Final Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What was the TV quiz show scandal?
A
(1950’s) Questions and answers were being rigged by advertisers and producers to increase drama and capture audience attention.
2
Q
What did the quiz show scandal do to the TV audience?
A
The mystique of the TV as a potentially pure and trustworthy medium was blemished.
3
Q
Main points of Newton Minnow’s Speech “Vast Wasteland”
A
(1961) The main points were about poor programming containing senseless violence, mindless comedy, and offensive advertising.
4
Q
TV ad sponsorship changed from early TV to today
A
To keep revenues up, major networks have syndicated their programming, sought out independent producers to fund programming, and focused on product placement to keep the dollars up. Product placement is an extension of the early TV single corporate sponsor control but in this case, it involves a cross marketing of products among TV and other media’s.
5
Q
Order of TV’s evolution by period
A
Novelty/Development stage
Entrepreneurial Stage
Mass Medium Stage
6
Q
Novelty/Development Stage
A
When pioneers tried to make TV work through the airwaves
7
Q
Entrepreneurial Stage
A
When innovators tried to find a marketable use for TV
8
Q
Mass Medium Stage
A
When businesses tried to figure out how to market the device as a consumer product
9
Q
What does being media literate require?
A
Taking action to help shape cultural environment
10
Q
How does one become media literate?
A
Through criticism is a critical, not cynical approach. Involves analysis and interpretation of facts.
11
Q
How does High and Low Culture relate to the Skyscraper and culture as a map metaphor?
A
Most societies arrange culture in hierarchical categories.
12
Q
Culture as a Skyscraper
A
Throughout the 20th century, we tended to organize culture in the hierarchical terms of high, middle and low categories instead of thinking of culture as a social process
13
Q
Culture as a Map
A
Culture can be better interpreted as a map, with both recognizable and unfamiliar forms. It is a metaphor that challenges the ‘Culture is a hierarchy’ metaphor. One on hand, culture forms may be innovative, unfamiliar, destabilizing and challenging. People have complex cultural tastes, needs and interests. Cultural forms do and perhaps should contain a variety of messages, ‘ all over the map’ – not just vertical as in hierarchy.
14
Q
The steps of the critical process
A
Describe, analyze, interpret, evaluate, and engage.
15
Q
What does Describe entail?
A
Who, what, when where
16
Q
What does Analyze entail?
A
(How) Seek out patterns
17
Q
What does Interpretation entail?
A
(So what) Make sense of patterns
18
Q
What does Evaluation entail?
A
(Why) Make an informed judgment
19
Q
What does Engagement entail?
A
Taking action
20
Q
Define media convergence
A
The tendency for different technological systems to evolve toward performing similar tasks
21
Q
What can convergence refer to and what happens to these areas?
A
- Convergence can refer to the previously separate communication technologies such as
- Voice (phones)
- Data (productivity apps)
- Video (capture record, distribute)
- These areas of communication and media now share resources and interact with each other synergistically
22
Q
Convergence and Audience
A
- Combined resources can increase the quality and quantity of a media product
- Results in increased customer satisfaction
- Leads to a large audience
- Increased convenience
- Increased breadth of information
- Better experience for the audience
- Audience ma choose which media platform to access for content
23
Q
Convergence and Visibility
A
- Cross-promotion
- Extra Content
- Logos and advertising increase exposure
- Increased exposure of other media within an organization or media outlet
24
Q
Convergence and the Future
A
- Tech is the driving force
- Computers and devices decrease in size while simultaneously increasing in speed and capability
- Faster and larger converged websites as goto hot spots for all media, bypassing older and outdated forms of delivery such as TV
25
Media Ownership (Conglomeration)
- Corporate behemoths that control most of what we watch, hear and read everyday
- They own TV networks, cable channels, movie studios...etc.
26
In 1983 90% of American media was owned by ________ companies
50
27
In 2011 90% of media was owned by ________ companies
6
28
What companies comprise the big 6?
- NBC UniversalComcast
- Disney
- 21st Century Fox/New Corp/Rupert Murdoch
- Time Warner
- CBS Corporation
- Viacom
29
Effects of Media Ownership (Conglomeration)
- Many people do not care but should
- People are deeply influenced by the messages that are constantly being pounded into our heads by the mainstream media
- Many Americans have become addicted to news and entertainment and the ownership of all the news ad entertainment that we crave is being concentrated in fewer and fewer hands each year
30
What are the three conventional persuasive strategies used in creating advertising content?
Famous person testimonial, Association, and Myth Building
31
Examples of Famous Person Testimonial
George Forman Grill ($150 Million), 50 cent Vitamin Wanter ($100 Million), and Michael Jordan Nike Air Jordan ($60 Million/year)
32
Examples of Association
Gender stereotypes of girls with dolls and guys with guns, and Boys to Men are associated with the prime example of Masculinity
33
Examples of Myth Building
Miller lite shows man alone watching game and once he opens beer the room is filled with friends and beautiful girl. This portrays that if you are lonely all you need is Miller Lite beer and the Marlboro man embodying the male spirit, freedom and untamed power.
34
What is the Traditional Television Classification System?
- Morning
- Daytime
- Early Evening
- Primetime
- Late Night
- News
- Commercial
- Promotions and PSA's
35
Early Morning and Late Morning
- News
| - Children's Programming
36
Daytime/Greatest Change in programming in the last 20 Years
- Daytime TV has seen the greatest shift in overall programming trends in the last 20 years as audiences/demographics change.
- 50 years of Soap Opera programming domination
- targeted to female, stay-at-home mom
- Woman working, two income families
- Decrease in Soaps - cost effective change for networks
- Increase in Talk Show television
- Cooking shows and networks
- D.I.Y. Home Shows and Networks
- 24/7 News Networks - CNN, MSNBC, Fox
37
Evening Programming
- Local News
- News Magazines
- Game Shows
- Syndicated re-runs
38
Primetime
- Most lucrative time
- Expensive ads
- 8 - 11 PM
- Comedies and dramas
- Special Sporting events and scheduling for primetime
- Network Competition
- Sweeps
- During Summer new programs are unveiled.
39
Late Night
- Legacy of The Tonight Show
- Cultural and Intellectual Interviews
- SNL
- Generally comedy and variety programming
40
News
- 11 PM Local News
- 10 PM competitive spots
- Nightline / 60 Min
- PBS/BBC
- Colbert/Daily Show
- 24/7 News
41
Traditional Commercial TV
- Advertising
- 30 - 60 Second Ads
- Air time = money
- Something to be sold
- Programming originally had one or two sponsors, usually a household product or like soap or toothpaste or appliances
- Today commercials strive for a viral response
- All programming open to the highest bidder
- Primetime has the highest cost
- Infomercials and Overnight TV
- Political Ads
42
Promotions and PSA's
- Promotions: Air time devoted to promoting specific programming on a network
- Critical part of keeping audience "hooked"
- Cross promotions due to conglomerated and media convergence
- NBC Primetime comedies promoted on MSNBC
- PSA = Public Service Announcement
- FCC Requirements for every broadcasting network
- Minimum amount of airtime during every program time slot dedicated to public awareness and social causes.
43
How many Hispanics lived in the US in 2000?
35.2 Million
44
How many Hispanics lived in the US in 2011?
51.9 Million (48% increase)
45
US Population in 2000?
- 69% White
- 13% Hispanic
- 12% Black
- 4% Asian
- 3% Other non-Hispanic
46
US Population in 2011?
- 63% White
- 17% Hispanic
- 12% Black
- 5% Asian
- 3% Other non-Hispanic
47
Spanish Language Network and Programming Trends
- Very similar programming and genre features as traditional US television
- Primetime drama and telenovellas; news; sports; talk shows; reality tv
- UNIVISION - Univision Communications
- TELEMUNDO - (owned by NBC/Comcast)
48
Cord Cutting
- New content delivery systems branching out
- Niche market's on the rise
- All web based, mobile, on demand
- Usurps traditional programming systems
- Key players: Netflix, Hulu, Yahoo, Google, Apple, Amazon, as well as the traditional TV and cable networks
- Companions APP's, redistribution of content in these web based, mobile platforms.
49
History of NetFlix (Netflix)
- 1997: Founded in L.A. by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph
- Initially offered over 900 DVD titles - the extent of movies available on DVD at time.
- DVD = New media circa 15 years ago
- Begin as mail only DVD service, per transaction fee
- Subscriptions began in 1988
- 2002, company goes public, changes name to Netflix
- 2003 - One Million Subscribers
- 2008 - TV Streaming introduced
- Qwikster
- Privacy Lawsuits
- 2012 - 60% more streaming subscriptions than DVD
50
Hulu
- Hulu - Ad-supported and subscription service for On-Demand TV/Movie Streaming service
- Generally free, through Hulu offers Hulu+ for fee
- Founded March 2007
- 2011, approx. 1.5 Million subscribers, unknown number of free content viewers
- Creates original content - serves as both a content and delivery system
- HDMI connections allows Hulu to be accessed on traditional TV devices, gaming consoles and Blu-Ray players
- Delay in programming of up to 2 weeks from air date
- Initial connection with NBC, Fox, and ABC, but many networks on boad
- Exclusive contract with Criterion Collection
- APP's for mobile devices
51
Yahoo TV
- Yahoo expands video offering with expanding TV network deals, original programming
- Partnering with big TV brands/networks to deliver identifiable programming
- Finance = CNBC
- Sports = NBC Universal
- News = ABC
- "New Messaging" = efforts to make daily habits more entertaining and inspiring
52
The DVR - TiVO - FIOS
- Digital Video Recorder for cable and other content delivery systems
- A separate mechanical device that uses internal storage to record programming and material
- 2006 = 1.2% of households
- 2011 - 42.2% of households
- Allows viewers to record one program while watching another from their consoles/delivery systems.
- Commercials? Promos? PSA's?
- Piracy
53
Blocks 7 Components
Space, line, shape, color,tone, movement, and rhythm
54
Space
Deep, flat, limited, ambiguous
55
Line
Quality and orientation
56
Shape
2D = Square/circle, 3D
57
Color
Warm/cool, opposites, hue saturation, brightness
58
Tone
Greyscale, brightness/contrast
59
Movement
Camera, object, human eye
60
Rhythm
Beats, accents in frame; edits
61
What are the 7 components used for?
- All 7 components are used in constructing visual images and media production
- Consider yourselves as video makers - a TV crew, a production company - and utilize what you know about the components to set your images and videos apart from amateur production
62
Basic Camera Shots - Wide Shot
- Wide focal length
- Shows the whole body or space
- Establishes scene or setting, allows room for action
- Master shot (entire dramatized scene from start to finish showing everyone and from same angle)
63
Basic Camera Shots - Medium Shot
- Show subject from waist up
| - Allows connection with the subject while providing room for gestures. Most frequently used shot
64
Basic Camera Shots - Medium Close Up
- Shows part of the subject
| - Focuses attention to details
65
Basic Camera Shots - Close Up
- Shows enlarged view of subject
| - Draw attention to details and adds emotion
66
Basic Camera Shots - Bust Shot/Over the shoulder shot
- Shows subject from chest area up
- Provides intimate view of subject
- Focuses attention on the face
67
Basic Camera Moves - Pan
- A move that an show what's on the left or right of the screen
- Reveal setting, people and objects
- Also conceals
- Sweeps across subject that's wider than screen
- Shows the relationship between two subjects
- Camera turns on it's axis, like the human head turning left to right or vice versa
- Pans ,like all camera moves, need to be motivated
68
Basic Camera Moves - Tilt
- Shows what's above or below the screen
- Reveals parts of the vertical subject
- Useful for tall objects
- Shows a relationship between parts of a subject/object
- Can add suspense or suprise
- Like the human head can move up and down (vertical axis)
69
Basic Camera Moves - Zoom
- Not technically a camera move
- Optical move in lens of camera
- Uses mechanical control that operates through focal lengths within lens to move from WS to MS to CU, the opposite, or anywhere in between (zoom in and zoom out)
- Often called "variable focal length"
- Changes focus from broad to detailed view of subject or vice versa, with steady hand
- Provides sense of magnifying subject without physically moving closer
70
Basic Camera Moves - Dolly/Truck, Movement of the object/Person, Crane, Combinations
- Camera moves in/out or left/right on a track or wheels.
- Dolly in/dolly out
- Truck left/truck right
- Has a very different effect than a zoom
- Has a different effect than a pan
- Dolly in with tilt up
- Truck left with pan right, etc - endless possibilities
71
Basic Camera Moves - Handheld
- Uses your body as a stabilizing device
- Avoid close-ups
- Avoid zooms
- Avoid fast movement of the camera
- Great for getting the camera right into the action
72
Camera Angles - High
Above
73
Camera Angles - Below
Below or ground level
74
Camera Angles - Medium
Eye level or level of object
75
Camera Angles - Bird's Eye
On top of, looking straight down
76
Camera Angles - Canted/Dutch
- Leans to side, not level
- Can have canted versions of all of the above angles
- Indicated chaos, something amiss, an uneven world. Use sparingly
77
Camera Angles - Attention Shifts
- Camera moves, zooms, used to shift attention within shots
- Changes main subject from one object to another
- Shows physical relationships between subject elements
- Active move of a camera operator
- Shows secondary activities while main action occurs
- Reveals and conceal
- Keeps a scene dynamic and active
- Can provide sense of chaos and disorder when executed with certain style (swish pan).
78
Camera Controls (manual/automatic)
- Many cameras come with manual controls so the user can adjust setting as necessary
- Over-rides the auto-control features for more accurate control of the image
- If your camera does not have manual controls, dont worry. Just pay attention to lighting, focus and sound more closely
- Special filters and effects found in the most cameras and apps
79
Camera Controls (manual/automatic) - Focus
- Zoom all the way in, focus on the eyes, zoom out
| - All elements in the focal plane will be in focus
80
Camera Controls (manual/automatic) - Exposure/Aperture
- Amount of light allowed through the lens, allowing image to be exposed
- Avoid over exposure (too much light) and underexposure (too little light)
- Adjust exposure with iris/aperture (shown as f/stops on cameras)
- Iris/aperture indicated how open or closed lens may be (more open will let in more light)
- Measured in f/stop 1.2,2,4,5.6,8,11,16
81
Camera Controls (manual/automatic) - Shutter Speed
- Length of tie lens stays open
- Amount of time light will enter camera
- Easiest to control and understand
- Most common way to control light in camera
- Shorter shutter speeds = less light/sharper image
- Longer shutter speeds = more light/blur
82
Camera Controls (manual/automatic) - Color/White Balance
- Teaches camera to read white light
- White light is taken then broken down into Red, Green, Blue
- Allows for accurate representation of all colors on the color spectrum
83
Sounds - Quality
- Audio is the least forgivable production aspect
- Noting worse than bad or low quality sound
- Most difficult aspect of production to fix after recording
- Build in camera microphones are generally inferior sound recording devices
- Eliminate the competition! Record the sound in a quiet room with little interference or outside noise
84
Basics of editing, post-production - The Cut
The simplest form of editing
85
Basics of editing, post-production - Match Cut
Combining two shots of differing angle and composition so that the action continues from one to the other in the same place and time
86
Basics of editing, post-production - Jump Cut
Combining two shots that are similar so the subject jumps from one part of the screen to another (discontinuity)
87
Basics of editing, post-production - Cutaway
Insert shot/b-roll/close-up to reveal action; covers up jump cuts
88
Basics of editing, post-production - Transitions
- Fade in/out - image gradually appears or fades in to or from a black/white/blank screen
- Dissolves between two shots - a gradual mix from one shot to another
- Evokes emotion, shift in time/space, accentuates rhythm, enhances artistry
89
Main Components of Post Production Editing
- Time - temporal
- Space
- Emotion
- Rhythm
- Pacing
- Timing
- Transitions - dissolves, fades
- Ellipses
- Juxtaposition
90
What does Ira Glass's speech mean?
Work hard. Nothing pays off right away and there is a gap between trying something and being good at it. But if you keep trying and keep your ambitions high you can accomplish anything.
91
Where to go for Tutorials
- Youtube (David A Cox)
92
Where to go for Examples
- Youtube Matthew Pierce
93
Shooting tips
- Shoot video horizontally and not vertically
- When shooting stabilize your phone or camera
- Make sure your audio will be clear
- Pay attention to where light is coming from while your shooting
- Good light includes:
- Soft, but bright
- From the sides
- From behind the camera
- Poor Lighting Includes
- Harsh
- From behind the subject
94
What do you call the grid of horizontal and vertical lines that help develop an appealing visual composition?
The Rule of Thirds
95
Form - Camera shots
- Wide shot
- Medium shot
- Medium close up
- Close up
96
Form - Camera Moves
- Pan
- Tilt
- Zoom
- Dolly
- Truck
- Crane (boom)
- Handheld
- Jib
- Pedestal
97
Form - Camera Angle
- High
- Low
- Bird's Eye View
- Canted
- Attention Shifts
98
Form - Camera Control
- Focus
- Exposure/Aperture
- Shutter speed
- Color
99
Form - Editing
- Time
- Space
- Emotion
- Rhythm
- Pacing
- Timing
- Transitions
- Ellipses
- Juxtaposition
- Give yourself space to review and edit again and again
100
Form - Outputting
- Highest resolution, credit team members/sources, title project
101
Content - Information Chunking
- Identify your audience and genre
- Identify and follow your theme based on what your audience wants
- Give enough information in each episode to leave the audience feeling rewarded, that it was worth their time to watch, and curious for what is next
102
Content - Title
- This is the hook
- Look at other similar genres titles before you pick
- Body of the content should be strong to support good title
103
Content - Visual Theme
- Each piece of content should be visually distinct
- Dont make each piece so distinct that there's no connection to the series
- Cover page is second in importance to title
104
Content - Use other Platforms
- Use extracts to tease viewers
- Use other social media
- Embed content on original platform to use as anchor
- Ask others to share and embed show
105
Content - Promotion
- Promote before, during and after release
- Be consistent, persistent. Tell people what's coming, when it's here. Remind them
- Keep promoting it week's, months, after posting production
106
Content - Hashtags
- Audience follows keywords
107
Content - Metrics
- Measure quality by views, likes, comments and downloads
| - If something's not working, change it
