FINAL Flashcards

Question

Give an example of Dumitresco and Mughan first effect of media bias

Answer 1

•Crime Example: Constant covering of violent crime causes people to think it’s a problem –Some studies find that no correlation between rate of violent crimes and media coverage of them –Makes you thing crime is a growing problem when it is not –More likely to vote for candidates who are hard on crime If there is a bias in the media and what you think about will align you with a party over another - media influences politics in a significant way

Answer 2

* (2) Priming: Media can influence us by emphasizing which issues are most important (which can benefit certain candidates over others) * Can affect how we evaluate parties/candidates

Answer 3

•Crime: Media commonly reports that crime is a serious problem that needs to be addressed politically –Primes you to think that it is –Makes people more likely to vote for candidates who are hard on crime -by priming the public towards political issues, it will benefit parties involved with the issue

Answer 4

•(3) Framing: How media frames an issue. Media frames issues and this frame can spin the issues in different ways.

Answer 5

•Crime and Poverty: Coverage of crime and poverty can frame them as individual issue or a public issue –Individual frame places blame on individuals (need for incarceration, arrest..) ; public frame places blame on society (focus on social determinant) –Different frames support views of different parties (conservative = individual, left-leaning= social element)

Answer 6

•KKK Example: Media can frame KKK rallies as freedom of speech or as disrupting public order –One study found that framing affects what people think about whether KKK should be allowed to have rallies -framing of issues leads to different perspective and interpretations which guides political choices

Answer 7

what would happen if this bias was so subtle that people didn’t register it consciously

Answer 8

* Analyzed how the facial expressions of news anchors affected voting behaviour * During the 1984 campaign, taped the nightly news broadcasters of the three big US TV networks when they discussed either Mondale or Reagan * Showed the tapes to individuals and asked them to score the anchor’s facial expressions: favourable toward the candidate, neutral, or unfavourable * Paid no attention to what was actually said * Found that two commentators were neutral but Jennings was biased toward Reagan •Polled individuals: asked which nightly news they watched and which candidate they preferred •Found that Jennings’ viewers liked Reagan much more Didn’t find that the material presented was biased, only the facial characteristics Neutral content but facial bias which ultimately influenced public. This highlights how humans are subconsciously bias and that the bias of news reporter can influence viewer. •Suggests very subtle things might bias our political views and support

Answer 9

Jennings’ viewers liked Reagan much more | - based on subconscious facial characteristics bias

Answer 10

- Education pushing a more left wing philosophy - which could influence journalist - When you have a far right, everything looks like left - Selection effect: what are the type of people who are likely to become journalists ?

Answer 11

Commonly claims that the media has a severe left-wing bias –“Fake news” –Seems to present it as a conspiracy

Answer 12

the media is biased to the right

Answer 13

* Written in 1988, focuses on print media as well as the second generation of mass media (TV) * Suggest that five ‘filters’ promote systematic bias under capitalism * No conspiracy theory; not saying that somebody is controlling * Bias isn’t all powerful, but it promotes particular views that favour right-wing perspective

Answer 14

Filter #1: Corporate Structure of the Media •Big Business: Multi-billion affair, for profit. Media is run by capitalists for profit, controlled by people who are in the ‘inner circle’ –Promotes a pro-business perspective, less likely to support non-business interests •Hyper-concentration: A few companies dominate the media in the US, Canada, and elsewhere –Limits the number of sources and the views •Examples from Canada –Only 6 percent of newspapers were independently owned in 2017 –4 companies controlled 85% of TV revenue in 20

Answer 15

Filter #2: Advertisement Revenue •Media companies depend on advertisement for the majority of their revenue •Causes companies to court capitalists - to get them to make business with their company (so pro-business ideas are further present) –Don’t want to scare potential clients away –Need to have programs that will be watched by people who will buy products

Answer 16

Filter #3: Flak •Media won’t criticize/offend powerful groups because they’re worried about retaliation –Loss of advertisement revenue –Litigation –Bad press •Dan Rather Example: Reported that George W. Bush failed to participate in Texas National Guard during Vietnam War –Rather forced to resign despite evidence against Bush

Answer 17

Filter #4: Sources •Organizational elite are legitimate sources of information- the sources of media coming from the power elites will give the perspective of the power elites –Media accepts there views as objective and correct –Allows political and economic elite to get their elite opinions across •Major companies have their own media divisions focused on spreading their views to the media •Average Joe has to struggle to get message across but up against great obstacles -powerful people get their views covered, not regular folks

Answer 18

Filter #5: Pro-Capitalist/Anti-Communist •Capitalist media takes pro-capitalist view, especially during the cold war •Influenced by a certain liberal capitalist ideology •Praised everything capitalistic •Denigrated anything socialistic

Answer 19

Tv and print media remain important sources of media but their influence are weakening. New social media are becoming very important

Answer 20

Deconcentration: social media and internet allowing for smaller media outlet Advertisement: Netflix, HBO, Showtime, etc Sources: New media allows anyone who wants to to get their view out Flak: Doesn’t seem to be as powerful with the new media Pro-Capitalism: Still there but not as extreme since end of cold war

Answer 21

If weakening filters, Herman and Chomsky would suggest the new media helps democracy

Answer 22

More generally, democracy requires ability to spread diverse ideas, and the new media has more sources : Makes it more difficult for any one actors to control the media Allows a more diverse assortment of ideas to be spread through the media

Answer 23

Suggest theatre isn’t one general bias with social media but many biases, some extreme. New Media caters to particular views in ways that Polarization instead of unity. Could contribute the break down of civil society, dealing with issues of integration

Answer 24

Take more Durkheimian view of the media, contrary to more Marxist view of Herman and Chomsky

Answer 25

Until recently, people’s choices for news were limited A few newspaper, mags, Tv stations General News sources : Because so few, covered major issues and tired to give relatively balanced view

Answer 26

Internet: Has placed a great variety of news sources at your finger tips From all around the world Specialist media covering particular topics Specialist media purposefully tanking particular perspectives (can get it from extreme political right for example)

Answer 27

People are actively filtering what information they get, and they are getting very different into because they’re employing different filters Sustein says this promotes political polarization

Answer 28

Individualized news allows people to get the news that they want

Answer 29

Definitions : Process whereby the views and beliefs of a population becoming more distinct, less similar

Answer 30

Sustain notes a variety of studies showing that polarization increases when people’s contacts and information are limited to like-minded individuals Studies consistently find that people who talk with other like-minded individuals will have more extreme views after talking with them

Answer 31

When we interact with people with different views and get information from many sources, we are more like to see all sides of the story, less extreme, moderating views, more accepting

Answer 32

Extreme views are getting more extreme Less common middle ground Less agreement aout the facts with polarization

Answer 33

echo chambers

Answer 34

strengthen Trump: the media keeps calling hi out for his “lies” but this doesn’t affect his support from his followers They support him more , blame it on media bias

Answer 35

- civil society: fewer inclusive associations likes the ITU, more exclusives associations like in Weimar Germany, more polarized associations - All this had potential to promote “uncivil” society

Answer 36

people are no longer exposed to diverse perspectives

Answer 37

- left-wingers only searches info from left-wing sources, right-wingers only searches info from right-wing sources - party deadlock : parties have less and less common ground, catering to more extreme supporters

Answer 38

Conservation “old white guy” who’s scared go change he doesn’t understand This is linked to the theoretical roots of his argument : Durkheim He focuses on consensus, on (old) norms- Fearful of diverse views

Answer 39

Modernization : Through capitalism development, urbanization, educational expansion, divisions of labour etc promoted interaction and interdependence with people we don’t know -Promotes common norms, outlooks, values What he called moral density

Answer 40

Individualization : people don’t interact with others, don’t become socialized, don’t gain collective conscious Anomie : Dramatic social change results in situation where social relations provide little moral guidance

Answer 41

Seem to be saying that social media is preventing this moral density in other way by strengthening a variety of rival communities

Answer 42

focusing on emotions

Answer 43

strengthen emotional response to particular issues : Fear: Mexican as dangerous rapists Anger : Mexicans stole your job Compassion : Describes the horrid conditions that drove people to be immigrants and the struggles they’ve faced

Answer 44

•Sociology has been biased against the study of emotions for quite some time –Seen as primitive, genetic (more interested in our social features) –Sociology focuses on our adaptiveness and problem-solving abilities (which don’t SEEM to be related to emotions)

Answer 45

•Yet humans have many more and more intense emotions than any other animal –Regions of brain involved in emotions very large –Growing recognition that emotions shape relations (shape how we act and how we interact) - need to stop ignoring emotions •Over the past 30 years, a number of sociologists have begun to pay a lot more attention to emotions

Answer 46

•Diverse political issues –Emotions as motivator of social movements and political violence –Emotions and identity politics (central to collective identity) –Emotions and voter preference –Emotions and populism

Answer 47

•His research focuses on emotions, as he believes they shape human actions and interactions a lot (instead of reason)

Answer 48

–Haidt characterizes the region of our brain dealing with emotions as the elephant and that dealing with critical thinking as the rider •Says the rider thinks incorrectly that it’s in charge

Answer 49

moral foundations

Answer 50

–Each foundation related to particular emotions. Emotions therefore direct us politically –Suggests they are hardwired in our brains (not varying that much from society to society, you will see generally speaking their presence with some variation) . These foundations are linked up to emotions.

Answer 51

•(1) Care/Harm Foundation: Suggests we are innately attuned to suffering and helplessness –Due to parents and larger communities needing to provide for young (internal drive to take care of others around them) –We experience pitty, saddness when seeing people (or animals) suffering –Experience warm emotions when see cute babies

Answer 52

(2) Fairness/Cheating Foundation •Focuses on emotions related to reciprocity •Suggests humans are hardwired (because of evolutionary need for survival) to keep track of what people have given to us and what we’ve given to them –If we share resources with people who don’t reciprocate, we’ll be less likely to survive –Sharing resources through reciprocation benefits the survival of all involved (only if reciprocal) •Failed Reciprocation: See as unfair, cheating, and elicits very negative emotions - causes humans to be attuned to fairness

Answer 53

(3) Loyalty/Betrayal Foundation Innate because we are social animals •Says innate and related to need for group cohesion in order for human survival •Feel very negative emotions when someone betrays the group –Kaepernick example ( some he was seen as being disloyal to the American community by taking a knee) •Very positive emotions when rituals cause us to focus on the group –Canada winning Olympic gold in hockey

Answer 54

(4) Authority/Subversion Foundation •Says humans are social animals hardwired to compare their rank to others and to accept authority of individuals ranked more highly -because we are social animals •Negative emotions sparked by perceived acts of disobedience, disrespect, rebellion (individuals not obeying to the rank)

Answer 55

(5) Sanctity/Degradation Foundation •As omnivores, human developed disgust to help keep us from eating things that would kill us same part of the brain that provokes disgust is active when someone breaks something sacred Sacred objects are things that help us to keep societies together, when they are destroyed, the cohesion is compromised –Linked to sense of sacred –Development of humans as social animals promoted sacredness as means of promoting unity •Disrespecting something that is “sacred” causes extreme negative emotions –Example: Destroying religious or national symbols

Answer 56

"we are social animals"

Answer 57

•Haidt explores the extent to which liberals and conservatives in the US respond to and emphasize these moral foundations •Survey asking people 2 things: –(1) questions that allow him to situate them on the liberal-conservative continuum –(2) questions about how much people support the different moral foundations

Answer 58

•Findings: Liberals support two moral foundations (care, fairness), conservatives three (loyalty, authority, sanctity)

Answer 59

* (1) Adds sixth moral foundation: Liberty/Oppression | * (2) Discovered that there were two aspects to the Fairness/Cheating foundation

Answer 60

•(1) Adds sixth moral foundation: Liberty/Oppression –Millions of years of living in small groups promoted greater egalitarianism and modified authority foundation –Focuses on whether rulers are just or impede liberty –Conservatives focus much more focused on this

Answer 61

•(2) Discovered that there were two aspects to the Fairness/Cheating foundation –Equality (liberals were more interested in) and proportionality (“you get what you deserve”- conservative) –He had only emphasized equality in the initial study –Conservatives look at fairness from proportional view

Answer 62

Republicans have a key advantage over Democrats

Answer 63

Conservative Advantage •Finds that liberals only emphasize one foundation more than conservatives –Care/harm foundation •Conservatives emphasized four more than liberals –Loyalty/Betrayal, Authority/Subversion, Sanctity/Degradation, and Liberty/Oppression •Both emphasized different aspects of Fairness/Cheating •Given the importance that Haidt places on emotions, he therefore suggests that Republicans have a key advantage over Democrats –Republicans can use a greater repertoire of emotional tools and issues - Democrats will have to use “reason”, “academic” - which is maybe not good for politics

Answer 64

- Democrats will have to use “reason”, “academic” - which is maybe not good for politics

Answer 65

•Book started out as an effort to understand why white Americans in Louisiana are generally such strong supporters of the Tea Party and anti-government

Answer 66

–Contradiction: Most in need of government help/support | –Region is among the poorest, least educated, worst health, most polluted environment in the US

Answer 67

she noted a deep story underlying the political convictions of those she interacted with Deep Story: “story feelings tell, in the language of symbols. It removes judgment. It removes fact. It tells us how things feel”

Answer 68

social movements

Answer 69

* Me Too Movement: Bringing awareness of sexual violence against women * Yellow Vests Movement: Populist, anti-tax movement * Arab Spring Movements: Pursued political reforms in several countries in MENA * Occupy Wall Street: Global movement that brought critiqued capitalism and inequality * Quebec Student Movement: Sought to oppose educational policy increasing the cost of tuition

Answer 70

“social movements involve collective making of claims that, if realized, would conflict with someone else’s interests”

Answer 71

Contentious Politics (conflictual politics, where there are different opposing interests)

Answer 72

* Conflict: social movements are inherently conflictual * Change: social movements pursue social change by influencing politics * Mass: social movements involve large numbers of people acting together to pursue change

Answer 73

Campaign Social Movement Repertoire W.U.N.C. Displays

Answer 74

A sustained, organized public campaign making collective claims on targeted authorities –Extends beyond a single event, occurs over considerable time –Participants: some people spend great time coordinating campaign, others occasional support

Answer 75

•Quebec Student Movement Example: (wasn’t just one instance) –Lasted a long period of time –Multiple student organizations and their leaders organized the campaign over tuition

Answer 76

SMs consist of certain mass claim-making performances, all of which are non- violent * Public meetings * Solemn processions * Vigils * Rallies and demonstrations * Petition drives * Statements to and in public media * Pamphleteering * Creation of special-purpose associations and coalition

Answer 77

•Social Movements are most successful if they display certain characteristics that help to legitimize, sustain, and control the movement: * Worthiness: Presence of respected individuals, pursue collective well-being (not individual) * Unity: Matching costumes, marching in ranks, singing * Numbers: headcounts, petitions, filling streets, showing public will * Commitment: Braving bad weather; visible participation by the old, handicapped children; resistance to repression; ostentatious sacrifice

Answer 78

•Suggests two main theoretical traditions of social movements –Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) –New Social Movement Theory (NSMT)

Answer 79

•Motivation: The first theories of social movements focused on factors that motivated SMs –Discrimination and Hardship: Common motivator of the American Civil Rights Movement, Women’s Movements, Gay Rights Movements, anti-Vietnam War Movement

Answer 80

•Mobilization: the resources making possible mobilization ( how do you organize motivations) –Thought motives widespread but resources limited, so resources are the key to understanding SMs –This body of work is referred to as Resource Mobilization Theory

Answer 81

agency | claims that social movements are planned by rational actors

Answer 82

Suggests that without diverse resources, movement will not succeed Needed to engage lots of people, coordinate, inspire, continue movement over long-term, etc.

Answer 83

Contrary to early mass society theories viewing SMs as erupting spontaneously

Answer 84

* Human Resources: labor, experience, skills, and knowledge * Material Resources: Money, car, communication, offices * Moral and Cultural Resources: Legitimacy, inspiration, symbols (not material but they help to engage people)

Answer 85

–Inspires and mobilizes, promotes acceptance –Helps create common understanding –Example: David Suzuki and environmental movement –Example: peasant movements in Latin America used Christian symbolism to inspire participants

Answer 86

* Organizational Resources: Focus of the literature | * Collective action requires a means of coordinating individuals, and organizations are perfect for this

Answer 87

Organization that identifies its goals with the social movement, mobilizes people to participate •Sierra Club SMO for environmental movement

Answer 88

* Social Movement Industries (SMI): The complex of SMOs for a particular movement * Environmental movement includes Sierra Club, Green Peace, World Wildlife Federation, and hundreds if not thousands of more local organizations

Answer 89

•Morris describes how organizations were vital mobilizational resources that made possible the success of the Civil Rights Movement (CRM) –Finds that two organizations organized and orchestrated the sit-ins: Churches and Universities

Answer 90

-Human Resources—both churches and schools had a lot of people who could join the movement •Ministers—talented speakers •Students—leadership and communication skills •Moral Resources: schools and churches legitimized movement –Ministers and churches are viewed as worthy and trustworthy –Students and professors aren’t looking out for material well-being, idealistic; pundits * Cultural Resources: pastors able to intertwine Christianity and movement, depicted movement in terms of religion * Material Resources: churches and schools provided financial resources; both churches and schools provided safe environment

Answer 91

Entrepreneurial Political Process Model

Answer 92

–Sees social movement leaders as rational entrepreneurs who work toward movement success –Morris’ work on Civil Right Movement is example •Concern: Maximizing resources, rational planning •Conclusion: Social movements are becoming more and more professionalized

Answer 93

interested in the social environment and how it provides openings •Focuses on how the political environment affects openings for social movements

Answer 94

* If there isn’t a political opening, its very difficult to mobilize resources for a successful movement * Brings in the importance of macro-structure

Answer 95

Accepts entrepreneurial model but suggests that the political environment affects whether these resources can be used or not

Answer 96

promoting social change openings

Answer 97

•Type of Movement: Police more likely to impede certain types of movements –Anarchists versus public servant strike (gave public servant do it, stopping the anarchy, giving an opening to the public servants) •State Capacity and Protection: Needed to prevent violent reactions against movement •Democracy: Arguably the most important

Answer 98

- legitimizes public discussions, - Gives important to numbers (as a demonstration of what the public wants, if rulers don’t listen they might not be reelected)

Answer 99

–Democracy allows people to participate in SMs - Promotes rule of law and human rights - right to assemble - freedom of speech

Answer 100

certain rules, get permission they let them organize

Answer 101

non-democracies this type of political action has spread

Answer 102

* Arose and most popular in continental Europe * Views “old” social movements as class-based and “new” social movements emerging over the past four decades, getting beyond class conflict

Answer 103

•Sees new social movements as transforming society in important ways –Moral: Consider the basic conditions of society and the ways SMs can improve social life –Lack clear objective

Answer 104

What are new social movements? What causes them? What are their effects?

Answer 105

* Structure/Agency: NSMT focuses on structure (how the social structures and major institutions are going to promoted the rise of certain SMs) , RMT on agency (how rational individuals actors are able to organize movements with the resources) * Question: NSMT asks WHY certain types of movements occur; RMT asks HOW they occur * Purpose: NSMT concerned about motive (new type of motive); RMT assumes motive (ignores) and focuses on how to mobilize

Answer 106

•Structure/Agency: NSMT focuses on structure (how the social structures and major institutions are going to promoted the rise of certain SMs) , RMT on agency (how rational individuals actors are able to organize movements with the resources)

Answer 107

•Question: NSMT asks WHY certain types of movements occur; RMT asks HOW they occur

Answer 108

•Purpose: NSMT concerned about motive (new type of motive); RMT assumes motive (ignores) and focuses on how to mobilize

Answer 109

“Post-Somethings”: Recognize (a) the diminution of class conflict; (b) expansion of cultural, consumption, and leisure activities (no longer have a situation where large part of population is poor, people now are able to consume a lot more) ; and (c) the growth of tertiary sectors

Answer 110

capitalism

Answer 111

NSMs react to post-something capitalism, reactions to these post-somethings create movements NSMs therefore are concentrated in the core capitalist countries

Answer 112

“new” social movements focus on broad goals without a clear endpoint –Very general critiques of capitalism and “modernism”

Answer 113

certain types of SMs that confront capitalism

Answer 114

Different from social movements that are pursuing a specific political goal Likely because these SMs generally occur in wealthy societies with vibrant democracies and welfare states - In general, equal rights are assumed and no more large poverty

Answer 115

Some have suggested that the Occupy Wall Street Movement was not sustainable because it lacked leadership, a central goal –Tilly suggests lack of leadership/unity would hinder movement success

Answer 116

If you consider OWS a NSM, this seems less problematic –Goal isn’t some short-term, concrete transformation –Goal is greater awareness, a general critique of the social order

Answer 117

Views Western society as divided into two realms: •System: formalized institutions, markets and bureaucracies •Lifeworld: meaningful everyday life, normal relations

Answer 118

* Rationalization: Believes modernization has promoted the rationalization of both the System and Lifeworld * Lifeworld rationalization promotes self-reflexiveness, openness, freedom

Answer 119

* Problem: Systemic rationalization has dominated, the lifeworld shrinks * Dominance of markets and bureaucracy * Promotes non-reflexive conformity, not crit. thinking * Traps us in Weber’s Iron Cage

Answer 120

pursue actual change instead of just exposing

Answer 121

New social movements react to systemic rationalization, help to advance the Lifeworld realm •Raise consciousness, cause us to question world

Answer 122

•Change involves expanding the lifeworld realm

Answer 123

SMs as occurring to confront the power of the systemic world | –Tries to expand lifeworld

Answer 124

Fits with expanding the public sphere, civil society, democracy

Answer 125

NSMT focuses on leftist movements that critique capitalism and the post-modern social order

Answer 126

–Support capitalism –Oppose government intervention –Nationalistic and protective

Answer 127

In some ways, seem to be both (reaction to social context + reaction against NSM)

Answer 128

Social Media

Answer 129

Suggests it is a very important new resource that allows people to organize movements more easily Tweets, facebook, texts, websites, email all facilitate communication and coordination

Answer 130

Allows to raise awareness, to get information out there, it also something that is going to be a game changer. But also a possible negative, making the lifeworld systematically rationalized, no more face to face relations

Answer 131

–Focused largely on grievances as determinants of movements | –Civil Rights and Women’s Suffrage Movements: Sought equality, empowerment of marginalized

Answer 132

–Disregarded grievances, saying everyone has them but only some are able to act on them –Focus on rational decision-making

Answer 133

Return to grievances considers their “irrational” and emotional side

Answer 134

•Has done more than anyone else to bring emotions back in to the study of social movements –Denied tenure at NYU because he focused on something that was marginalized by the discipline at the time

Answer 135

His main point is that emotions are vital for motivating, mobilizing, and sustaining social movements

Answer 136

–Rational Action: Dominant view in econ., assumes people act in calculated ways to maximize interests

Answer 137

Olson says it is irrational to participate in creating public goods –It costs you to provide them, and you’ll have access for free after others provide them Yet if everyone is a free-rider, no roads are created

Answer 138

Public Goods: Roads and other goods that are available to all members of the public

Answer 139

–Give selective benefits to those who provide them | –Penalize those that don’t

Answer 140

collective action problem But selective benefits/penalties not effective

Answer 141

Claims that emotions are the key to understanding how to overcome collective action prob. –Emotions motivate us to make sacrifices, incur costs, participate even if not “rational” for individual

Answer 142

Emotions cause people to disregard personal interests | –Willing to participate even if it’s costly

Answer 143

provoke emotions –People join for emotional reasons –Sustains movement participation –Durkheim’s collective effervescence

Answer 144

Notes that these emotions commonly depend on collective identities –Love/concern for in-group, hate/fear of out-group

Answer 145

When people have strong collective identities and movements are framed in terms of them, people feel obliged to participate, guilt if they don’t

Answer 146

•RMT differs in that it views collective identities as a resource –When these identities are present, can be used to mobilize movements –This resource can be manipulated by leaders to maximize mobilizational potential

Answer 147

Allow leaders to frame the movement in such a way as to attract followers –Frame issue as a communal issue

Answer 148

Analyzes the use of group identities from a resource mobilization perspective •Notes that it is not always easy to agree on how to define the group for movements –Definitions have important implications affecting the movement and its demands

Answer 149

•Notes that it is not always easy to agree on how to define the group for movements –Definitions have important implications affecting the movement and its demands

Answer 150

Movement leaders need to analyze the mobilizational potential of group identity and the impact that certain conceptions of identity have on their movements –Affects both resources and political opening

Answer 151

•Promoted movement seeking greater autonomy (independence) of Quebec –Seeking a nation-state

Answer 152

Movement defines group as Quebecois nation, conforms to popular ideas of nation-state

Answer 153

* Benefit: Galvanized strong support from nationalists, as the nation-state model is so popular and strong * Cost: (1) cut off other French Canadians, thereby limiting support outside the province, (2) placed in conflict with Ottawa

Answer 154

Jensen describes how had to choose between rights based identity strategy or emphasis on self-government –Each have trade-offs

Answer 155

•Rights-Based Approach: –Benefit: Collaboration with other movements trying to promote equal rights –Costs: depends on the government to implement, doesn’t address issue of autonomy

Answer 156

•Self-Government: –Cost: Lose support from other groups, opposition from provinces –Benefit: Deals with issue of autonomy and control

Answer 157

•Movement leaders need to closely consider how to “name” their movement community –That is, how do they depict the community that they are speaking for

Answer 158

–Resources: Certain depictions inspire support more than others, allow to team up with others –Opportunity: Certain depictions provoke greater government support, less political opposition

Answer 159

nationalist movements –Movements seeking to protect and empower the nation

Answer 160

“Nationalism is primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent.” –Principle of self-rule by nations

Answer 161

Collective action designed to render the boundaries of the nation congruent with those of its governance unit –Action creating a nation state –Social movements commonly pursue nationalism

Answer 162

Hechter * State-Building Nationalism: 19th century France * Unification Nationalism: 19th century Germany and Italy * Peripheral Nationalism: Quebec * Irredentist Nationalism: Northern Ireland’s IRA

Answer 163

commonly violent transform into civil wars –State-Building Nationalism: Commonly eliminates or expels “non-nationals” –Unification Nationalism: Caused wars in Germany and Italy –Peripheral Nationalism: Kurdish civil war in Turkey –Irredentist Nationalism: Northern Ireland conflict

Answer 164

* Ideal: “Imagined Communities” (More prevalent in academia) * Material: Concrete political community

Answer 165

One of the most influential books of the 20th century written by Anderson

Answer 166

Claims that nations are first and foremost ideal concepts that people recognize

Answer 167

Imagined (not to say that nations are false but that they are real to the extend where a large amount of people believe in it): We believe we are part of the same community even if we live thousands of kilometres apart and will never see each other let alone communicate

Answer 168

Says nations are very new Previously communities were based primarily on who you knew and interacted with (leads to local communities)

Answer 169

print capitalism invention of printing press and mass education created a mass market for printed material (which spread ideas of the nation)

Answer 170

•Like Said, says print media presented representations that shape understandings –Instead of out-group like “Oriental,” focuses on in-group of the “nation” (using print media to create ideas of national communities thats out there)

Answer 171

Newspapers (not as explicit but they can cover issues that occur within the national community and reference to it, using “we”, “us")

Answer 172

real, concrete and important

Answer 173

Capitalism (gellner) and the Nation- State

Answer 174

Capitalism ? – Capitalism creates functional need for a linguistically homogeneous population (Need for communication technologies and common language, common understandings ) – Led to assimilationist nation-building efforts

Answer 175

Recognize that states made nations - Loyal population leads to stronger state, the spread of the idea of nation is something that will lead people to listen/obey to the state and do what it wants. - States to survive need resources to organize which is easier if people are loyal and feel some type of obligation –Increased loyalty, facilitated conscription & taxation Eugen Weber

Answer 176

Author of Book Peasants into Frenchmen (1976) Nationalism in France (prime example of nation-state) •Until late 19th and early 20th century, collective identity was local –People didn’t view themselves as French How did a French nation emerge? –Answer: The French state created it

Answer 177

* Military conscription (french state forced adult males to participate in the French military during their lives- involves soldier training but also elements that caused these soldiers to think of themselves as “French”) * Transportation across the country (allowed people to travel around more freely, integrate, interact, create a sense of community) * Government presence ( state provide services to make population believe the state is large part of their lives ) -Education (language, socialization, literacy)

Answer 178

*State building nationalism : transform the population to create an idea of commonality

Answer 179

•France: Hundreds of languages/dialects in 1850 spoken by the population Education: State-led educational expansion helped create a French-speaking population –Took 50 years of free and compulsory public education (that though in French) –Key was the expansion of female education (when it was only men, the children did not change very much but when girls and women started to go to school, they became key in promoting language by teaching it to their children, “mother tongue”.

Answer 180

•Underpinnings of Nation: Ideas of nations require some commonality to define the community –Common heritage and history, common religion –Language is one of the most important underpinnings of national ideas Linguistic unity = real characteristics of a nation

Answer 181

•Literacy: allowed people to gain access to print-media emphasizing the French nation (Anderson)

Answer 182

•National Newspapers: described the French people, covered national events –Crated nationalist goggles to replace local goggles, made nations seem real , replace the “local Lens”

Answer 183

•Novels: - Spread of materials depicting the French nations as real and important Bruno’s Tour de France —Novel of boys traveling around France –Used in schools up until 1950s –Sold 8 million copies

Answer 184

* Socialization: taught students they were French | * Bombarded students with idea of patriotism and new concepts that helped them make sense of the “nation”

Answer 185

–Example: Assigned essays on “what is the fatherland?”in order to force students to think outside of the provincial box –Student essay, 1878: “The fatherland is not your village, your province, it is all of France. The fatherland is like a great family. Your fatherland is you. It is your family, it is your people.”

Answer 186

•Maps: graphically depicted ‘nation’ - tool used to make the idea of the French nation more concrete

Answer 187

–Overly emphasizes the role of the French state •Ignoring other important factors –Overlooks the violence involved in state-building nationalism •State-building nationalism produced victims

Answer 188

•History: Long history of a relatively centralized state (french was controlling the territory for over a 1000 years, it was rather centralized) - which provide resources to build statehood, shared history and political integration –Few regions had history of strong autonomy * French Revolution: Extreme event which led to : Removal of regional elites and further centralized the state * Timing: State building preceded nation building

Answer 189

* (1) Conquest and Assimilation * (2) Symbolic Exclusion * (3) National Cleansing

Answer 190

–French state forcibly integrated regions into a centralized French state •Caused revolts that were forcibly put down (Vendée Rebellion- trying to retain its economy were met with violence in order to implement nation building policies) –Not everyone willingly assimilates, coercion used

Answer 191

Symbolic Exclusion: Building an in-group commonly involves villainizing out-groups –If you aren’t member of the in-groups, you are excluded, viewed as degenerate –Dreyfus Affair ( accusing a jew of being a German ally): Highlighted how Jews were not viewed as “real” members of the French nation

Answer 192

National Cleansing: At an extreme, states eliminate undesirables –France was religiously homogeneous, and this helped define the nation, promote national unity –Result of elimination of Huguenots

Answer 193

The state –Basis of power –Formal political institution –State has influence : affects a great variety of social relations- to understand these relations, we look at the state

Answer 194

Suggests that states are hard to define, as no universal definition holds Weberian ideal type is still best definition : Political organizations with a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a territory (1) formal political organizations (not just simply individuals, formal organization that implements) (2) monopoly of legitimate force ( regulates the use of force) (3) territoriality

Answer 195

(1) formal political organizations (not just simply individuals, formal organization that implements) (2) monopoly of legitimate force ( regulates the use of force) (3) territoriality (has an territory in which it operates)

Answer 196

Closest in Western Europe and North America Elsewhere, states lack a monopoly of force, don’t control territories, not controlled by bureaucratic organizations

Answer 197

Limited States: states have broken down, and individuals compete for state control. people living outside the control of the state. –Somalia—new forms of governance emerging that conform less to Weberian ideal type

Answer 198

states missing in the international arena. limited transportation. limited population. Northern Uganda, northern Canada

Answer 199

* Government: Leaders of the state * Administration: Diverse organizations that run the state, i.e. the bureaucracy * Military and Police: The arm of the sate dealing with coercion. allowed to use force. Military = external, Police= internal. Maintain order, fight wars * Judiciary: Interpret and enforce laws, making decision about if people are breaking the law or note. * Subcentral Gov.: “the antennae or tentacles” of the central gov.(Ottawa) and administration - eg: provincial, municipal ... •Legislature: In democracies, people who make laws are part of the state

Answer 200

state, government, & regime Says government and legislature part of the state political sociologists use them as distinct concepts dealing with formal politics

Answer 201

•Government: The group of people controlling the state and implementing political decisions

Answer 202

•Regime: The rules that dictate how the government can | make decisions, how they can implement decisions, and how they come to power

Answer 203

•State: Organizations that the government controls to implement policies and maintain order

Answer 204

* The Effects of States: Shape a great number of social processes * The Determinants of States: Consider factors promoting the rise and transformation of states

Answer 205

6,000-10,000 Fertile Crescent

Answer 206

not conform –Lacked geographic element (so interlap, areas where boundaries are fuzzy and change quickly, areas out of the control of the state) –Did not attempt to monopolize coercion (local elites running their own control, central state did not try to curve their power/coercion) –Didn’t have formal organization (no bureaucracy, organized based on family structure)

Answer 207

Notes that it’s tough to explain their rise, because people have historically avoided state control

Answer 208

–Agrees with theories that settled agriculture in fertile river valleys trapped people and allowed states to rise (to control the resources) –Coercive power of states then caused them to spread

Answer 209

–Claim that states only emerge independently with settled agriculture - agriculture as a necessary condition

Answer 210

- Settled agriculture promotes large populations, and large populations create functional needs for states –(1) Regulate social conflict, (2) provide a social safety-net (store surplus in case of issues) , (3) collective decision-making for large groups –Settled agriculture also promoted division of labour (not everyone is a farmer, different jobs emerge; to have a state, you need people to constitute the government)

Answer 211

•Different from the river valley argument –Suggests states form in a Lockean way, not something imposed on agriculturalists (not implying that people ran away from states)

Answer 212

River hypothesis , agriculture and so on .... Suggests that states should have first emerged in the Middle East and Asia

Answer 213

–Tilly: War and State Making | –Gorski: Religion and State Making

Answer 214

Tilly was a terribly influential political sociologist who published on a variety of topics (such as SMs)

Answer 215

–How warfare promoted effective (Weberian) states –How warfare promoted state responsiveness *they are both related

Answer 216

Tilly noted that there was extreme geopolitical competition (leading to warfare) in Western Europe over the past 500 years. In contrary to Chinese empire for example who has a large monopoly over a large territory. So in Europe, if you did not organize an effective state, it would be defeated by another state.

Answer 217

warfare Darwinistic fashion

Answer 218

Asia and Middle East: United empires, imperial model didn’t have constant warfare like in Europe

Answer 219

State transformed from indirect rule to direct rule to tax and to prevent others from controlling (state sending out its own officials, employees of the state, working for the interest of the state)

Answer 220

•Territoriality: States fought over territory, needed control –Taxation (because need to get money): State expanded to most corners of the country to be able to collect revenue to pay for war. For taxation , need for a present state wherever its people are –State transformed from indirect rule to direct rule to tax and to prevent others from controlling

Answer 221

–Taxation (because need to get money): State expanded to most corners of the country to be able to collect revenue to pay for war. For taxation , need for a present state wherever its people are

Answer 222

- Territoriality : States fought over territory, needed control - Organization: Wars require considerable organization - Concentrate power in the hands of the state - Direct Rule: Removed local intermediaries, took away their military force - Eliminating Rivals: The territorial reach of the state and its growing coercive force helped eliminate rival powers and concentrate power

Answer 223

* Direct Rule: Removed local intermediaries, took away their military force. * Eliminating Rivals: The territorial reach of the state and its growing coercive force helped eliminate rival powers and concentrate power

Answer 224

•Organization: Wars require considerable organization –Finding soldiers, training them, equipping them, figuring out how to get them supplies, etc. –Created dire motive to improve state effectiveness, thereby bureaucratizing the state •Formal organization as opposed to patrimonial rule through local elites

Answer 225

•Formal organization as opposed to patrimonial rule through local elites

Answer 226

warfare helped make states responsive to the population –Which further strengthened states, promoted democ.

Answer 227

•Benign: social contract, protection of rights –Hobbes and Locke, Canada (think that the state is there to benefit the population) •Malign: mafia-style racket –Machiavelli, Congo

Answer 228

mafia-style changed from malign to benign protection and sees wars as main answer

Answer 229

War pushed European states from malign protection to benign protection because it made states very dependent on citizens for taxes and troops Warfare required a lot of labor, the state needed to get these Human Resources, which they could get from the population - needed to get people to enroll or pay SO the state had to make concessions.

Answer 230

•Concessions: over hundreds of years, states began to offer goods to their citizens in order to get their assistance against external threats –Roads, education, health services, pensions, etc. *over years

Answer 231

responsive the needs of its citizens strengthened states by affecting state-society relations

Answer 232

Believes Tilly focuses too much on conflict and not enough on consensus –Looks around at warfare today and finds that it destroys states, doesn’t make them stronger

Answer 233

Marriage | Discipline

Answer 234

Claims that the main mechanism small states became big states in Early Modern Europe was through marriage, not conquest

Answer 235

–State effectiveness depends most on whether officials are disciplined and follow state interests instead of personal interests

Answer 236

Says Calvinism spawned a “disciplinary revolution”, promoting very high level of discipline which helped state be effective

Answer 237

Weberian Tradition: –Legitimate Authority: People willingly follow the orders of the ruler –Calvinism: How it shapes the actions of people Gorski believes both are related (Calvinism affects legitimate authority)

Answer 238

Discipline enhances state power, promoting effective States

Answer 239

Weber and Foucault •Weberian Tradition: –Legitimate Authority: People willingly follow the orders of the ruler –Calvinism: How it shapes the actions of people •Foucaultian Theory: Discipline enhances state power, promoting effective States

Answer 240

Weber’s work | Protestant Ethnic

Answer 241

Calvinism promoted a particular outlook and norms which shape individual behaviour patterns of social relation which in turn promoted the rise of capitalism –Response to Marxian materialism, stressed how ideas contributed to rise of capitalism

Answer 242

capitalism Protestantism Developed a theory claiming that Calvinist doctrine contributed to this pattern

Answer 243

•Predestination: Before another was made, god already decided what as going to happened. Whatever you do doesn’t not influence your heaven/hell outcome. Caused angst about whether going to heaven or hell, they were nervous and became restless, they had to keep active and do things. •Calling: Belief that God wants you to be productive and fulfill occupational calling. If you are bringing glory to god, you will fo to heaven. People working very hard because economic success is a sign that they were not damned. Predestination and Calling together combined angst and need to be productive. •Aestheticism: Belief one should live a simple life *** Weber claimed that all three combined to promote an ethic that promoted certain patterns of action contributing to capitalist development

Answer 244

Concluded book saying the promotion of capitalistic development through religious values also likely affected states

Answer 245

Self-Discipline •Ethic of Self-Discipline: Calvinism preached that it was one’s duty to be disciplined, preached that it was one’s central duty. –Showed that you were blessed, part of the religious community. - drunkenness could get you excommunicated for example •Institutional Strategies of Collective Disciplining –Calvinism preached the need to keep members of the community disciplined –Used techniques to assure compliance (people sent out to collected “rat outs” from people, institutional strategies) - similar to Foucault panopticon (feeling like you are watched)

Answer 246

•Ethic of Self-Discipline: Calvinism preached that it was one’s duty to be disciplined, preached that it was one’s central duty. –Showed that you were blessed, part of the religious community. - drunkenness could get you excommunicated for example

Answer 247

•Institutional Strategies of Collective Disciplining –Calvinism preached the need to keep members of the community disciplined –Used techniques to assure compliance (people sent out to collected “rat outs” from people, institutional strategies) - similar to Foucault panopticon (feeling like you are watched)

Answer 248

Never had a militarily powerful state that was powerful in itself

Answer 249

Instead, the state was powerful because society was disciplined and did what the state told it to do –Recognizes that state power depends greatly on getting population to follow orders

Answer 250

–Because of high levels of societal discipline, people accepted the states rules, abided by them –It was their religious duty to follow authority, to show discipline, leaders therefore got to make the citizens do whatever it wanted to do. –Disciplined population empowered state

Answer 251

Calvinism | Societal Discipline

Answer 252

Prussia was a surprisingly successful state builder –Became a military powerhouse despite small population that was relatively poor

Answer 253

•Few Calvinists (or related sects) that promoted discipline in Prussia –Suggesting Gorski’s argument for Holland doesn’t hold

Answer 254

Official Discipline: State employees were disciplined, followed rules •Self-monitoring •They also monitored each other, observing one another (people worried about people watching) leaded to root out corruption, employees simply following rules not rent seeking

Answer 255

disciplined population OR disciplined state officials allows for a very effective bureaucracy

Answer 256

Conflict | consensus

Answer 257

•Tilly: Looks at how war shaped state (constant warfare, Darwinism “only strong states survive”) –Effective state –Responsive state

Answer 258

•Gorski: Recognizes that effective states require disciplined officials and public, getting actors doing what they are suppose to do. –Protestantism promoted extreme discipline

Answer 259

Instead of strengthening states, common claim that globalization weakens states, less effective makes them less relevant

Answer 260

states | globalization

Answer 261

Most basically, the increasing social integration of the world –Social relations increasingly global, not local

Answer 262

social relations •Political: A growing number of treaties over hunting whales, child labor, gender equality, free trade, etc. –Global political actors: UN (trying to make collective decision to help the world), US (informally shaping politics) •Cultural: Intermingling of cultures –Debate over whether world is becoming multicultural or dominated by the cultures of the powerful •McDonalds vs. spread of ethnic cuisines * Social: Many people maintain relationships with people all over the world * Crime: Criminality also a global phenomenon, international networks acting all around the world. Fighting one another.

Answer 263

–Debate over whether world is becoming multicultural or dominated by the cultures of the powerful. Arguing it is mostly a one sided process. USA shaping others much more. •McDonalds vs. spread of ethnic cuisines

Answer 264

Economic Globalization the emergence of a system of global capitalism, global economy.

Answer 265

–Global Economic Institutions: IMF, World Bank, WTO - role : integrate the economy globally –Global Economic Actors: Transnational Corporations, the American and Chinese Governments -promoting economic globalization

Answer 266

Economists generally view this as positive, free trade, DOL, expansion of resources promoting economic development through economic openness Others believe it destroys local institutions, suppresses wages, creates race to the bottom

Answer 267

A computer made from part coming from all around the world.

Answer 268

weakens. Some have said states are becoming irrelevant Some welcome this (neoliberalism), some dread it

Answer 269

pro-state perspective believes states are important and affect the population

Answer 270

Focuses on economic constraints that supposedly remove state autonomy –Neoliberal policies that force the state to limit economic management and curb spending –Neoliberal global institutions who take over state functions (doing stuff the state use to do) Weiss disagrees with this assessment

Answer 271

Says globalization creates greater need for states –Promotes reforms that strengthen/expand the state (making States more important than they ever were, performing vital tasks)

Answer 272

* Dealing with Disruption | * Navigating Globalization

Answer 273

Globalization disrupts social relations, creates winners and losers (increasing hardship for manual labor for example) –State is increasingly needed to deal with this risk –Safety net to help “losers”, investment in education to promote “winners” (Example increasing education to have a skilled workforce, state reinforces services to make population more competitive with globalization )

Answer 274

Navigating Globalization: States are the main link between global and domestic arenas (help to regulate these relations) States there to deal and relate the local and global environment –Regulate global relations in ways benefiting domestic –States therefore more valuable than ever

Answer 275

•Weiss is focused primarily on Western Europe, North America, and Australia –Already have effective states that are generally in a better position to deal with globalization

Answer 276

Suggests that places in the world without effective states might not be so good at managing globalization –The weakening effects of globalization on states is therefore likely greatest in the places that have the weakest states

Answer 277

states shape social relations

Answer 278

•(1) Development as Social Change: –Just as individual organisms and species develop, so do societies •Not necessarily good or bad (although more complex) –View held by founding figures of sociology

Answer 279

•(2) Development as Modernization: –Similar to Social Change view but sees development as progressive and desirable –Transformation from traditional to modern –Focuses on capitalism, democracy, Division of Labor, and values –Draws heavily on Weber’s theory of rationalization

Answer 280

•(3) Development as Freedom: Amartya Sen –Development as the expansion of individual capabilities to pursue personal well-being –Development as multi-dimensional and desirable •Economic opportunities, health, education, [which enhance capacity] freedom from violence, gender/racial equality [which constrains capacity] –Probably dominant view in sociology today

Answer 281

Development as Freedom

Answer 282

Development as Discourse

Answer 283

•(4) Development as Discourse: –Postmodern view that development is a powerful idea that the West created –Reaction to modernization view –Most prominent in anthropology, influenced by Said •“Underdeveloped” is like “Oriental”

Answer 284

States Views * Neoliberalism on capitalist expansion * Developmental state on industrialization, producing complex goods with more value added

Answer 285

Suggests that social well-being is maximized with the expansion of the market mechanism as much as possible

Answer 286

Focuses on material well-being as most important aspect of development, believes markets are best able to pursue well-being

Answer 287

Believes states disrupt markets, cause inefficiencies, therefore limit development –View has been revised, recognizes that a state is vital for markets and thereby development –Still, wants to limit state if it interferes with market

Answer 288

•Limit to Markets: Markets have only limited abilities to promote cooperation, collective action –Associations and states are better at this –Collective action needed for economic development

Answer 289

–Provisioning of public goods: roads, health care, rule of law, education, etc.

Answer 290

specialize | comparative advantage

Answer 291

high-value added goods Specializing in cheap goods doesn’t pay

Answer 292

Interventionist states are needed to promote econ. development among late developers, build an advantage

Answer 293

Make up for lack of capital and entrepreneurs and limit foreign competition Used to justify an economic policy commonly referred to as Import-Substitution Industrialization

Answer 294

State promotion of industrialization through protectionism and active economic management

Answer 295

* Subsidizes, assists with production, offers technical insight, founds public corporations, etc. * Used throughout much of Latin America, East Asia, and even here in Canada

Answer 296

suggests that ISI has very negative effects on economic development because of state disruption of the market mechanism –Lack of competition limits efficiency and quality of products Latin American example

Answer 297

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan (and Canada) Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI)

Answer 298

–Focused on production for export, not domestic consumption –State forces producers to become competitive –Allowed producers to produce on larger scale for international export •Makes for economies of scale

Answer 299

–Geopolitics: US opened markets despite protection | –Labour: Large labour forces, subservient labour, educated labour promoted economic growth

Answer 300

Neoliberalism strongly disagree with the EOI version of East Asian development –Suggest development occurred despite state economic management

Answer 301

Make up for lack of capital, lack of entrepreneurs and limit foreign competition Use the state to create a form collective management Because otherwise it would be difficult for local producers to get off the ground.

Answer 302

Agree with DST that states are vital to development but claim DST is inadequate must be updated

Answer 303

–Focused on (1) autocratic state directing economic investment and production, (2) strong state ties to economic elites, not autonomous (3) economic growth through industrialization (which is not the goal in todays world) , not knowledge-based economy (which is the current new form of production)

Answer 304

•(1) Senian Perspective: Looks at broad-based development (freedom , expanding capability of people, need for education, health care, democratization, freedom from discrimination) –Suggests states can’t just focus on the economy •(2) Democratic Deepening: Vibrant civil society and relations key to state-led development –Able to harness the participation and know-how of civil society, engage population –Benefits many interests, not just capitalists -need to look at a state ability to interact with an array of actors •(3) Human Capital: Recognizes that continued economic development requires a population with high levels of human capital –Education: A key activity the developmental state performs to promote economic growth –Health also important - Democratic state engaging civil society to promote development

Answer 305

•(1) Senian Perspective: Looks at broad-based development (freedom , expanding capability of people, need for education, health care, democratization, freedom from discrimination) –Suggests states can’t just focus on the economy

Answer 306

•(2) Democratic Deepening: Vibrant civil society and relations key to state-led development –Able to harness the participation and know-how of civil society, engage population –Benefits many interests, not just capitalists -need to look at a state ability to interact with an array of actors

Answer 307

•(3) Human Capital: Recognizes that continued economic development requires a population with high levels of human capital –Education: A key activity the developmental state performs to promote economic growth –Health also important - Democratic state engaging civil society to promote development

Answer 308

growing in the contemporary world | –Must manage the economy, provide public goods, engage civil societal actors

Answer 309

•Claim that those places that do this are the most developmental –That is, people have the greatest capacity to pursue their well-being

Answer 310

developmentally destructive

Answer 311

benign protection and malign protection

Answer 312

benign states are important in helping the population to promote development

Answer 313

malign type of protection | –Refers to these states as predatory states

Answer 314

Mobutu Sese Seko: Ruled Zaire for 31 years until 1996

Answer 315

personalized Mobutu took the taxes as his personal money, had $ billions

Answer 316

limited development State did not attempt to promote economic development or offer goods and services that benefited the population , no effort to help the population

Answer 317

Result: The state limited the well-being of people, the opposite of a developmental state

Answer 318

Predation: Even more, the state used military to quash any resistance, dominate the population, exploit resources –This allowed police and military to brutalize population

Answer 319

ideal types on two ends of a continuum

Answer 320

“predatory state” or “developmental state”

Answer 321

“predatory” or “developmental” Bureaucracy (Weberian state is vital for development state, need for a state able to coordinate its actions and get resources to promote development) Embeddedness (extend to which they are embedded wihtin social relations, active ties within civil society, interaction with population rather than exploitation allows to use knowledge and collective) Helps to explain why states today are more developmental than in the past

Answer 322

Focuses on anti-developmental state action and suggests states often limit development even when they are trying to promote development. Due to his experience, he focuses on a darker portrait of states.

Answer 323

(States can limit harm population development even when they are trying to promoting it) High modernism

Answer 324

Book looks at developmental policy that went horribly wrong in USSR, Tanzania, and Brazil hindering development.

Answer 325

Scott suggests developmental state policy commonly goes horribly wrong –Doesn’t look out for the well-being of the population –View population as impediment that must be overcome to reach developmental goals

Answer 326

State effort to promote agricultural efficiency and industrialization (modernization view of development which ended up pushing brutal policies)

Answer 327

Was also an effort to promote communism

Answer 328

•Caused 20 million deaths (took away land of farmers, relocated them in compounds to work larger land, aim to squeeze as much profit out of this collective to fund industrialization, a lot of opposition to this but repression by the government, also mass starvation because so much of the food was sold or taken away) –Extreme hardship and social dislocation for those that survived

Answer 329

Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” (another effort to promote modernization) and equally disastrous example of the perils of High Modernism- many died

Answer 330

•Administrative Ordering of State and Society -State wanted to understand their land, from their ivory towers, and understand what was going, what things we like and what was needed BUT theses techniques simplified what was actually going on these. –Over-simplicity and abstraction cause incorrect information and Ideas about society •Censuses, cadastral maps •Ideology of High Modernism –Belief that humans have the knowledge to engineer better societies. Human have conquered nature, we can control it, we can control social reaction, we can engineer the perfect society, though that they could use their simplify information in order to do this •Totalitarian/Authoritarian Regime –State elites able to implement policy without consultation with others -ideal situation for high modern mishaps because the state can implement what they think is right, disregarding well-being of large segment of population •Pro-State Civil Society -civil society accepting the regime and what the elites are saying, not doing anything about it, allowing the state to implement their polices –Limits social pressure against state actions

Answer 331

•Administrative Ordering of State and Society -State wanted to understand their land, from their ivory towers, and understand what was going, what things we like and what was needed BUT theses techniques simplified what was actually going on these. –Over-simplicity and abstraction cause incorrect information and Ideas about society •Censuses, cadastral maps

Answer 332

•Ideology of High Modernism –Belief that humans have the knowledge to engineer better societies. Human have conquered nature, we can control it, we can control social reaction, we can engineer the perfect society, though that they could use their simplify information in order to do this

Answer 333

Totalitarian/Authoritarian Regime –State elites able to implement policy without consultation with others -ideal situation for high modern mishaps because the state can implement what they think is right, disregarding well-being of large segment of population

Answer 334

•Pro-State Civil Society -civil society accepting the regime and what the elites are saying, not doing anything about it, allowing the state to implement their polices –Limits social pressure against state actions

Answer 335

all four of these characteristics, implying that the worst high-modern states are rare so the described atrocities should not be common

Answer 336

Scott suggests that many states are characterized by the first two (administrative ordering (example: Canada census) and High Modern ideology (most state led by elites who are confident in human capacity to improve society) we can expect state to implement polices that have detrimental effects •Example: Canada, First Nations, and Inuit –Residential schools, settlement policies (all believed to be promoting development)

Answer 337

tension •Biased Cases: Evans focuses on the most successful cases, Scott focuses on the preeminent cases of state-led disaster –South Korea, Sweden definitely show that state can benefit population when they’re trying to –Stalin’s collectivization efforts show differently

Answer 338

•High Modernism: Evans has more confidence in High Modern policies, Scott much less

Answer 339

•Democracy: Like Scott, Evans says democracy vital for making sure state doesn’t brutalize the population while pursuing “development” , so non-democratic regimes lead to issues -agreement that democracy is vital , Evans for the dev. State and Scott to avoid disasters

Answer 340

•Embeddedness and Civil Society: State engagement with vibrant civil society provides enormous information about society –Also a big constraint on policies against public interests -Agreement on necessity of vibrant society

Answer 341

•Development as Freedom: Focuses on human development, not simply industrialization and “modernization” - Scott looks at cases where the states fails to enhance capacity approach

Answer 342

•Seem to focus on opposite sides of the same coin (how state can promote atrocities vs how state can prevent disasters)

Answer 343

powerful and influential

Answer 344

destructive as they are developmental

Answer 345

vast –Considers how many aspects of politics beyond states affect development

Answer 346

–Recognize that men disproportionately implement development (in charge of development) and benefit from it

Answer 347

Important focus : Development of outcomes and how they affect men and women differently Women commonly face greater hardships than men –Have fewer resources, are less educated, have less political power, and face greater discrimination

Answer 348

capabilities

Answer 349

“missing women” •Demographers note that populations should have about 5% more women than men –Due to better chances of survival of women (biological) •In many places around the world, there are many more men than women –Suggests that, in these place, many woman are dying prematurely

Answer 350

Gendered use of resources (families where you have missing women, are usually patriarchal, valuing men more than women, putting more money into men than women, if 2 children are sick, the male would be saved) abortion of females infanticide

Answer 351

``` Countries with the most missing women Iran : 0.942 China Bangladesh India Pakistan : ```

Answer 352

gendered inequalities the weakening of patriarchy

Answer 353

giving women more agency Women need to have the capacity to pursue their own well-being This, in turn, involves removing some of the constraints to female agency

Answer 354

•Status: Education is an important source of status –If women have it, they’ll be more respected –Status, in turn, contributes to economic resources and power Status has important impact of what one can do, helps to get women more respect •Resources: Educated individuals have better access to employment Women have limited power because the male were in control of resources and therefore depended on them but education can allow women to get resources •Power: Able to be more assertive and influential in collective decision-making –In the family (greater say on how resources are being used, allowed these resources to not be used with bias) , local community, government

Answer 355

•Status: Education is an important source of status –If women have it, they’ll be more respected –Status, in turn, contributes to economic resources and power Status has important impact of what one can do, helps to get women more respect

Answer 356

•Resources: Educated individuals have better access to employment Women have limited power because the male were in control of resources and therefore depended on them but education can allow women to get resources

Answer 357

•Power: Able to be more assertive and influential in collective decision-making –In the family (greater say on how resources are being used, allowed these resources to not be used with bias) , local community, government

Answer 358

enormously important in itself Has additional benefits that make it even more important kids and their health care

Answer 359

positively and significantly related to child survival Women generally are more active in caring for kids, and education helps people care for kids so if you educate women, it will have more effect

Answer 360

have the effect of enhancing child survival

Answer 361

–Information: Gives them the means to find necessary information about treatment –Contacts and Status: People have to draw upon their networks, can get more help from contacts, and doctors and others are more likely to help them * Female Empowerment: Another way through which female education commonly benefits children * Able to have greater say in collective decision making in the family and the larger community Fertility: Gives women greater say over fertility, over their bodies - death rate goes up for women when has more children which in turn drives infant mortality up •Fewer children linked to greater child survival –Mothers are healthier –More resources per child –Resources: Some evidence that women use a greater share of familial resources to care for kids, more likely to use scarce resources to benefit their children

Answer 362

–Information: Gives them the means to find necessary information about treatment

Answer 363

* Female Empowerment: Another way through which female education commonly benefits children * Able to have greater say in collective decision making in the family and the larger community

Answer 364

–Contacts and Status: People have to draw upon their networks, can get more help from contacts, and doctors and others are more likely to help them

Answer 365

Fertility: Gives women greater say over fertility, over their bodies - death rate goes up for women when has more children which in turn drives infant mortality up •Fewer children linked to greater child survival –Mothers are healthier –More resources per child

Answer 366

–Resources: Some evidence that women use a greater share of familial resources to care for kids, more likely to use scarce resources to benefit their children

Answer 367

Why? Mixed findings, what most people point to for this, if there is a strong gender based division of labor, women are the best informed about needed investment for health .. patriarchal relations (macho?) shaping relations in ways which leads women to invest more in their children than men.

Answer 368

Patriarchy suggests men should rule the family Female education helps to weaken this

Answer 369

conflictual collaboration different interests, perspectives and unequal power

Answer 370

increase conflict between men and women –Men don’t want to give up power and privilege positions –Female education linked to spousal abuse in India

Answer 371

gendered violence | norms around patriarchy weaken

Answer 372

quotas Allows women to be in positions of power –Gives them the means to reduce patriarchy

Answer 373

80 gender quota the world’s wealthy democracies

Answer 374

valuable –Symbolic, helps break down patriarchal norms

Answer 375

pursue different policies, have different priorities Governments with women are different (they have different perspectives on the what the needs of people are)

Answer 376

Female Friendly: Pursue policy that benefits women –Helps reduce gender inequities Child Health: As the education literature suggests, evidence that female politicians linked to improved child health

Answer 377

female representatives Threshold Effect: Don’t find this effect until a certain number of female representatives are present (you need a certain amount, generally about 10%)

Answer 378

Local Government in India: Seats were reserved for females in some places but not others –Found that more policies benefiting child health in places with reserved seats

Answer 379

* Policy: Female politicians implement more policies helping children because they are more likely to care for their kids than their male colleagues (gendered social role, women know more about the interest of children..) * Role-Model Effect: Women take the example and are more empowered in family •Spurious: Relationships are not necessarily causal –Places with female politicians might be more concerned about child health, influenced by international NGO

Answer 380

•Policy: Female politicians implement more policies helping children because they are more likely to care for their kids than their male colleagues (gendered social role, women know more about the interest of children..)

Answer 381

•Role-Model Effect: Women take the example and are more empowered in family

Answer 382

•Spurious: Relationships are not necessarily causal | –Places with female politicians might be more concerned about child health, influenced by international NGO

Answer 383

•Helps inform the accepted view that education is very good and has important effects –Commonly blame problems on lack of education

Answer 384

–It can contribute to ethnic violence

Answer 385

Violence that is motivated (at least in part) by ethnic differences –Term usually refers to collective violence (involving many persecutors and victims) (difference between type of ethnic communities based on language, religions, shared history and other cultural differences)

Answer 386

“hate crime”

Answer 387

Genocide, cultural genocide (destroying culture without killing them),riots, lynching

Answer 388

the determinants of ethnic violence has emerged , perhaps because of the fall of the iron curtain we saw an increase in ethnic violence (Yugoslavia, Rwanda..)

Answer 389

limited ethnic violence in the world up until WW2, then it became to sky roc and took large proportions in 1990s Up until he 30s-40s, the majority of ethnic violence involved europeans and colonial powers but then after WW2 much of the violence happened in post-colonial world

Answer 390

Modern” social transformations contributed to ethnic violence in 4 main ways modernization = rise of Weberian state, mass education, nation-sate, capitalist development 1) Ethnic Consciousness 2) Emotional Prejudice 3) Ethnic Obligations 4) Modernity creates diverse mobilizational resources

Answer 391

Ethnic Consciousness (membership of community and value of this community, part of a collective, not just a member of a family or village,) : Similar to Anderson, abstract identities like ethnicity must be constructed, and modern communication technologies make possible - need for something that allows you to see yourself as part of a larger community

Answer 392

) Emotional Prejudice (people commonly having prejudices , anger, fear, antipathy against individuals): Ethnic consciousness necessary for ethnic based emotional prejudice –Modern social transformations also contribute to by promoting nationalism and nation-state (Nation-sate formation emphasis on otherness and identifying out groups)

Answer 393

Ethnic Obligations (obligations to their community) : Also depends on ethnic consciousness and promoted by nationalism because need to feel part and value their communities , used in war

Answer 394

Modernity creates diverse mobilizational resources- ethnic violences being a collective action, need to mobilize people , processes involve helped to expand these resources

Answer 395

for example : individuals who value nation needing to put life on the line and give money to state *virtuous element : protection community, think they are fulfilling some duty

Answer 396

–ethnic violence - Tolerance of difference, expanding critical thinking helping to limit attack on others

Answer 397

Ethnic Consciousness: Education commonly promotes through curricula (which doesn’t promote tolerance, portraying others as “inferior” and “dangerous”) , segregation (different education for different groups which further divides communities) , and activities (Highlight differences and danger of other communities) , causing people to value ethnicity –Similar to Eugen Weber

Answer 398

Emotional Prejudice: Education commonly draws attention to and strengthens –Competition over education ( people looking out if their community are getting enough places in the limited educational systems ) –Discriminatory materials depicting “other” as evil or degenerate (in doing so, promoting prejudices)

Answer 399

Used as nation-building tool by denigrating non-nation (showing the others as “degenerate” “dangerous”)

Answer 400

Why would they do this ? For power, group in power will try to maintaining the current system of power, using the system to depict the other in a negative way)

Answer 401

creation of emotional prejudice Emphasizing the violence and arm inflicted to greek to the hands of Turkish Murder of mother and child - Blood in the bath tub- keeping the house as it was as a museum, emphasizing the violence Showing Turkish crypt impaling a greek , emphasizing the violence that has been done

Answer 402

•(3) Ethnic Obligations: Education strengthens ethnic consciousness and commonly emphasizes value and need to protect community –German education emphasized need to protect nation, promoting obligation to Aryan (ethnic based nation) Different rituals : American flag allegiance for example

Answer 403

4) Mobilizational Resources: Education provides means of communication and organization When looking at ethnic violence : education provided resources which facilitated mobilization

Answer 404

decline in ethnic violence North America and Western Europe –Used to stop violence instead of instigating it

Answer 405

Robust democracy backed by effective states State use to be the one organizing or promoting violence, creating openings but with the rise of democracy, states were not doing this anymore, they began to focus much more of their attention on protection, providing previously marginalized communities with new opportunities to address their grievances –No longer committed atrocities –Focused on protecting people, closed openings for violence, allowed communities to address grievances

Answer 406

Notes that politics creates or obstructs openings for movements –Similarly, states can encourage or impede violence

Answer 407

active state involvement - creating and fostering violence –States open floodgates for ethnic violence

Answer 408

had robust democracies protected human rights no longer encouraging violence –Did everything possible to stop ethnic violence –Delegitimized racism and chauvinism –Created peaceful ways to address grievances

Answer 409

–Did everything possible to stop ethnic violence –Delegitimized racism and chauvinism –Created peaceful ways to address grievances

Answer 410

Nationalist movements commonly turn violent, but it hasn’t in Quebec (yes the FLQ but other than that, non-violent is the norm, when the FLQ went violent, they were rejected) –Robust democracy helps to explain why not

Answer 411

–Robust democracy helps to explain why they did not turn violent * State has done everything it can to stop (the FLQ for example) * State respects right of self-determination and hasn’t used coercion to stop movement (different from the Basque movement in Spain, where the state tried to suppress the movement violent which escalated violence) * Quebecois have been able to address grievances through formal politics (provincial level addressing these grievances through policies)

Answer 412

(different from the Basque movement in Spain, where the state tried to suppress the movement violent which escalated violence)

Answer 413

hate crimes increasing Western Europe and North America –Easier to stop collective violence as opposed to individual acts of violence

Answer 414

•Increasing because the ability/will of states to delegitimize ethnic violence has diminished –Social media and extremism à la Sunstein (with the rise of social media, you get the rise of groups better able to communicate, reach out and organize regardless of political system) –Election of populist officials who cater to and encourage ethnic extremism instead of opposing it. The lack of legitimacy of violent groups is becoming more and more legitimate, creating a moral opening for hate through activation : describing certain community as degenerate, dangerous

Answer 415

Quebec Charter of Values (no purposely trying to identify one group as dangerous but the emphasis of secularism, it focused on religious minorities, helping to pin point them as “not quebecois”/“danger to Quebec culture”) 

Answer 416

spike in hate crimes against Muslims and Jews

Answer 417

* Media reported spike in hate crimes against Muslims and Jews as soon as introduced * Surveys of Muslims report much greater harassment after Charter was proposed * Hate groups in Quebec gained considerable support during this debate and remain strong

Answer 418

Spiked after 2013 ( charter of values) Long story short : in the argument that ethnic violence decreased, discrimination and hate crimes are still present and increasing

Answer 419

Generally referring to dramatic social change “a state or political regime is overthrown, supplanted, and/or fundamentally transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extraconstitutional, and/or violent fashion”

Answer 420

–(1) attempt at major extraconstitutional political change, trying to transform the system by breaking the rule, not working from the inside, attempting to overthrow (change of government and regime) –(2) mass mobilization, not just the military (if not, coup)

Answer 421

rare events | 65

Answer 422

successful, some fail, some are in the middle Successful : Tunisia Failed : Egypt

Answer 423

Revolution that also causes rapid and fundamental social, economic, and cultural change - More extensive, spilling over and influencing other spheres. –Examples? Chinese revolution , Iran ..

Answer 424

social movements –Mass mobilization of the population pursuing political and social change –SM theory generally applied to revolutions

Answer 425

–Goal: Social movements seek to reform the system, but revolutions seek to overthrow it –Violence: Revolutions are almost always violent, radical , breaking the rules using violence, revolutionary movement spark violence (Need to remove the powers that be, and they don’t want to go without a fight)

Answer 426

* Tocqueville wrote a book with a theory on the causes of the French Revolution * Marx had elaborate theory on what was needed for a communist revolution Marx was trying to actively promote them, while Tocqueville did not, he saw them as frightening

Answer 427

rapidly growing field political sociology –Possibly because there were numerous revolutionary movements going on in Latin America, Africa, and Asia –Influential book by Theda Skocpol also played a role •States and Social Revolutions

Answer 428

they saw it as the means of bringing about communism

Answer 429

•(1) Economic Factors: Economic hardships push people to revolt –Capitalism causes economic crises due to overproduction/competition –Capitalism is oppressive and exploitative (paid poorly, to able to sustain themselves because of conditions and economic crisis) * (2) Social Factors: Modernization causes social changes that facilitate mobilization and revolution * Urbanization aids communication (locations such as factories and business building lead people to move to urban area create dense population where it is easier to mobilize) * Trade unions form and politicize labor * (3) Class Consciousness: Marx believed necessary for communist revolution to occur * Involves the emergence of a strong class-based identity * Many suggest this has been the key factor that has prevented Marxist revolutions : * National identities have trumped class-based identities

Answer 430

•(1) Economic Factors: Economic hardships push people to revolt –Capitalism causes economic crises due to overproduction/competition –Capitalism is oppressive and exploitative (paid poorly, to able to sustain themselves because of conditions and economic crisis)

Answer 431

* (2) Social Factors: Modernization causes social changes that facilitate mobilization and revolution * Urbanization aids communication (locations such as factories and business building lead people to move to urban area create dense population where it is easier to mobilize) * Trade unions form and politicize labor

Answer 432

* (3) Class Consciousness: Marx believed necessary for communist revolution to occur * Involves the emergence of a strong class-based identity * Many suggest this has been the key factor that has prevented Marxist revolutions : * National identities have trumped class-based identities

Answer 433

Agrarian revolution theory •Influenced by Marxism –Focused on class-based causes of revolution

Answer 434

- Post colonial world economies were directed by agriculture but there were revolution in some colonies but not in others Finds that the characteristics of the peasants and the landlord affect agrarian revolts

Answer 435

Peasants: wage-earning peasants are more likely to revolt relative to land-owning for three reasons –(a) are less risk-averse (because land is valuable, land-owing wont support the revolution because they are scared they will loose their land) –(b) compete less with other peasants and are therefore more likely to form political organizations (wage earners have more aligned political views between themselves) –(c) are more interdependent and have greater solidarity (because working on the same farm etc…)

Answer 436

Landowners : the non-cultivating landowners who depend on land (instead of capital) for their livelihoods are more likely to promote agrarian revolutions for three reasons * (a) They are economically weak and therefore depend on political restrictions to peasant land ownership (need to protect their land) * (b) They are dependent on servile labor and are therefore opposed to the extension of political and economic rights to laborers (dependent on paying low wage, they want to be more controlling of labor) * (c) They generally produce static products (not investing in capital, trying to maintain exploitation ) that create zero-sum conflicts with peasant (different interests at play)

Answer 437

the type of peasant and landowners

Answer 438

economic grievances –influenced many of the first scholars of revolution who focused on grievances more broadly Attention on ethnic, political, cultural, etc.

Answer 439

•Grievances: Claim grievances push people to revolt –See the state of mind of the masses as the main cause of revolution –They were angry over grievances so rebel

Answer 440

grievance-based account one main way Relative Deprivation: Says it is relative hardship, not absolute hardship, that causes people to revolt

Answer 441

Relative Deprivation: Says it is relative hardship, not absolute hardship, that causes people to revolt It is people with high expectations that have been trampled who are likely to revolt –The most impoverished don’t have expectations so don’t become frustrated, therefore don’t revolt without encouragement

Answer 442

- Expect the people who revolt to be affluent and educated –It’s not the poorest (because they are not the most aggrieved) who revolt but the middle classes (who had education, rich parents and were expecting the same)

Answer 443

state ``` grievance-based class explanations ``` they disregard the very important influence of the state

Answer 444

Theda Skocpol: Person who did the most to popularize the study of revolutions and bring the state in States and Social Revolutions: considered one of the most influential books in sociology of all time

Answer 445

–Offers an analysis of the causes of the French, Russian, and Chinese Revolutions –Also considers several failed revolutions to see how they differed with these successful revolutions –Research Question: What causes some social revolutions to be successful?

Answer 446

•(1) State Breakdown: Most important factor –Must be weakened for a social revolution so the revolutionary moment can take over –When states don’t break down, they are able to put down and squash rebellions, states willing to use any mean to take them down –Foreign Pressure: Notes that international pressure played a very important role in causing state breakdown in all three cases •(2) Peasant Rebellion: Important because of her focus on pre-industrial revolutions –Peasant revolts dependent on two conditions •(a) Organizational Capacity/Cohesion of peasants •(b) Autonomy of peasants from landlords (free from landlord control allows greater mobilization ) •Similar to Resource Mobilization Theory, suggests we need to consider the organizational capacity to revolt •(3) Marginal Elites: Provide leadership for the revolutionary movement and spread ideology - related to Gurr since these elites mobilized after their expectations were let down –Help organize and lead movement

Answer 447

•(1) State Breakdown: Most important factor –Must be weakened for a social revolution so the revolutionary moment can take over –When states don’t break down, they are able to put down and squash rebellions, states willing to use any mean to take them down –Foreign Pressure: Notes that international pressure played a very important role in causing state breakdown in all three cases

Answer 448

•(2) Peasant Rebellion: Important because of her focus on pre-industrial revolutions –Peasant revolts dependent on two conditions •(a) Organizational Capacity/Cohesion of peasants •(b) Autonomy of peasants from landlords (free from landlord control allows greater mobilization ) •Similar to Resource Mobilization Theory, suggests we need to consider the organizational capacity to revolt

Answer 449

•Political Process Model: This element of Skocpol conforms to the Political Process Model of SMs –claims that what makes movement successful, are the openings (different openings but openings still)

Answer 450

•(3) Marginal Elites: Provide leadership for the revolutionary movement and spread ideology - related to Gurr since these elites mobilized after their expectations were let down –Help organize and lead movement

Answer 451

–(1) States affect mobilization and motives ( characteristics that pushes people to rebel) of revolutionary movements •Skocpol just focuses on mobilization –(2) Considers aspects of states that affect mobilization and motive •Not just state breakdown •Claims three state characteristics affect whether states contain or provoke revolutions

Answer 452

three state characteristics (1) Inclusion-Exclusion (2) Bureaucratic-Patrimonial (3) High or Low Infrastructural Power (1) Exclusion creates grievances (provokes revolt), (2) Patrimonialism creates grievances and limits ability of states to contain revolt, (3) Infrastructural power limits ability of states to contain revolt

Answer 453

•(1) Inclusion-Exclusion: Ties between state and societal actors, ability of societal actors to participate in politics –Affects revolution in two ways •No Other Way: Exclusion promotes revolution because people feel they can’t influence politics, extraconstitutional action is the only option –Only way to influence politics is revolution •Grievances: People dislike systems that don’t give them a say, so want to overthrow exclusive systems •Suggests democracy limits revolutions through inclusion

Answer 454

Suggests democracy limits revolutions through inclusion

Answer 455

2) Bureaucratic-Patrimonial: Goodwin sees patrimonialism as personal rule, where power is endowed in the person, not the rules –Like Weber, believes patrimonialism has very negative effects organizational capacity of states, unable to organize on a large scale when power is personalized –Bureaucracy promotes organizational capacity

Answer 456

organized patrimonially * (1) Patrimonial states aren’t easily reformed (based upon individual wanting to keep power, conservative, advert to change) [bureaucracy is more adaptable and be used to reform politics much more] * (2) Patrimonial states have less capacity for services (sanitation, rule of law… therefore people are not going to be happy and have more an incentive to overthrow them) * (3) Patrimonial states have less capacity to stop revolts (unable to suppress and stop revolution before it gets going)

Answer 457

•(3) High or Low Infrastructural Power: infrastructural power involves the physical presence of states throughout the territory (varies within and between countries) –Revolts are more successful when state isn’t present (if the state is present, regardless of its organization, they will be able to suppress/contain, if they are not, this gives revolutionaries an opening) –Revolutions require autonomous space to organize •State can’t contain

Answer 458

* Brings in demography, an influential sociological topic but one commonly overlooked in political sociology * Demography studies populations—aging, mortality, fertility, transfers, family structures * Argument a bit similar to claims of Thomas Malthus

Answer 459

* Claimed that plague, pestilence, and warfare were coming because of rapid population growth * Populations grew exponentially, not food supply [ he thought it was going to cause a huge problem, food is not exponential, we are going to have to many people, not enough food]

Answer 460

Highlights three main mechanisms through which population growth contributes to revolutions (focuses on pre-modern revolutions) (1) Decline in State Finances (2) Elite Divisions (3) Grievances and Mass Mobilizational Potential

Answer 461

(1) Decline in State Finances: –Population growth contributes to inflation, lowers state revenue –Weakens the state (removes ability to pay police, army, services) , makes possible revolution (creating grievances but also simply removing capacity to contain revolution

Answer 462

•(2) Elite Divisions: Population growth causes growing competition among the elites –More and more elites left out (only a certain amount of elites you can have, some lose power and resources, they still have expectations and aspirations) –Notes that aspiring yet frustrated elites often organize revolutionary movements, they are more and more of these when you have population growth –Creates grievances—Like Gurr’s theory

Answer 463

•(3) Grievances and Mass Mobilizational Potential: –Lower classes severely hit by population growth •Especially, shortage of land [grievances but also mobilization and nothing to loose] –Population growth and land shortage (people are not able to have the land they need) promote urbanization –Facilitates mass mobilization (much easier to communicate and participate in movements) - Relates to Paige's landless peasant have less to lose, less risk - they will mobilize more

Answer 464

* (1) Political Process Model: Weakens the state, creates an opening for revolution * (2) Grievances: Marginalized elites foment revolution, masses also discontent because forced off land * (3) Mobilizational Resources: Urbanization facilitates revolutionary mobilization

Answer 465

•(1) Political Process Model: Weakens the state, creates an opening for revolution

Answer 466

•(2) Grievances: Marginalized elites foment revolution, masses also discontent because forced off land

Answer 467

•(3) Mobilizational Resources: Urbanization facilitates revolutionary mobilization

Answer 468

Goldstone’s recent work focuses on how population growth and the related problem of environmental degradation promote extreme hardship and violence –Contributes to state-breakdown and civil war –Suggests climate change and environmental degradation will have violent consequence –Clear similarities with Malthus

Answer 469

One can use all four to try to make sense of revolutions, explore which appear to best explain particular revolutions –Use a toolbox of theories to try to made sense of the world Marxist, Grievance, Statist, and Population

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