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Catholic Bioethics > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The principle of cooperation with evil

A

Used when someone else uses our good actions for evil

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2
Q

Types of cooperation

A
  1. Formal Cooperation (Explicit or implicit)

2. Material Cooperation (Immediate or mediate)

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3
Q

Explicit Formal Cooperation

A

Evil intent is known

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4
Q

Implicit Formal Cooperation

A

Evil intent is not known but is implied

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5
Q

Immediate Material cooperation

A

Your action plays a big role

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6
Q

Mediate Material Cooperation

A

Your action does not play an essential role

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7
Q

Mediate Material cooperation can be morally permissible if

A
  1. Proportionality of your doing the action

2. How grave is the evil/What is the good you are doing?

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8
Q

The graveness of an action

A
  1. Proximity to the action
  2. Is your participation essential or nonessential
  3. Question of Scandal (leading others to sin….We have a moral obligation to reduce scandal)
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9
Q

Conscientious Objection

A

Have a judgment of conscience about a particular action and you refuse to do that action because your conscience has deemed it morally wrong

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10
Q

Medical Vitalism

A

Have to do everything to keep a person alive

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11
Q

Subjectivism

A

Do not have to do anything and it is up to the patient

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12
Q

Ordinary (Medical)

A

Scientifically established, statistically successful, available

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13
Q

Extraordinary (Medical)

A

More experimental, not readily available

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14
Q

Ordinary (Church)

A

Proportionate

Morally Obligatory

Treatments in which the benefits of the treatment outweigh the burdens of the treatment

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15
Q

Extraordinary (Church)

A

Disproportionate

Morally Optional

Treatments in which the burdens of the treatment outweigh the benefits of the treatment

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16
Q

Can you forgo extraordinary means?

A

Yes, as long as one does not fail some more serious duty

You need to consider your spiritual and social relationships

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17
Q

Who decides what is extraordinary and what is ordinary?

A

The patient unless it is contradictory to Catholic Moral Teaching

Can not force a treatment but can not cooperate with an evil action

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18
Q

Preserving Life

A

Life is good and we are called to preserve it but that duty is not an absolute duty (God has ownership of our lives)

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19
Q

Euthanasia

A

Intrinsic Evil

An action or an omission which of itself or by intention causes death in order that all suffering be eliminated

Ordinary Universal Teaching

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20
Q

NG Tube

A

Runs from nose down to stomach; more temporary

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21
Q

GJ Tube

A

Tube that starts in the stomach and runs down to small instenstine

more permanent

used if someone has issues digesting in stomach

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22
Q

TPN

A

Nutrition and hydration provided through veins

Used when stomach and small intestine can not digest food

Doctors do not like using long term because of risk

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23
Q

Possible Benefits of ANH

A 
Survival
Prolong Life
Reduce risk of aspiration (Pneumonia sometimes)
increase funtion
Communal value of food
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24
Q

Possible Burdens of ANH

A 
Irritation
Infection
Uncomfortable
Complication
Financial Burden
Increase risk of Aspiration (Pneumonia)
Risk of Surgery
Take away pleasure of eating and taking away communal aspect
sometimes requires restraint
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25
Q

Specific Cases Church Believes ANH is extraordinary

A
  1. Very remote places or in extreme poverty where it can not be provided
  2. Cases where patients can not assimilate food or liquid
  3. Any complications in the means (Excessively Burdensome)
  4. Would not be reasonably expected to prolong life
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26
Q

PDE: Lethal Dose of Morphine

A

Physical Action: Lethal dose
Moral Object: Euthanasia

Intention: Relieve pain by hastening death

Bad Effect (Death) is means to good effect (Relief of Pain)

Murder/suicide is intrinsically evil and you can not do an intrinsic evil even for good intention no matter the magnitude of the good

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27
Q

Personhood of the Fetus

A

Personhood is a philosophical question, and philosophy is the handmaiden of theology

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28
Q

Is the fetus an individual?

A

Has unique DNA, can respond to stimulation, and metabolization is occurring within its cells so it appears to be an individual

Should error on the side of caution when we are unsure

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29
Q

How should we treat the fetus?

A

With the same dignity as a human person

Didache spoke out against abortion and exposure

Church can do this since it has supremacy in the area of faith and morals

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30
Q

Four parts of the promises that spouses make to each other in their wedding vows which they renew during the conjugal act?

A

I give myself to you freely, faithfully, totally and fruitfully

This is also how God loves us

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31
Q

TOB 1

A

Human beings are made incomplete and we yearn to be in communion with other people

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32
Q

TOB 2

A

In order to find ourselves we have to give ourselves

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33
Q

TOB 3

A

Sexual intercourse in marriage is the most radical from of self giving

It is the only action where we can completely give ourselves to another person

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34
Q

TOB 4

A

“Language of the body”

With our bodies we say “I give myself to you freely, totally, faithfully, and fruitfully”

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35
Q

“Responsible Parenthood”

A

At some points in time, not not necessarily at all times, it may be permissable to refrain from having children for financial, health, and other reasons

This is a prudential judgements by the couple (Should be taken to God in prayer)

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36
Q

Values of NFP and Contraception

A

Refrain from having children (may be permissable)

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37
Q

Disvalues of contraception

A

Seperation of the procreative and unitive dimensions of the conjugal act by rendering procreation impossible

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38
Q

Eugenics

A

Movement aimed at improving the human race

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39
Q

Which types of cooperation are always morally impermissible

A

Explicit/Implicit Formal Cooperation

Immediate Material Cooperation

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40
Q

What distinguishes Implicit formal cooperation and immediate material cooperation?

A
  1. If there is another possible reason then it is not necessarily implied
  2. If there is duress
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41
Q

Duress

A

Can lessen moral culpability

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42
Q

Referal for contraception

A

Immediate material-Does it play a big role?

Mediate Material-Perhaps not a big role, other physician might not prescribe

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43
Q

Bads and Goods of Mediate Material referal for contraception

A

Goods: Ensuring the patient gets a good physician, good care of the patient

Bads: Risk of scandal and the patient actually getting contraception

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44
Q

Compassion means

A

To suffer with

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45
Q

Physical action of Euthanasia

A

An action (PAS/Euthanasia) or an ommision (Withdrawing/withholding ordinary treatment) which of itself

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46
Q

Euthanasia (Medical/Legal)

A

Someone else is responsible for the death of the patient in the name of eliminating suffering

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47
Q

PAS

A

Physician supplies the means while the patient does the action causing death

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48
Q

Palliative Care

A
  1. Symptom Management
  2. “Big Picture”
  3. Can happen at any point in life
  4. No limitation on medical procedures
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49
Q

Who is palliative care for

A

Helpful for anyone who has chronic conditions which cause complicated symptoms (Symptom management)

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50
Q

Hospice

A
  1. Started by Catholics
  2. Sub part of palliative care
  3. Can be provided in the home or at hospice home
  4. Most medical treatments are extraordinary
  5. Do not necessarily have to have a DNR
  6. Focus is on comfort care
  7. No extraordinary means
51
Q

Who is Hospice for?

A

People who have 6 or less months to live

52
Q

Objective

A

Whats true about the action itself

53
Q

Subjective

A

Refers to the moral culpability of the individual

The person might not be completely culpable (might not be fully responsible for the action)

54
Q

Last rites

A

End of life situations

  1. Anointing of the Sick
  2. Confession
  3. Eucharist (Viaticum=last eucharist “Preperation for the journey”)
55
Q

Palliative sedation action

A

Slowly titrating dose of pain meds

56
Q

Goods and Bads of Palliative Sedation

A

Bad Effects: Possibly hastening death

Good Effects: Freedom From pain

57
Q

PDE Palliative sedation

A

Physical Action: Giving increasing doses of pain medication

Intention: To free from pain (for the good only)

The good effect occurs at least as immediately as the bad effect
Bad effect is not the means to the good effect

Proportionality (Significant pain, spiritual state of the patient)

58
Q

PDE Lethal dose of Morphine

A

Physical Action:Lethal Dose

Intention: To relieve pain and to hasten death

The bad effect is the means to the good effect (If the person does not die you have not achieved what you intended)

Not Proportional (Debatable)

59
Q

Moral vs Legal question of PAS/Euth

A

Moral: Whether PAS/Euth is morally right/wrong

Legal: Whether PAS/Euth should be legal/illegal

60
Q

ANH Church Teaching

A

ANH is always ordinary except when it is extraordinary

in principle there is an obligation to provide water/food

ANH is normal/minimal care/natural means

61
Q

Normal care

A

Comfort but also a medical dimension

Bathing, Turning, Bathroom, Keeping lips moist, ANH

There can be cases where these become extraordinary

62
Q

Heterologous

A

One of the gametes comes from a donor

Includes surrogate mother

63
Q

Homologous

A

Both gametes come from the spouse

64
Q

IVF

A

Egg and sperm are mixed on a petri dish where fertilization occurs

Then the embryo is placed in the womb

65
Q

ICSI

A

Similar to IVF but sperm is directly injected into the egg

66
Q

ZIFT

A

Similar to IVF but the embryo is placed into the fallopian tube

67
Q

GIFT

A

Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube after egg and sperm are placed there

68
Q

AI

A

Sperm deposited into the uterus

69
Q

Key distinction between permissible and impermissible fertility treatments

A

The catholic church distinguishes between ARTs which replace and those which assist the conjugal act

70
Q

NaPro aim

A

To diagnose and treat the cause of infertility through medical procedures as well as surgery

71
Q

NaPro Effectiveness

A

It is as effective if not more effective than IVF

It is permissable since it is assisting not replacing the conjugal act

72
Q

Reading and engaging with others in a charitable and critical manner

A

Take what other person has to say seriously and try to understand where they are coming from

73
Q

Why be charitable and critical

A

Their opinions may be wrong so you need to think about their argument critically and when it is wrong argue for the truth

You want to engage with them charitably so they will not write you off immediately

74
Q

Tolerance new view

A

The truly tolerant person accepts the views of other individuals and treats those individual fairly

He rejects dogmatism and absolutism and considers all views equally valid

75
Q

Tolerance old view

A

Respect the rights of individuals to hold and voice their own beliefs/opinions

One’s own right to disagree with these beliefs and challenge them

76
Q

Subjectivism (T1)

A

There are moral truths but they are dependent on what each individual believes (Type of Relativism)

77
Q

Relativism

A

Moral statements are the kinds of things that can be true or false but can change based on either the individual (subjectivism) or culture (cultural relativism)

78
Q

Objectivism (TI)

A

Moral statements are the kinds of things that can be true or false and this does not change.

What is true and false is independent of the individual or culture rather it just is

79
Q

Two aims of a moral theory

A

Theoretical and Practical

80
Q

Theoretical aim

A

Tries to explain right from wrong

81
Q

Practical aim

A

Application of theoretical to concrete examples

82
Q

Consequentialism

A

Greatest good for the greatest number (Theoretical and practical)

83
Q

Kantianism

A

The reason an action is right is because it treats people as ends

Practical: That actioin should be a universal

84
Q

Natural Law

A

We should do good and avoid evil (Method is the theory)

never act against a basic good

85
Q

Deontological

A

Morality is based on following commandments of law giver

86
Q

Teleological

A

Moral action is right or wrong if it is aimed at the end (telos) of that being

does the act lead to fulfillment?

Does the act contradict basic goods?

87
Q

2 meanings of freedom

A

Freedom to choose=This is more license and tends to become the strong vs the weak (akin to free will)

Freedom to choose the good= this is aimed at our telos and leads to fulfillment

88
Q

Three steps of conscience

A
  1. Grasp the principles of morality
  2. Apply to specific situations
  3. Judgement of a specific act
89
Q

Extraordinary teaching

A

Infallible

Response owed by Catholics is an assent of faith

90
Q

Ordinary and universal

A

Infallible

Response owed by Catholics is an assent of faith

91
Q

Ordinary

A

Authoratative but per se not irreformable

Religious submission of faith/intellect

92
Q

Prudential

A

Fallible

Adherence

93
Q

Grace

A

Unmerited help from God

Can come in the form of the virtues which are stable dispositions to do the good

They can also come in the form of gifts of the holy spirit

94
Q

Three parts of a moral action

A

Object-This is the moral species or the type of the action

Intention-why? if the object is intrinsically evil then you necessarily intend the evil

Circumstances-This is the context such as time and place. These can make a good act good or bad but can not make an evil act good

95
Q

PVS

A
  1. Alive
  2. Brain functions but upper brain is severely impaired
  3. Has sleep wake cycles
  4. No evidence of awareness
  5. No evidence of communication
96
Q

Coma

A
  1. Alive
  2. slowed brain function
  3. No arousal
  4. No evidence of awareness
  5. No evidence of communication
97
Q

MCS

A
  1. Alive
  2. slowed brain function
  3. Sleep Wake cycles
  4. Some, minimal but reproducible awareness
  5. Can be some communication (minimal but reproducible)
98
Q

Locked in syndrome

A
  1. Alive
  2. Normal Brain function
  3. Sleep Wake cycles
  4. Full awareness
  5. eye movements and blinking
99
Q

Persistent PVS

A

Over 1 month

58% regain consciousness

100
Q

Permanent PVS

A

12 months post TBI

3 months in non-TBI

Less than 1% regain consciousness

101
Q

ANH for PVS

A

In principle there is an obligation however there are some situations where it could be optional

102
Q

Are PVS patients dying?

A

In general patients with PVS are not dying

103
Q

Fr. O’Rurke PVS

A

Contrary to church teaking

Do not need to provide ANH in case of PVS since the burdens outweigh the benefits

Mere biological life seems to be different from life

104
Q

Fr. O’Rurke PVS burden

A

Being kept alive without being able to reach spiritual relationship with God

105
Q

Response to Fr. O’Rurke PVS

A

Problematic: Disabled people, might be conscious

106
Q

Brain Death

A
  1. Legally not Alive
  2. Higher brain and brain stem are not functioning
  3. No arousal
  4. No awareness
  5. No communication
107
Q

Legal criteria for death

A

Brain Death

Heart lung death

Catholic Church accepts both of these definitions of death

108
Q

Brain Death

A

Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain including the brainstem

109
Q

Heart Lung Death

A

Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory function

110
Q

How does the church define death

A

Seperation of the soul and body (Theological and philisophical question)

111
Q

Criteria

A

Criteria tell us when we know death has already occured

What clinical markers are there that give us certainty that the patient has died

(does not tell us the exact moment of death but rather that death has occured which is a scientific question)

112
Q

Legal Fiction

A

Useful way of saying something even if it is not true (Time of Death)

113
Q

Science can tell us

A

Whats human, and criteria for life (b)

Criteria for something being death (e)

114
Q

Philisophy can tell us

A

Personhood (b)
How do we treat the unborn child/is abortion morally permissable (b)

End of personhood/def of death (e)
How do you treat the dead body?
can you do something to allow death?
can you cause death (PAS/EUTH/SUICIDE)?
What should you do when you are not sure whether the person has died?
How do we treat the dying person?
115
Q

Church and death

A

The church accepts the criteria of brain death/heart-lung death as long as the criteria are upheld rigorously

if the person has already died then all treatment becomes extraordinary

116
Q

Nicanur and death

A

In order for the patient to be dead all cellular functioning must have ceased

Concerned that brain death bodies can still do things that you would not expect a dead body to do

He agrees that to keep treating the person is extraordinary

117
Q

Is Nicanur dissenting?

A

Not dissenting since he is disagreeing with the scientific criteria

118
Q

Ventilator and brain death

A

Brain death comes after lung-heart death so the ventilator is preventing brain death

119
Q

Abolition of man 1

A

Mans power over nature turns out to be a power exercised by some men over other men with nature as its instrument

120
Q

Abolition of man 1 technology

A

Every time men develop something technologically it becomes a thing ( can be given or taken from people)

Technology can be used to exert poer over others

121
Q

Abolition of man 2

A

Man’s final conquest has proved to be the abolition of man

122
Q

Conquest of nature and tao

A

Conquest of nature (treating everything as a thing) including tao (sort of relatavism)

Nothing objectively true about humanity and morality becomes about emotions

123
Q

Abolition of man 3

A

Man’s conquest of nature turns out to be natures conquest of man

124
Q

AB 3 tradition

A

If you get rid of traditional morality you return to your bas impulses

Man is not really in control if he goes by his gut

Catholic Bioethics (2 decks)

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