Flashcards in Final - 7, going urban Deck (33)
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1
Why do people move?
- Economic factors
- Marriage
- Climate
- Political
- War or famine
- Environmental degradation
2
Refugees:
are people forced to leave their country, usually due to armed conflict or persecution
3
Urban Areas
- has economic function where majority of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or the presence of urban characteristics
4
What are challenges of studying urban issues?
- Lack of uniform definition
- Availability of census data
- Changing definitions of urban areas over time make comparative studies difficult
5
What are the causes/drivers of urbanization?
- industrial revolution
- industrialization following the industrial revolution
- emergence of large manufacturing centres
- job opportunities
- availability of easy transportation and other infrastructure facilities
- migration, immigration
6
Push Factors
Forces that drive people away from a place
7
Pull Factors
Forces drawing people to a new location
8
Megacities
Are metropolitan areas with a population of 10 million or more
9
Metacities
A major conurbation, a megacity of more than 20 million people
10
Urban Agglomerations
A population of a built up or densely populated area containing the city, suburbs and settled commuter areas inhabited at urban levels of residential density.
11
Mega-Regions
A rapid growing urban cluster surrounded by low density hinterland, formed as a result of expansion, growth and geographical convergence of more than one metropolitan area and other agglomerations
- Common in North American and Europe
12
City-Regions
An urban development on a massive scale: a major city that expands beyond administrative boundaries to engulf small cities, towns, and semi urban hinterlands
13
Urban systems
An interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region
14
World or Global Cities
Are places where information and culture is gathered and disseminated, and entertainment is provided to the wider public through mass media and universities.
- Services are increasingly concentrated in large cities, especially in core regions linked to globalization
15
Major/Global cities - Alpha ++
- Major centres of political power, where governmental decision making and international political institutions are located
- Centres of congregation for professional talent (medical, legal, industrial)
16
Primacy
A condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest cities in that system
Eg.) London, Paris, Mexico City
17
Centrality
The functional dominance of cities within an urban system
- High share of economic, political and cultural activities relative to population, not just size
18
Challenges for an urbanizing world
- Population growth
- urbanization in semi-peripheral and peripheral regions
- Environmental and social challenges
19
Population growth
Is concentrated in the global south but is especially evident in cities and informal settlement areas
20
Urbanization in semi-peripheral and peripheral regions
Are the largest and fastest growing cities with informal economies
21
Environmental and social challenges
Affect accès to facilities, healthcare, education, clean water... etc.
22
Urban Form
- The physical structure and organization of cities
- Have historical legacies and contemporary politics and policy
- Have geography and topography of the location
23
CBD
- Central business district
- The central nucleus of commercial land uses in a city
Eg.) major institutions, transportation hub, office space
24
Gentrification
The movement into older, centrally located working class neighbourhoods by higher income households
25
Intensification
Densification through new residential or commercial construction
26
The centre
- Has high densities, public transit use, socio-economic diversity
- Gentrification and income polarization
27
The inner suburbs
- Lower densities, rental and ownership housing, more car dependent but there is still public transit
28
Outer suburbs
- Lowest densities, high car dependency, fastest growing areas
- Loss of prime agricultural land
29
What shapes urban space?
- Economic: competition for territory and location
- History/public policy: influence of transportation systems and other investments
- Socio-cultural perspective: focuses on the social organization of space by choice
30
Socio-spatial patterns
- Segregation
- Congregation
31
Segregation
The spatial separation of specific population subgroups within a wider population
- by social class, ethnicity/race
32
Congregation
The territorial and residential clustering of specific groups or subgroups of people
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