midterm Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
what is deviance
A
a person, behaviour, or characteristic that is socially typed as deviant and subjected to measures of social control
2
Q
conformity
A
behaviour that is in accordance with social norms bc of agreement with social values or fear of sanctions
3
Q
types of deviance:
A
negative: violates situational expectations
positive: surpasses expectations of norms
4
Q
social norms:
A
expectations of conduct in particular situations
5
Q
what do norm violations result in?
A
reactions or sanctions
6
Q
types of social norms
A
- proscriptive: tell you what not to do
prescriptive: tell you what to do
7
Q
social role
A
tell you how to behave based on who you are as we have different norms for different characteristics
8
Q
objectivism
A
absolute moral order
- something inherent in a person, behaviour, or characteristic that makes it deviant
9
Q
problems with objectivism
A
- deviance labels are never purely objective
- deviance carries a negative moral evaluation
- label is applied to people on flimsy and fabricated basis
10
Q
how do we determine deviance?
A
- harm
- statistical rarity
- negative societal reaction
- normative violation
11
Q
deviance and harm
A
- if it is harmful it is deviant
- can be direct at a person or at society by causing physical or emotion harm, harm to the functioning of society, or harm to the understanding of the world
12
Q
limitations of harm:
A
- perceptions of harm change over time
- perceptions of harm are subjective (varies by member)
- some types of deviance are less harmful than non deviant acts
- perceptions of harm can be largely exaggerated
13
Q
deviance and statistical rarity
A
- its hard to define what is rare
- it is deviant if it is rare
- rare things may be acceptable
14
Q
types of negative societal reaction
A
- negative: when a behaviour elicits criticism or punishment
- tolerant: when deviance is considered reasonable
- denial: attempts to deny the deviance we see
- romanization/demonization: imagined moral monster vs. robin hood
15
Q
normative violation views
A
absolutist view of norms:
-absolute moral order
- behaviour is inherently and universally deviant
-some norms should be followed in all culture at all times
culturally specific views of norms:
- norms are culturally specific
- not an absolute moral order
16
Q
folkways:
A
norms that govern everyday behaviours
17
Q
mores:
A
the foundation of morality
18
Q
law
A
norms enshrined in the legal system
19
Q
consensus view
A
equality applies to all
20
Q
conflict view
A
we pursue what we want and disadvantage those who have less
21
Q
interactionist group
A
interest group appeal to those in power
22
Q
consensus crimes
A
widespread agreement that these are inherently wrong, and mandate a severe response. ex. murder
23
Q
conflict crimes
A
these are illegal acts that have a vast disagreement about whether they should be illegal, how serious they are, and how we should respond. ex. abortion, murder in self defence, weed
24
Q
subjective view of social norms
A
- radical constructionism
- deviance as a label and doesn’t actually exist
- focusses on the process by which people, behaviours, or characteristics are perceived and labelled deviant
25
levels of social constuctions
- individual
- interactional
- institutional
- sociocultural
26
importance of power
- politicians, scientists, religious institutions, media, commercial enterprise
- are moral entrepreneurs: manufacture public morality
- they bring problems to public awareness and facilitate "moral conversion"
27
the social typing process
a process by which a person, behaviour, or characteristic is deviantized
28
three components of social typing
- description: the label or category
- evaluation: the judgement or assumptions
- prescriptions: the social control
29
social control definition
the regulation of others or the self
30
types of social control
- formal: emerges from organizations or institutions
- informal: emerges from everyday social interactions
- retroactive: intended to punish, fix, or cure
- preventative: intended to prevent
31
theories of deviance by religious beliefs
as religion and the church were the primary guide, people were led to believe that anyone who committed deviant acts were somehow possessed by evil spirits
32
the enlightenment
ideas shifted away from fanaticism and religious superstition to naturalistic explanation based on reason and the scientific method (observation)
33
cesare lombroso and the positive school
attempted to find scientific evidence for the measurement and quantifications of criminal behaviour
34
lombroso and tattooed men
he found those who had tattoos were more likely to violate laws than those who didnt have them
35
lomdroso: criminal men adn atavists
studied the skulls of criminals and wanted to develop a theory of criminality based on their bodies characteristics. where he found that there was differences between the two
36
stigmata
- different types of offenders have different stigmata's
- large jaws, small eyes, long arm spans, etc
- woman had fewer stigmatas than men and were closer to their primative origins (were still less criminal)
37
functionalist theories list
- anomie
- strain
- differential opportunity
- status frustration
38
functionalist theories definition and core assumptions
- the social structure creates deviance
- social structure fulfills functions
- society is based on consensus
- concern with maintaining the social order
39
anomie theory
- dysfunction between cultural goals and legitimate means
- goals are more important than means
- goals are culturally prescribed and legitimate means are socially structured (schools, jobs)
40
strain
normative social order creates unequal access to the legitimate means or opportunities
- results form the gap between goals and the means to achieve them
41
micro-anomie
the individual is in a state of anomie, places more emphasis on self interest than collective values
42
relative deprivation vs. absolute
relative is lacking in comparison to people of the same or high class. absolute is laking in terms of minimal survival standards
43
mertons five models of adaption
- comformity
- innovation
- ritualism
- retreatism
- rebellion
44
differential opportunity theory
stucture of society results in different access to different opportunities
45
status frustration theory
lower class people find it harder to measure up to others as they were raised to value different things
46
learning theories definition
you are taught to be deviant through the same processes that teach conformity
47
different association theory
deviants learn this behaviour through interactions and communications with others
48
behaviour deviants learn
- techniques of deviance
| - direction of motives, rationalizations, attitudes that characterize particular forms of deviance
49
neutralization theory
deviance is rationalized to justify when we do do bad things
50
techniques of neutralization theory
-denial of responsibility
- denial of injury
denial/blame the victim
- condemnation of the condemners
- appealing to higher loyalties
51
social learning theory
people learn by watching others
52
actions of social learning theory are based on:
- definitions: beliefs about acceptability about certain behaviours
- differential association: who you associate with
- limitation: copying those people/behvs
- differential reinforcements: rewards and punishments for certain actions
53
social control theories
we are all born deviant but know to restrain ourselves
54
core assumptions of social control theories
- deviance is inherently attractive, yet most dont engage
- focuses attention on what causes conformity instead of deviance
- social control leads us to behave
55
social bonds theories
we have social bonds that restrain us from being deviant
- attachment
- commitment
- belief
- involvement
56
self control theory
self control restrains us from deviance
57
five main assumptions about deviance in the self control theory
- assumed to provide more immediate gratification of desires
- provide easy and simple paths to gratification
- acts are exciting, risky, and thrilling in comparison to conformity
- crime provides long term benefits
more crimes require less skill or planning
58
durkheims suicide
sociological factors contribute to the rates fo suicide. rates of suicide increase when the social bonds between people are either too strong or not strong enough
59
two factors that influence suicide
- social integration: the extent to which you are connected to society
- moral regulation: the amount of control society has over you
60
altruistic suicide
suicide committed for the benefit of others or for the community.
- ex suicide bombers
61
fatalistic suicide
happens when you face abrsive oppression (excessive regulation)
- ex. slaves
62
egoistic suicide
- high integration= high value for human= low suicide rates
| - low integration = low value for life= high rates
63
anomic suicide
- high social regulation= appropriate restraints= low suicide rate
- low social regualation= no restraints on peoples desires= high rates
64
when a social system is in a state of anomie
- no common values and meanings
| - new values and meanings have not developed
65
durkhiems anomie
- societies need norms in order to function properly
66
anomie happens when:
there is rapid social change, social solidarity can break down which leads to no clear set of societal norms
67
interpretive theories
emphasize social interaction and meanings, understandings, and interpretations of deviance
68
symbolic interactionism
- society is created through social interaction
| - deviance is a human creation
69
looking glass self
"what do others think of me"
70
role taking
"what are other peoples experiences"
71
significant others
" what would my family or friends say"
72
generalized others
"what would people say"
73
deviance as a social construction
- was created and developed by society
- constructed through cultural or social practices
- the categories or what is considered deviant change
74
early interactionism theory mead:
me and i
- social self composed of active "i" which is independent of particular situations and the receptive "me" who is composed by messages of others
75
an individual can:
- accept the situation
- attempt to change the messages by presenting a new image to the world
- challenge the reflection by questioning its accuracy
76
labelling theories are interested in:
- the process of being labelled
| - the consequences of that label
77
tannenbaum's tagging:
identify a specific act as evil, whihc leads to the dramatization of evil
78
levels of deivance
- primary: occasional rule breaking
| - secondary: deviance is lifestyle and identity
79
kitsuse's idea on labeling of deviance
causes some to rebel on their label by trying to reaffirm their self worth and lost social status
80
beckers idea of deviance and master status
- deviance will become ones master status
- causes them to become an outsider
- affects how other treat you, and it pushes you further into the margins of society
81
stigmatization
- the process of becoming an outsider
82
dramaturgical approach
life is a stage where we take on different roles (front and back stage selves)
83
spoiled identity:
if one has an deviant identity, no matter what they do, they will always be perceived to be deviant
84
responding to spoiled identity
- sign vehicles: the mechanism we use to present ourselves to to others (social setting appearance, manners)
- effort to control or influence people with: humour, education, defiance, etc
85
deviant career
- there is a progression of deviance (begin, occasional, regular) that eventually can progress into a career/lifestyle
86
theoretical critical theory
looks at relationship between humans struggles for power:
- construction
- deconstruction
- reconstruction of social bounds
87
practical critical theory
work towards social justice for society's powerless
| - emancipatory
88
conflict theories idea
the powerful construct societies dominant moral code
| -
89
ideology
worldview held by powerful
90
hegemony
the dominant way of seeing and understanding
91
false consciousness
when people see the dominant worldview as rational and acceptable
92
karl marx class struggles
the most important relationship in industrial society is between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
- capitalism breeds egocentricity, greed, and predatory behaviour but the worst crime of all is the exploitation of workers
93
instrumental marxism
- institutionalized social rules are created by the powerful to serve the powerful
- direct reflection of the interest of thew ruling/capitalist class
- law is equated with class rule
94
structural marxism
- state institutions function in the long term interests of capitalism
- laws that benefit the less powerful reflect the need to develop a widespread consent for the existing social order
95
pluralist conflict theory
- multiple axis of inequality make up the structure of society
- are based upon conflicts from economic, religious, ethnic, and political groups
96
cultural conflict theory
- when societies have diverse cultural groups, their norms will conflict with each other
- dominant cultural groups can impose their culture norms
97
group conflcit theory
-many groups are always trying to gain more power in society, causes a clash
98
power reflective theories
- multiple discourses exist in society
| - power determines whihc discourses are accepted as truth
99
feminist theories idea
woman have been oppressed in the past and are continued to be which needs to change
- mainstream theories ignored women
100
liberal feminism
works with the structure of mainstream society to integrate women into it
101
radical feminism
we need to complete overhaul of the patriarchal system
102
black feminism
sexism, class oppression, gender identity, and racism are linked together through intersectionality
103
marxist feminism
oppression of woman are linked to the capitalist economic system
104
common characteristics of feminism
- gender is related to biological sex difference
- gender relation are fundamental to the organization of social life and institutions
- gender roles are asymmetrical in the division of labour
- men hold dominant positions
- woman should not be invisible in the development of knowledge
105
post modern theories
- based on rejections (truth, social categories, theories)
- society is commercial (ppl consumers not citizens)
- disjointed and constantly changing
106
physical appearance
- we judge others and others judge our appearance and we have a connection between appearance ad other characteristics
107
types of appearance
voluntary (choice that is associated with certain lifestyles)
involuntary (no choice)
108
cultural appropration
the adoption fo certain elements of another culture without regard for their history or meaning
109
objective appearance
- characteristics of the person
| - age, sex, status, family structure, academic performance, personality
110
subjective appearance
- characteristics of society, relationships, and self
- self and self expression, identity formation, society, how ppl understand themselves, how ppl give meaning to appearance
111
the halo effect
- physical attractiveness stereotype
- the habitual tendency to rate attractive individuals more favourably in their personality traits or characteristics than those who are less attractive
112
appearance norms for men
desired: fit, muscle, tall, clear skin
undesired: bald, small penis, flabby, lanky
113
appearance norms for women
desired: thin, firm butt and breasts, clean skin
undesired: short hair, muscle, small boob, overweight
114
body image
comprised of ones thoughts, feelings, and behaviours related to ones physical appearance
115
body image of lack women
- reject unrealistic bodys and are less negatively affected
- greater body satisfaction
- embrace a different beauty aesthetic
116
body projects
ways we adapt, change, or control our bodies
117
processes of body changing
- camo: normative process
- extending: overcoming physical limitations
- adapting: removing or repairing
- redesigning: reconstruction
118
types of body projects
- body mod/art: tat, piercing (illustration changed over time)
- body size/weight: pervasive in medicine, media, education, daily interaction
119
objective side of body mod
- assumed the person is at risk (abused, risky behaviour)
| - motivation ( aesthetic or pursuit of identity)
120
subjective side of body modification
- identity is not a cause of body mod
| - physical body reflects the individuals understanding and self
121
interpretive theories and appearacne
- understanding of self through interaction
| - interactions determine the role of body mod in ones life
122
impression management
trying to manage the messages we send to specific audiences
123
construction of the gendered self: tattoo
- establish femininity (increase sex appeal)
- resistant femininity (contradict hegemonic ideas: will get manly things)
- negotiated femininity: ( source of liberation, but concealed
124
straightedge tattoos
tattoos with ideological messages: resistance to perceived hedonism and self indulgence in our world
- shows control over ones bod
- intimate relationship with protest and rebellion
125
straightedge tattoos as symbols
- sym of lifestyle declaration
- sym of pacification (show control of bod)
- sym of indictment (to show people problems with society)
126
the brutal black project
put emphasis on the brutality of the pain process but exists to embrace the process and significance
127
body size/ weight
more likely to be used as an evaluative criteria for women
| - more people are overweight than underweight around the world
128
theories of anorexia:
- ego-psychological: impaired psych function bc of poor relationship with mom
- family system: over attached/controlling fams can be a cause
- endocrinological: hormonal defect
- sociocultural: social norms are an influencer
129
muscle dysmorphia: bbigorexia
- disorder fixation of gaining muscle mass
| - more common in men
130
media pressures on men
- pressures them to be muscular
- causes higher rates of depression
- lower levels of self esteem
- higher adherence to masculine norms
131
resting of the too fat label
- promote sound nutrition and physical fitness in pursuit of good health
- remove the negative stigma about fatness
132
social control of being too thin
- changed family interactions
| - medicalized prevention and education
133
resisting a label of too thin
- difficult: pervasiveness of weight loss messages and products in society
- resistance in this case often means support of extreme thinness
