiry rather than a hypothesis, seeking information, investigating a topic.
A
Qualitative
19
Q
The degree to which studies yield the same results when used to measure the same object, trait, or behaviour.
A
Reliability
20
Q
A society in which people from different ethnic backgrounds with different beliefs and practices live together in an atmosphere of mutual respect
A
Multicultural
21
Q
Refers to the concept that depending on the individuals life conditions, development may take many paths.
A
Plastic
22
Q
Tested and confirmed to be true and correct.
A
Verified
23
Q
Development consists of physical, cognitive, socioeconomical, and spiritual dimensions
A
Multidimensional
24
Q
Refers to the concept of several different types of research, in various fields of study, all studying human development.
A
Multidisciplinary
25
These psychologists focus on behaviour within sports environment
Sports Psychologist
26
These psychologists study the biological basis of behaviour
Psychobiologist
27
Focus on an individuals personal problems that do not involve psychological disorders.
Counselling psychologists
28
These people have a masters or doctor in psychology.
Psychologists
29
Physicians who after receiving their medical degree specialize in the treatment of mental disorders, they can prescribe medications.
Psychiatrists
30
How people change physically, cognitively, and socially over the entire life span.
Developmental
31
The ones who focus on behaviour within a workplace or employment setting.
Industrial/Organizational psychologist
32
Specialize in abnormal child development including disorders such as autism, hyperactivity, etc.
Psychopathology
33
Focus on all aspects of the learning process
Educational psychologist
34
Specialize in the study, diagnosis, causes, and treatments of mental disorders.
Clinical Psychologists
35
Focus on all aspects of cognition-memory, thinking, reasoning, language, etc.
Cognitive Psychologist
36
Focus on all basic psychological processes including perception, learning, and motivation.
Experimental
37
These psychologists focus on all aspects of social behaviour and social thought, they study how people think about and act with others.
Social Psychologists
38
This study involves finding information on a specific topic or issue
Topical Research
39
Research often involves observations of naturally occurring events, but never involves manipulation of different variables. How one variable effects another.
Correlation Studies
40
Researcher does not intervene at all, if possible, they are invisible and work hard not to interrupt the natural dynamics of the situation.
Naturalist observation
41
Researches set up all aspects of a particular event and have almost complete control over a social context, participants are unaware they are being involved in a controlled and often fake situation.
Field Experiments
42
Going out and asking or sending questionnaires about a subject of interest, especially useful for collecting a lot of data from lots of people.
Survey or Questionnaire
43
A face-to-face meeting in which the researcher asks a series of questions and the answers are recorded.
Interview
44
Researchers do this to find valuable way to contribute to human welfare and save lives, it would not be ethical to attempt this research on a person.
Research with animals
45
Researchers attempt to identify casual relations, they take care to create an environment in which they can make casual statements. They manipulate variables randomly assign participants...
Experiments
46
The researchers attempt to become accepted as one of the group they are researching to acquire information on how things are done from an insiders perspective.
Participant observation
47
Researchers control some of the aspects of the environment they are studying and watch to see how the subjects behave in a situation.
Structured Observation
48
Test #2
Multiple Choice
49
The test given to babies immediately after birth and again 5 minutes later to provide medical staff with a quick assessment
Apgar
50
All of the elements affecting the birth of the baby
Perinatal environment
51
This refers to a shortage of oxygen that can cause serious brain damage, results even death.
Anoxia
52
Coherent patterns of waking and sleeping are called..
Infant states
53
Another name for the German measles that can cause a lot of serious irreversible problems for babies if mom is exposed to the disease
Rubella
54
A time of rapid growth when the organism is especially sensitive to the environmental influences
Critical Period
55
Head down with the limbs curled in is called..
Fetal position
56
A motor disability in which the affected individual has difficulty controlling the muscles of the arms, legs, or head
Cerebral Palsy
57
Healthy babies go to sleep and for reasons yet unknown, stop breathing and die.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
58
The intense fascination of the parents with a newborn
Engrossment
59
Medical instrument looking like giant salad tongs used to pull a stuck babies head out
Forceps
60
The name for when babies are born buttocks first
Breech Presentation
61
The name of the morning sickness drug developed in West Germany that resulted in thousands of seriously deformed people
Thalidomide
62
On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, XX indicates that the gender of the baby will be...
Female
63
A surgical procedure in which an incision is made into the mother's abdomen and uterus, so the baby can be removed
Caesarian Section
64
Any disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus
Teratogen
65
The outside membrane layer that will later become the lining of the placenta
Chorion
66
The name for the root like extensions that attach to the lining of the Uterus to nourish the fetus
Villi
67
Techniques for birthing with minimal pain without medications
Lamaze
68
This refers to the processes of every major organ taking shape at least in primitive form
Organogenesis
69
The single cell formed when sperm unites with egg
Zygote
70
The inside layer, a water tight membrane that fills with fluid to cushion and protect the baby
Amnion
71
The name of the membrane that allows only small molecules to get through, preventing large blood cells from the embryo as well as from the mother from passing in-between
Placental barrier
72
Any event, or condition outside the organism that's presumed to influence or be influenced by the persons development.
Environment
73
Another name for an egg cell is an...
Ovum
74
This includes everything from the molecules that reached the fetus bloodstream before birth, to the architecture of your home, to the climate outside.
Physical Environment
75
When we influence and shape our environment and likewise our environment influences and shapes us in return.
Reciprocal Relationship
76
The name of the process by which a zygote divides
Mitosis
77
This includes all the people who can influence and be influenced by the developing person, as well as the broader culture
Social environment
78
A hollow ball, about the size of a pin head
Blastula
79
A substance that aids breathing, preventing the air sacs of the lungs fro sticking together
Surfactant
80
The name of the tube that feeds the fetus
Umbilical cord
81
Becoming a Parent/Genetics
Test 3
82
Males are born with an extra X chromosome XXY, they are sterile, and develop feminine characteristics at puberty, such as enlarged breasts.
Klinefelter's syndrome
83
A serious mental illness that involves disturbances in logical thinking, emotional expression, and social behaviour.
Schizophrenia
84
This is also known as the German Measels, if the pregnant mom is exposed early in pregnancy the baby could be born with sight, hearing, heart problems or dead.
Rubella
85
This disease produces an accumulation of fat in the brain, usually killing the victim in early childhood, most common in French Canadians and Eastern Europeans , Jewish folks.
Tay-Sach's Disease
86
These children cannot metabolize Phenylalanine, found in food because they lack the necessary enzyme. Phenylalanine accumulates in the body, converting to an acid that attacks nervous system..
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
87
A disease more prevalent in African American children, comes from 2 recessive genes, one inherited from each parent, where kids experience painful swelling of joints, severe fatigue, and die in adolescence. Blood cells are not the normal round shape, but more crescent shaped.
Sickle Cell Disease
88
This disease strikes in middle age, symptoms include dementia, loss of cognitive abilities as well as personality changes, drunk and jerky walk, slurred speech, etc. Eventually death.
Huntington's Disease
89
Another name for trisomy 21, 3 x's on chromosome 21 rather 2. XXX, characteristics are distinctive eyelid folds, short stubby limbs, thick tongues, and mental retardation.
Down Syndrome
90
A disease in which the blood won't clot and the victim could bleed to death, a mutant from Queen Victoria, most common in males.
Hemophilia
91
Females are born missing an X chromosome, so XO, they are sterile and preform below average..
Turner Syndrome
92
The actual characteristics or traits of the way a person actually thinks, looks, behaves, feels, becomes..
Phenotype
93
Before pairs of chromosomes separate they line up and cross each other and parts are exchanged.
Crossing over
94
The name for people who carry a gene, usually recessive not always, for a disease that they may not get themselves, but may pass on to offspring. Ex, Sickle cell.
Carrier
95
Weaker, less frequent characteristics. Ex, Blue eyes
Recessive
96
When traits are not attributable to a single gene, but rather to multiple pairs.
Polygenic
97
A fertilized ova, divided to form mono zygotic twins
Identical twins
98
A service offering relevant information to parents suspecting risks for the unborn
Genetic Counselling
99
Two ova are released at the same time, or close to, and fertilized to from dizygotic twins.
Fraternal
100
A specialized process of cell division producing 23 chromosomes.
Meiosis
101
When two genes influence a trait, but neither one dominates.
Co-Dominance
102
The percentage of twins having the same trait.
Concordance Rates
103
This process, by which the zygote becomes multi-celled through cell division process.
Mitosis
104
The stronger, more common characteristic genes. Ex, brown eyes
Dominant
105
The pattern in which the chromosomes are arranged is called
Karyotype
106
Scientists preform experiments purposely to develop certain traits or characteristics.
Selective breeding
107
An attempt to improve the human race, altering the genetic makeup of a population. (What Hitler did)
Eugenics
108
A pecking order in which each group member has a ranking. (Kids on playground)
Dominance Hierarchy
109
A new gene not passed down by parents, apparently appearing out of nowhere.
Mutation
110
When scientists study how much of an individual trait exists and to what degree
Correlation-Coefficients
111
The genetic makeup one inherits
Genotype
112
Amniotic fluid is extracted and tested for abnormalities
Amniocentesis
113
The idea that nature allows or selects those that should survive and reproduce those members of a species whose genes permit them to adapt to their environment.
Natural Selection
114
Hereditary units found on a specific location on a chromosome containing specific characteristics in an organism.
Genes
115
A pervasive third level, the outside, of cultural values, political philosophies, economic patterns, and social conditions
Macrosystem
116
The very tiniest, that have people very close, primary support system, involving people closest to us, whom we are emotionally attached
Microsystem
117
A blood sample taken from the brain stem, to asses neuro tube defects such as spina bifida
Alpha Feta Protein Test
118
The genetic transmission of traits and personalities from parent to offspring.
Heredity
119
The period of time before fertilization takes place
Preconception
120
A small sample of the placenta is extracted and tested
Chorion Villus Test
121
Thread like strands of DNA and protein that contain genes and hereditary information
Chromosomes
122
The secondary support system including agencies and institutions
Exosystems
123
The approximate 1 million genes that comprise a person
Human Gene
124
All the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes, 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in males and females
Autosomes
125
An agent or subject, toxin, virus,or drug, that causes malformations of the embryo or fetus.
Teratogen
126
Inserting additional genes to alter an organisms genetic makeup
Genetic Engineering
127
When fertilization takes place, when sperm meets ovum.
Conception
128
The genetic endowment that members of a particular species have in common, including genes that cover maturation, and the aging process.
Species Heredity
129
The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines gender
Sex Chromosomes
130
High frequency sound waves produce an echo, to form a photograph of the inner structures
Ultra sound sonography
131
The chemical compounds that twist to form the double helix, vertical ones. "Spiral things"
Poly Nucleotides
132
Infancy & Childhood
Part 4
133
Balances the need to explore and be close.
Secure attachment
134
The infants don't seem to care if mom leaves, but reject her, or get angry when she returns.
Resistant Attachment
135
Involves infants that ignore or avoid their mother
Avoidant attachment
136
The infants behave inconsistently, they are all over the place, seem confused and insecure.
Disorganized attachment
137
Parents who attempt to control, shape, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of their children in adolescence in accordance with a set of codes of conducts (my way or the highway)
Authoritarian Parents
138
Parents who allow their children in adolescence to participate in discussions and decisions affecting their lives
Democratic/Authoritative Parents
139
Parents who let their children in adolescence have the final say, the parent are less controlling and have a non-punishing accepting attitude towards children
Permissive parents
140
Parents who are typically egocentric in their child rearing, and attitudes toward their children
Uninvolved parents
141
Refers to the physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or negligent treatment or mistreatment of children under the abs of 18.
Child abuse
142
Children's play that involves assuming adult behaviour and positions
Role-taking
143
The process of redirecting sexual impulse energy into learning tasks
Sublimation
144
A way to learn social development where kids learn the rules in a fun relaxing way without fear of rejection
Children's game
145
The process by which a child adopts the values and principles of their same sex parent
Identification
146
Light periods in which an individual's goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs
Psycho social development
147
The principle that a given quantity does not change when it's appearance changes (cups of milk)
Conservation
148
The internally programmed growth of a child
Maturation
149
Infants die mysteriously in their sleep
Sudden Infant death syndrome
150
A young child's inability to understand another's perspective
Egocentric
151
An infants realization that an object exists, even when he or she can't see or touch it
Object permanence
152
The process of learning the rules of behavior of a particular culture.
Socialization
153
The adjustment of ones schema, to include newly observed events and experiences.
Accomodation
154
A conceptional framework that a person uses to make sense of the world (ex. dogs) The concept
Schema
155
A deep, caring, close, and enduring emotional bond between infant and caregiver
Attachment
156
When children use the same grammar rules for all situations, such as not distinguishing the past differences or regular and irregular verbs
Overgeneralization
157
A relatively permanent change in behaviour, resulting from responses that change, as a result of experience
Learning
158
When children learning a language convey meaning using only the basic words in the sentence. Just subject, verb, object. Me want cookie.
Telegraphic speech
159
Babies put their hands and their mouths on things to obtain comfort
Tactile touch
160
When kids are ready to learn and master a new skill
Maturational readiness
161
The study of changes that occur as an individual matures
Developmental psychology
162
The intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his or her mind
Representational thought
163
The process of fitting objects, and experiences together into one schema
Assimilation
164
When placed on the back, with the head turned towards one side, the baby stretches out its arm and leg on the facing side.
Tonic neck
165
Reflects or portrays a person or object, touching the bottom of the babies feet.
Babinski
166
Baby closes his eyes in response to light or something approaching the eye
Blinking
167
This reflex portrays an infants response in turning towards the source of touching that occurs around its mouth
Rooting
168
Babies make walking motions if held upright so the feet just touch the surface
Stepping/dancing
169
Portrays an infants clinging response to a touch on the palm of his/her hand
Grasping
170
Portrays an infant lying on its back, when startled by a loud noise, out of sight, above head, it will spread its arms at right angles to body, grasp upward, and spread its legs outward (spread eagle
Moro or startle
171
Teens and young adults sexual desires are renewed. Individuals seek relationships in which they can give and take pleasure
Genital stage
172
Pleasure or comfort is obtained through the mouth by sucking
Oral stage
173
Children focus on the genitals, they seek the attention and affection of the different sex parents, and take on process of identifying with the same sex parent, internalizing values and morals
Phallic stage
174
Grade ones put away the sexual concepts, reprising or directing the energy to exploring the world and learning
Latency stage
175
Pleasure is obtained through elimination, as children learn to control physically and socially
Anal stage
176
Combining or blending traditionally male and female characteristics.
Androgynous
177
Groups consisting of people with similar positions in socio economic class
Class lines
178
A set of behaviours organized around how either a male or female should think and behave
Gender Schema
179
An oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women
Gender Stereotyping
180
The set of behaviours that society considers appropriate for each gender
Gender Role
181
Acting in accordance with some specified authority
Conformity
182
The neurotransmitter chemical that makes people feel happier
Seratonin
183
An integrated sense of self
Identity
184
How much one likes oneself
Self-esteem
185
Often based on good looks, personality, and athletic ability.
Popularity
186
Acts of running away, teen pregnancy, alcohol, drug abuse, which leads to under achievement in school
Juvenile Delinquency
187
A period of conflict in which adolescence worry intensely about who they are
Identity Crisis
188
Focuses on how we perceive, organize, and use information
Social Learning Theory
189
A small exclusive group of people within a larger group,
Clique
190
Freud says this is a result rather than the cause of identification
Gender Typing
191
The sex group masculine or feminine to which an individual biologically belongs
Gender Identity
192
The term for the first ejaculation
Spermarche
193
A hormone imbalance that produces premature puberty
Precocious Puberty
194
This psychologist said that identity is the key to adolescent development
Erikson
195
Ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted new status, or accepted to new position.
Initiation rites
196
The point at which reproduction is first possible, at end of childhood
Puberty
197
Many teens get into thinking about "what if " in order to understand and offer suggestions towards world conditions
Hypothetical
198
The term for the first menstrual period
Menarche
199
Examining ones own thoughts and motives
Introspection
200
This psychologist thought that adolescence is a rough time of storm and stress, confusion, and frustration
Hall
201
Adolescence who believe they can save the world from evil
Messiah Complex
202
The condition of uneven growth, or maturity of body parts
Asynchrony
203
This psychologist considers adolescence to be an enjoyable, positive, healthy experience for most
Mead
204
This psychologist says that peers teach us how to behave in the world, but parents supply the environment
Harris
205
An individual's attempt to explain unpleasant emotion or situation that will preserve his or her self-esteem
Rationalization
206
Adolescence test
Review
207
Last Test
Multiple choice
208
Prejudice or discrimination against the elderly
Ageism
209
The study of death and dying
Thanatology
210
The idea that progressive physical and mental decline are inevitable with age
Decremental Model
211
A decrease in mental abilities experienced by some in old age.
Senile Dementia
212
The biological event in which a women's production of sex hormones sharply decrease
Menopause
213
A permanent disability as opposed to an acute or temporary disability- can't get rid of
Chronic Disease
214
The desire in middle age to use accumulated wisdom to guide the future generations
Generativity
215
A discontinuation of development and the desire to recapture the past
Stagnation
216
A facility designed to care for the special needs of the dying
Hospice
217
A neurological condition that destroys the ability to think, remember, relate to others, and care for him or herself, a deteriorating of cognitive functioning.
Alzheimer's disease
218
Males that make it between the ages of 36 and 40 becoming fully independent
Boom
219
When the last of the children finally leave home, the parents are called..
Empty Nesters
220
A theory of aging in which some psychologists think the present mechanism limits the number of times our cells multiply and divide.
Biological Clock
221
All of the psychological and biological changes that occur between ages 45 and 50.
Climacteric
222
The ability to use accumulated knowledge
Crystallized Intelligence
223
The ability to solve abstract relational problems, and generate a new hypotheses- learning new things.
Fluid Intelligence
224
- memory loss or forgetfulness
- impaired attention
- altered personality
- difficulty relating to other people
- distortion of time and place
What are these the symptoms of?
Senile Dementia
225
Short Answer
Short Answer
226
According to made selection research a male desires a female younger than himself.. why?
So she can bear his children and pass on his genes. She has younger ova, etc.
227
A female chooses a male who’s older than herself because?
He can offer resources necessary to support a family.
228
Two characteristics she especially looks for are?
Ambition/motivation and intelligence.
229
The famous munk scientist that initiated genetic experiments to develop specialized characteristics for hardier plants?
Gregor Mendel
230
Ann Anastasi says the important question is, “How heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) work together to make us what we are?”. Discuss the statement with examples and relate it to intelligence.
Journal:
It’s possible for genesis to estimate the heritability of measured intelligence. That how smart you are depends on both your inherited factors as well as the environment you grew up in. Genetics account for about 50% of your environment and 50% for genetics. Genetic endowment is more evident as you age. Remember, as you get older you’re going to be more like your biological parents as far as IQ goes. IQ increases from 50% in childhood to 80% in adulthood. Environment decreases from 30% in childhood to 0% in adulthood. Adoptive kids IQ is more like the biological parents, but can increase to up to 20 points if adopted into an intellectually stimulating home. Environmental factors influence how one’s genotype or genetic makeup is translated into a phenotype of actual traits. You may be born with a genetic propensity, but your environment often determines the outcome. Ex, diabetes or Jeanie. However, somethings like the most heritable traits like eye color are solely genetic. The most variable are our attitudes and social skills, etc. Which are more related to environment. Ex, Jeanie may have been born with the inherited genotype to be a nuclear physicist, extremely intelligent, but because of her abusive environment, with no stimulation from the outside world, her actual phenotype ended up with her not progressing to a level of more than a 5 year old.
231
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
232
on the 23rd pair of chromosomes, an XY indicates that the gender of the baby will be…
Male
233
characterized by refusing to eat and not maintaining weight
Anorexia Nervosa
234
young male adults from ages 22-28.
Novices
235
this refers to a serious eating disorder characterized by compulsive overeating, usually followed by self-induced vomiting and the abuse of laxatives
Bulimia
236
a time of mixed abilities and responsibilities in which children-like behaviour changes to adult behaviour
Adolescence
237
many teens think they are invincible, terrible things only happen to others.
Invulnerability
238
the stage where adolescence have considered many ideas and options, and committed themselves to an occupation.
Identity Achievement
239
the stage where adolescence have not given any thought to identity.
Identity confused or diffused
240
The stage when adolescence consider the issues seriously, but have not made any decisions yet.
Identity Moratorium
241
the stage where adolescence have made a firmed commitment based on what someone else thinks, not their own opinion.
Identity Foreclosure
242
Symptoms include inability to concentrate, extreme sadness, worthlessness, thoughts of death and suicide.
Depression
243
The fourth leading cause of death in the elderly in North America.
Alzheimer's Disease
244
ages 40 to 50 that marks the beginning of frustration and unhappiness, versus some people who find it to be a period of generativity.
Midlife transition
245
Concepts to know
Long answer
246
Modern Psychology root disciplines
1. Science
| 2. Philosophy
247
Nature
heredity, the DNA makeup (hair colour, eye colour, etc.)
248
Nurture
- environment (like KCS, or a school, shaping us)
249
Basic research
Going out and getting the data
250
Applied Research
using the basic data received and using it to find answers to solve problems.
251
Focused Imaging
When sports psychologists work with someone to imagine or visualize in their mind the correct way to perform a skill, an example is what it feels like to do a perfect dive.
252
Approximately how long is a female’s cycle (ovulation)?
28 Days
253
The egg leaves the ovary, travels down through the..
Fallopian tubes,
254
And from the fallopian tubes into the..
Uterus/womb
255
If the ovum is not fertilized what happens?
It disintegrates and leaves the body with the menstrual flow.
256
Human Gestation Period in days:
266 days
257
Human Gestation Period in months:
9 months
258
Why an ovum is only fertilized by one sperm?
The fertilized zygote gives off a biochemical reaction that repels the other sperm and keeps them from penetrating.
259
The baby’s heart begins to beat at week
4
260
How many blastula fail to implant
50%
261
Of those blastula successful, what is the survival rate?
25%
262
Stages of prenatal development from conception:
Zygote, Blastula, Embryo, Fetus
263
How blastulas implant into the uterus:
tendrils called villi into the uterine wall/endometrium.
264
Why do pregnant women cease menstruating?
The embryo secretes a hormone, biochemical reaction that prevents it from happening
265
This is important because:
if they did menstruate, they would shed the uterine lining and the embryo would likely exit with it, spontaneous abortion
266
What does the age of viability mean?
Survival outside of the womb is possible, at 6 months.
267
The safest time for women to have babies is between:
ages 16 and 35
268
Risks associated with pregnancy after this age:
Birth complications, prematurity, low birth weight, chromosome abnormalities, spontaneous aborting.
269
Why do doctors worry about low birth weight:
the lungs (not enough surfactant), and brain may not be fully developed, their immune system may not be developed so more likely to develop infection.
270
3 Stages of prenatal development
- Germinal Period from 8-14 days
- Embryonic Period from 2-8 weeks
- Fetal Period from 9-38 weeks
271
Normal length of labour for first time mother:
8-14 hours
272
Post-partum depression:
Family history of depression (genetics), steep drops in hormones after delivery, stresses associated with child birth and deliver, overwhelmed by responsibilities, stresses in relationship conflicts.
273
3 major goals parents have for children:
1. Survival- so that they can reproduce, have children of their own and continue the species.
2. Economic self-sufficiency- so that they can care for themselves, and live on their own, especially when parents are no longer around. Will the child be able to look after the parent?
3. Self-Actualization- where they foster capacities to maximize the cultural values, religion, achievement, wealth, and prestige, a sense of personal satisfaction.
274
If a women is considering becoming a mother she should:
Quit/give up smoking, seek good prenatal care, eat an adequate diet, protect against disease, avoid drugs, and enroll in Lamaze classes.
275
Most affective parenting style:
Democratic/Authoritative because the children learn to handle responsibility, and they identify with their parents in decision making, they assume a cohesive identity.
276
Normal birth weight
7.3 pounds
277
Normal birth height
18-22 inches (20 ish)
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When researchers are dong experiments with new born infants, they watch for:
sucking, eye movements, and expressions or pleasure or displeasure.
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Visual Cliff, infant’s 4-6 moths:
they will be puzzled and confused though their mom is coaching them over.
280
Babies 7-10 months: (Visual Cliff)
will not go, in fear of falling and getting hurt.
281
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development:
1. Pre-conventional- obedience and punishment. Children are egocentric, all about themselves, and will do anything for rewards.
2. Conventional- they are “people pleases” there is a strong belief in rules.
3. Post-conventional- being the best they can be. Focus on empathy and justice. They do things because they are the right thing to do, they want the benefit of the common good.
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Erik Erikson says that the establishment of what is the key to adolescent development:
Assuming a cohesive identity
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Adults are at their physical peak between the ages of:
18-30
284
Rites of passage:
birthdays, weddings, graduations, bar/bat mitzvahs
285
Best good health choices:
exercise, diet , and lifestyle
286
Major causes of death in the elderly:
Heart disease, cancer, stroke
287
Most devastating life transition:
the loss of a spouse because they depend on each other for companionship.
288
Disadvantages to students having jobs:
: less time to study, can create false ideas about money, gain false impressions/ideas of the workplace, and experience a false sense of affluation.
289
5 stages of Death and Dying
1. Denial- they experience shock and numbness. “it can’t be happening to me” or “I’ll get another opinion”
2. Anger- “why me?” mad because the lost chances and shortened lifespan, they will miss out on experiences.
3. Bargaining- ask God to make a deal, or bargain with the doctor about the diagnosis.
4. Depression- due to the complete loss they feel hopeless. It’s important to not try to cover the sadness and force them to act happy. Allow them to express their sadness.
5. Acceptance- they experience a sense of peace and calm. They deal with their belongings, saying who gets what. They may choose to become detached.
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Urie Bronfenbrenner's concentric circle
1. U(Inside) Microsystem- family, friends, peers, teachers, coached, religious community
2. (Middle) Exosystem- school, media, community groups, health agencies
3. (Outside) Macrosystem- Culture, society, time periods, economic conditions, world locations.
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Diagrams
Diagrams
292
Endocrine System (diagram)
```
(Brain) Pineal Gland
(By ear) Pituitary Gland
(Top neck) Parathyroid Gland
(Neck) Thyroid gland
(Top of kidney) Adrenal Gland
(Between Kidneys) Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
```
293
Baby in prenatal (diagram)
Uterine Wall (left side)
| ```
Right side
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Chorion (outside)
Amnion (inside)
Cervix
```
