final Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
youth
A
- socially constructed
- a transitional time in life between childhood and maturity
2
Q
troubling youth
A
primarily a threat to others and to society
3
Q
troubled youth
A
primarily a threat to themselves
4
Q
difference between perceptions and patterns of youth crime
A
- perceptions: often popular images of “out of control” and that youth crime is growing rapidly
- patters: very different from popular images
5
Q
three dominant ways to count crime or describe crime patterns
A
- official statistics
- victimization surveys
- self report studies
6
Q
problems with crime rates:
A
often deployed with a limited understanding of sociological, demographic, criminological, and legal processes. which can have significant effects on crime rates
7
Q
youth crime since 1992
A
- steady downward trend in youth crime
- ## we still have an overrepresentation of youth in the criminal justice system
8
Q
highest crime rate age:
A
18-24 years old
9
Q
troubled youth:
A
- very normative and common
- more common than drug use
- 75-83% have tried by grade 12
10
Q
binge drinking
A
- five for males, 4 for females
11
Q
binge drinking is more frequent in:
A
university students
- university athletes
- members of frats
12
Q
popular prevention
A
- approaches may be the most effective in reducing harm
- target the uni environment as a whole
13
Q
prevention paradox
A
growing efforts to help the problem drinkers on campus have not reduced the harm of alcohol consumption
14
Q
most common efforts to reducing uni binge drinking
A
- prevention and retroactive efforts
- target the individual
15
Q
troubled youth and drug use
A
- drug use is lower today than it was in the 70s
- ## most common drug= marijuana
16
Q
reasons for drug use in youth
A
- relieve stress
- form of escape
- social activity
- satisfying curiosity
- showing independence
- becoming part of a specific peer group
17
Q
problematic drug use vs. the individual
A
- genetic and environmental predispositions
- degree of personal competence
- connections with violent behaviour
- gang involvement
18
Q
problematic drug use vs. community
A
- norms aout substance use
- prevalence of crime
- price and availability of substances
- peers
- economic conditions
19
Q
problematic drug use vs. family
A
- parenting style
- degree of parent- child emotional attachment
- family history of substance abuse
20
Q
problematic drug use vs. school
A
- academic success
- reading skill
- problem solving abilities
- extracurricular activities
- feelings of belonging
21
Q
youth gangs
A
- no universal definition of gangs
- youth crime and gangs are considered to e out of control
22
Q
are gangs really a youth phenomenon?
A
- the post industrial era locked opportunities for many living in our most impoverished areas
- OG’s
23
Q
why do youth join gangs
A
- material incentives
- recreation
- place of refuge and camo
- time to resist
- physical protection
- commitment to the community
24
Q
gangs and neighourhoods
A
- gangs identification to a specific terf is one of their most defining elements
- provide their primary financial means of gang substance and maintenance
25
who benefits from the moral panics about gangs
- media
- politicians
- law enforcement
- gangs themselves
26
representations of regent park
- poster child for poverty
- thoroughly ghettoized
- homicide hotbed
- mythical ruin
27
sweet mothers and gangbangers
- middle class black neighbourhood in chicago called groveland
- extremely tight networks among criminals and non criminal residence
- looks how residential stability and network desire can both facilitate and impede social control
28
challenge to social disorganization theory
- existence of residentially stale neighbourhoods with continuing high rates of crime
29
social disorganization
- the inability of a community to realize the common values of its residence and maintain effective social controls
30
explanation for social disorganization
- while internally regulated, these neighbourhoods lack essential ties to public forms of social control
31
in stale low income areas
- gangs may form
- gangs can benefit both criminal and non criminal residence
- crime and these dense networks between criminals and non criminals develop c of pressures caused y restrictions to legitimate means of success
32
pattilo findings:
- lack middle class neighbourhoods have higher poverty rates and are closer to poor areas
- high proportions of low income (and economic uncertainty of middle class) makes crime attractive
- residents formed ties c of home ownership and residential stability. facilitates formal and informal social control
- these ties also hinder efforts to rid the neighbourhood of crime
33
Groveland's social networks
- residence lived there for long time and most own their homes
- strong ties between criminal and non criminal
- these ties make it difficult to crack down on gangs and drugs
- prosocial residents exert social control over neighbourhood crime
34
gang members in groveland
- black mobsters
- low profile criminal activity
- have interest in keeping neighbourhood a safe quiet place (bedroom community: acts as agents to social control)
- behave in acceptable ways
-
35
three major institutions
remand: pretrial detention, used to hold people in custody before trial
provincial: sentenced for two years or less
federal: sentenced for two years or more
36
security distinctions of prisons
- maximum, medium, minimum security: based on past criminal history, institutional conduct, dynamic and static factors
- determines: levels of supervision, presence of forearms within institution, movement restrictions, program and resource access
37
traditional composition:
- skinners: inmates with sexual offences
- rats: inmates who have informed on others outside and inside the prison
- scaredy cats: individuals fearful of politics found in general pop bc of alternative ad charges or neg history
38
contemporary composition
- first timers: first time incarcerated
- high profile: inmate with charges that are highly publicized or possess high profile status with drug or gang circles
- ex gang/street life: inmates attempting to remove themselves from the criminal lifestyle; dropping their colors, cutting off affiliation
39
how protective is protective custody:
- does not serve a protective purpose
| - sex offenders are at just as high of a risk of victimization in PC than in GP
40
three major arguments: Alberta prison project
- western canadian prison gangs are becoming increasingly volatile and membership is fluid
- protective custody units have become stand in gang exit units
- PC classification possesses significant stigma resulting in heightened risks for traditional PC populations and ex gang members
41
APP: the scary thing of gangs
- lack of loyalty, structure, and respect
- increased prevalence of drug use by higher level members
- branch off gangs headed y new and inexperienced leaders
42
inmate/prison code
justified coercion and violence towards traditional PC population, especially sex offenders
43
APP placement of gang member concern
- ex gang members follow the inmate code on PC resulting in coercion, threats, and violence
- ex gang members must navigate the discreditable stigmas of PC y engaging in repetitional and moral boundaries
44
definition of addiction
- is a primary, chronic disease of rain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry.
- is progressive and can result in disability and premature death
45
Addiction vs. genetics
- someones genetics predisposition adn cooccurring mental illnesses can increase the likelihood for addiction
46
addiction vs. environment
- environmental risks and influences, such as family, beliefs, peers, stress, all contribute to a greater likelihood
47
addiction vs age
- studies indicate that the younger someone is when they are first exposed to drugs and alcohol, the more likely they are to develop an addiction to it
48
who is at risk for addiction
- men more likely to use and not seek help
- youth aged 15-24
- youth with a history of child welfare
49
types of addiction
- substance addiction: addictive substances are mood altering and lead to physical dependency
- process addiction: involves a specific series of actions or interactions and gives the person the same feeling as a high or an escape
50
continuum of drug use
- experimentation and recreational use
- habituation and abuse
- dependence/ addiction
51
addiction cycle:
-emotional trigger, craving, ritual, abuse, guilt
52
self stigma
is defined as a subjective process that is characterized by negative feelings
53
social stigma
describes " the phenomenon of large social groups endorsing stereotypes about acting against a stigmatized individual
54
structural stigma
refers to the rules, polices, and procedures of institutions that restrict the rights and opportunities for members of stigmatized groups
55
treatment continuum
- intervention, detox, treatment, aftercare, prevention
56
three stages of relapse
- emotional
- mental
- physical
57
relapse prevention
- tell someone about urges
- distract yourself
- wait 30 min for urge to pass
- do your recovery one day at a time
