Final Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Why is Canada an example?
A
1) Good model of economic, political, social and human development
2) Takes care of others through international development, multilateral diplomacy, human rights and democracy, responsibility to protect and humanitarian law
2
Q
Canada as a Product of Globalisation
A
1) Colonisation
2) Settlement
3) Aboriginals
4) Immigration
5) Capitalism
3
Q
What does development mean?
A
Enlarging people’s choices
4
Q
Examples of dimensions of globalization
A
Migration, Finance and investment flows, science and technology, Interconnected and networking, Trade
5
Q
Canada as an actor in globalization
A
Trade, invest, immigration/emigration, democracy, foreign aid, human rights, military
6
Q
Pros of Globalization
A
- better access to goods and services
- potential for increased trade and competition
- increased foreign capital and technology
- cultural integration
- prosperity, variety, mobility, choice
- freer flow of goods, ideas, people
7
Q
Cons of Globalization
A
- strain on natural resources
- the rich get richer; the poor get poorer
- unethical issues arise
- outsourcing and the loss of jobs
- greater inequality
- exploitation of lower and middle socioecnomic
groups by stronger forces
8
Q
Classic liberals and neo-liberals says…
A
Open market, let the market work
9
Q
Capability says…
A
Development as freedom
10
Q
Human Development says…
A
Enlarge people’s choices
11
Q
HDI (Human Development Index)
A
1) long healthy life
2) knowledge
3) standards
12
Q
Post-modernists, post-structuralists and post-development say…
A
1) Modernism is a drag and dvm is a myth
2) Deconstruct the structures
3) Alternative solutions
13
Q
Modernizationists say…
A
Value system
14
Q
Mainstream Approach
A
- Individualist - liberal
- No state - capitalist
- Economics only - materialism
- Within - endogenous approach
- Freedom - democratic
- No culture/identity - universalism
15
Q
Good Development
A
An innovative course transcending the limitations of the mainstream approach to development
16
Q
Modernization Theory
A
Embody modern values and promote public and private investment. (eg. Canada)
17
Q
Neoliberalism
A
Promote free markets and private property and enterprises. (1979-80)
18
Q
Washington Consensus
A
The institutionalization of global capitalism and promotion of neoliberal ideals. (1989-90)
19
Q
Dependency Theory
A
Structuralist theory that describes inequality as the result of colonialism and imperialism.
20
Q
World Systems Theory
A
The global capitalist system is the root cause of inequality, not just colonialism.
21
Q
Capability Approach
A
Assess quality of life based on the practical freedom of people to choose how they want to be and what they want to do.
22
Q
Human Development Theory
A
Purpose of development is to broaden people’s choices and enable long, healthy, creative lives.
23
Q
Multilateral Aid
A
aid from a core country (official government) to multilateral agencies where it is used to fund their programs
24
Q
Bilateral Aid
A
aid from one country(official government) to a recipient country.
25
What is tied aid?
Aid that must be spent on the country providing the aid. Given in grants and loans, but ultimitaly benfits the developed country more than the country recieving aid.
26
What are soft loans?
they are loans that are to be repaid over a long period of time (10-20 years) in the currency of the recipient's. They have a concessional factor. rates are lower and invoices are more generous. They are used on security, education, health care. (non commercial)
27
Social progress
People in a country can enjoy their own equality
28
Economic development
The improvement of living standards by economic growth
29
Political development
Development of the institutions, attitudes, and values that form the political power system of a society
30
Human development
Process of enlarging people's freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being
31
Social development
Commitment that develop processes need to benefit people - ALL people
32
Issues that could be caused by development
Pollution, international competitiveness, peace and security
33
3 ways Canada is an actor in the globalizing world
Trade, immigration & emigration, humanitarian assistance
34
What Political Factors lead to Canada's aid assistance
- Stop the spread of communism through aiding countries that may be vulnerable.
- Search for a new market in Asia
- Benefits from tied aid
35
Decolonization of the Mind
- Questioning main structures and ideology of theories and common thought
- Deconstruction of development assumption
- Paradigm shift
- challenging western ideas
36
Manfred Sticker take on globalization
1. new social networks
2. expand social relations
3. global personhood*
37
Economic Globalization
The increasing integration and interdependence of national economies around the world
38
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
39
sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
40
Mainstream theory of development has 3 parts. List them.
1. Economic development
2. Theory of economic growth
3. Modernization theory
41
According to mainstream theory of development what does development depend on?
1. Economic growth and materialism
2. Development within (endogenous)
3. Rights and freedoms and democracy
42
What year did international development begin?
1949
43
Impacts of the condition of globality
Decenters the structure of power and changes the meaning and basis of development
44
Has Canada fixed all their internal issues?
No but it is still a developed country.
| ->pollution, environment, inequality, aboriginal issues, ageing population, etc
45
Give modern examples of globalization in Canadian culture
1. Restaurants (show migration, finance, trade and networking)
46
If Canada became a developed country, can others do it to? Explain.
Although other developing countries do not have the same resources and connections as Canada did it is possible to develop.
47
List the 3 stages of 16th century inside national development
1. Idea
2. Concept
3. Mainstream theory
48
List the 3 stages from 1949 on outside international development
1. Idea
2. Mainstream theory
3. Beyond the theory
49
Explain the emergence of liberalism
Liberalism came from the idea of liberation during the Feudalism era. At this time there was no flow between the social hierarchy
50
Harry Truman's proposal
In 1949 president Truman gave an inaugural speech which declared that the US would give financial aid to all "peace-making" (democratic) countries to give them a chance at a better life
51
What did Walt Rostow do?
Created the theory of development in 1960
52
Theory of development 1960
A book written by Walt Rostow established 5 stages which, if followed, would develop a country
53
Who created the newer model of dependency theory?
Ander Gunder Frank
54
Condition of globality
- social condition as a result of the process of globalization
- social condition as a result of global economic, political culture and environmental interconnectedness (network) and flows that make most of the currently existing borders and boundaries irrelevant
55
What is Import Substitution Industrialization policy? Why was it beneficial in the short term but ineffective in the longer
term?
- is one that suggests replacing foreign imports with locally-made products in order to reduce dependency on other countries.
- The main goals of it were to create independence and domestic control of the economy.
56
Main method used under the dependency theory:
- to address the needs of citizens within the country as opposed to the needs of the international community
- ideal of being independent was costly, because they could not learn from the experience of other countries
57
Dependency in the long term:
In the long term:
o high economic and social costs
o State ownership and protection created inefficient economic institutions
o Widespread corruption
o Agriculture neglected ⇒ weakening food security
58
What is EOI policy? Describe the controversy over the role of EOI policy.
- Exchange Oriented Industrialization
- The failure of and limitations in ISI led governments to consider EOI as an alternative way of promoting economic growth
59
Reasons for growth of EMEs:
- Political stability
- Encouraging entrepreneurship
- Industries strictly targeted for economic growth
- privatization
- improved infrastructure
60
How could some developing countries achieve fast-economic growth? Explain the strategies for success.
- International trade liberalization and trade transparency to improve standards and policy instruments, also to enhance the global market with goods, services and investment for developing countries
- Go from Import Substitution Industrialization (with high economic/social costs, inefficient economic institutions, widespread corruption, and weak food security) to EOI
- Maturity of the private sector: Investment in capital stock
61
Explain the middle income trap.
The middle income trap is when a countrys economic growth slows after reaching middle income levels and it no longer seems possible to reach higher income levels
62
Solutions for middle income trap:
o Technological accessibility and innovations
o Encouraging participation of production forces in determining the directions of
the market
o Improving intellectual property rights
o Strengthening labor unions
63
What can other developing countries learn from the experience of the emerging economies?
main focus on progressing in human development
innovative approaches to negotiating trade and investment strategies
increase in income does not mean equitable distribution (equality barriers)
64
What motives drive democratic states to promote democracy elsewhere?
a. The rights-based approach
b. Autonomy of agencies
c. Local leadership, accountability to local beneficiaries
d. Research-based
e. Multi-sectoral
f. Cost effectiveness
g. Inclusiveness
65
In the process of promoting democracy, how can democratic states distinguish their actions from interfering in the sovereign affairs of other nations?
a. advance democracy in autocratic countries, if not at the system level then at least in
some specific respects, while avoiding to do harm;
b. develop a distinctive Canadian approach to supporting democratization abroad, and to
build an effective institutional framework as well as civil society capacity around it; and
c. promote Canada’s foreign policy goals and enhance Canada’s standing in world
66
What are some good arguments against promoting democracy abroad, and supporting authoritative regimes?
Interfering in non-democratic countries may affect the trade relations between the
countries.
Democracies might be politically less stable because democracy looks different in each country and countries may use democracy for negative purposes
A democracy promotion strategy based on diffusion does not stop authoritarian governments from returning partially or fully.
Possibility of interfering with international peace, especially in volatile countries
Democracy is a broad term, it can mean different things to different countries
67
ICHRDD “International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Development”
Established by the act of the Canadian parliament in 1988 to “ encourage and support the universal values of human rights and the promotion of democratic institutions and practices around the world.”
68
CIDA: Canadian International development agency: federal agency
Administer foreign aid in developing countries
Merged into the department of foreign affairs
Efforts focused on basic human needs, women, infrastructure for the poor, human rights, democratic development, governments, private sector development, and environment
69
Distinct difference between ICHRDD and CIDA
- ICHRDD constrained by a small budget and it points out shortcomings of the government (non-
affiliated)
- They provided a lot of international education on how to improve and promote
democracy
- It's an arms-length corporation & not a government department
CIDA affiliated with the government (has increased funding) and promotes good governance.
They created new policies for improving democracy abroad
70
A distinctive Canadian approach to democratization would be:
a rights-based approach: a holistic view of democracy assistance
autonomy of agencies: agencies are coherent, built with the country that they are
working with, and use democracy assistance
local leadership: including accountability to local beneficiaries
71
What are the dimensions of fragility?
- military
- political
- social
- economic
- enviomental
72
What are the causes of fragility?
- histroical roots
- political and institutional,
- economic
- international, social, security, and environmental factors, as well as geographical matters.
73
Explain the human security approach
The universality and interdependence of a set of freedoms that are fundamental to human life
Acknowledgement of the link between human rights, development, and security
The UN definition: The right of people to live in freedom and dignity, free from poverty and despair.
74
Explain the link between human security and the capability approach.
Capability Approach = favours people's choice results in good development
Human security = freedom from fear, dignity, free from poverty & despair
75
Human security acknowledges the inter-linkages
| between:
o Human rights
o Development
o Security
76
Duty bearers
are those actors who have a particular obligation or responsibility to respect, promote and realize human rights and to abstain from human rights violations.
77
Explain the obligation of states under the right to development
a. Cooperate in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development
b. Eliminate massive and flagrant violations of human rights
o There must be a legal obligation-- not a moral
obligation in regards to fighting for human
rights; recognized by the international community
c. Respect the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among
states
78
What is the right response to underdevelopment and poverty, given the collapsing of the normative
importance of borders?
- Developing a new understanding of human security and creating a more people-centered approach in which priority is given to individuals and protecting their freedom
- Working towards a condition of globality
- Considering the fact that it is an interdependent world which means there are interdependent threats
- Empowerment, improving capability, human wellbeing
79
What is new in the arguments of development ethicists?
- Shift from the comprehensive ideas of development to a constructed and agreed-upon account of development
- A move beyond the mere moral arguments on development towards the formation of a political will for change
- A move and commitment toward a perfect duty for addressing and alleviating inequality
80
In a few points, discuss your greatest take-away from the chapter on ethics & development.
- Change the assumptions about development (not only economic development)
- Must ensure that human development and prosperity is at the centre of all projects
- “Good development” = made and constructed by nations by their own structures and own needs
- In order for good development to take place, ethical development must also be present
- development must be guided by the nation's own desirable growth, fulfillment of good
81
Why did we join the Colombo plan
- The Cold War and concern about the spread of communism in South Asia
- Balance of power and stability in Asia
- A significant push from Britain to find ways of burden-sharing with respect to its post-independence commitment
