MID TERM Flashcards

Question

Who is Robert Putnam

Answer 1

Famous American : famous American political scientist working on democracy

Answer 2

Supply-Side: Suggests women are less willing to run for election •Too many family obligations •Aversion to aggressive work that takes them away from their families •Socialized to pursue other “female” occupations •Spouses, family, and friends discourage -these supply side factors limit female candidates

Answer 3

- Negative Effect of Bureaucracy - Based on radical opposing principles (**hierarchy and authority vs equality**) - **Dehumanize** people, limit participation - Iron cage: people just follow rules, **lack self motivation and moral autonomy** (which is necessary for democracy) - Allows organization **elites to control politics**

Answer 4

Disagreement about whether patriarchy is universal –Some believe it has always been the norm, although variation in the extent of patriarchalism –Others believe there was much greater variation before and that patriarchy only became the norm more recently –Some combine these two views

Answer 5

Thought modernity gave great power to some but disempowered most, some more than others –These people with all the power make history and exert considerable control over the lives of others -With modernity, growing levels of agency Inequality

Answer 6

**Power :** the ability, within a social relationship, of realizing one’s will even against resistance **Sources:** Economic, military/muscular, control of organizations, contacts, etc. **Bases :** economy, politics, and culture

Answer 7

Foucault : bureaucracy is a powerful discipline that disempowers people, removes their power and limits their participation (removes power from the people, refrains them to participate)

Answer 8

when certain social factors are present

Answer 9

**–Intensive Agriculture:** Some claim use of plow made men economically dominant •Greater physical strength made them main producers **–War argument:** Once warfare becomes common, men gain power because of strength and female pregnancy and breastfeeding **–Colonialism argument:** Colonialism spread Patriarchy •Suggests colonial powers imposed patriarchal norms and institutions

Answer 10

What explains the relationship between capitalism and democracy? Robust middle class cant be the answer ?

Answer 11

•Hunter-Gatherer Society (mode of production= “garden of eden”, very equitable according to Marx, no private property, relations of production were collective ownership so no conflict (at least none that would lead to dialectical change) but then there was a change) •Slave Society (extreme transformation, from equality to complete inequality, some individuals literally owned others, very exploitative) •Feudal Society (also very exploitative and unequal, based on serfs having to work for the nobles, inequitable mode of production according to marx, caused a lot of conflict which resulted in a new mode of production) •Capitalist Society (present mode of production, less exploitative than slave and feudal, it is extremely efficient, there is owners which hire individuals, the capitalist get most of the profit and are able to benefit from it which is highly unequal, Marx believed it was gonna cause conflict to lead to an other mode of production) –Marx marvelled at its efficiency –Believed it was exploitative, alienated workers •Communist Society (going full circle, equitable society, everybody owns the mode of production, getting the true value of your labor, to Marx this was a much better society, but he did not talk about exactly how it was going to work)

Answer 12

Capitalists/Bourgeoisie: Gain considerable power, but pursue partial democratization –They want power but are fearful of allowing the workers to participate in politics -They promote democracy for themselves, they don’t want to to expand suffrage beyond themselves, they don’t want the lower classes involved in politics -so they were a mixed bag for democracy

Answer 13

**•(1) Religion:** Religions can’t be too powerful or they organize society –Don’t allow for its self-organization –Limit individuation Religion enforces its doctrine and model, promoting conformity and eliminates the ability of indication and self- organization **•(2) State:** Civil society requires states, but the states cannot be too powerful (they want to keep the power for themselves, monopolize power ) –States needed to provide a rule of law, protect rights and liberties –States that are too powerful and authoritarian don’t allow for the self-organization of society -Under what kind of conditions would the state be able to allows self-organization ? **•(3) Economy:** Capitalism promoted civil society –Weakened traditional forms of control, privilege –Provided resources\* –Helped limit power of state and religion (counterweight)

Answer 14

Social relations in which men hold power and women are largely excluded from it

Answer 15

First Nations woman and scholar considers colonialism and patriarchy in Canada

Answer 16

•Qualitative work provides detailed case studies of countries, analyzing factors that promote and impede democracy in particular cases

Answer 17

Lockian and Tocquevillian

Answer 18

- Positive Effect of Bureaucracy - Great social leveler: based on merit, not birth, opposed to tradition/aristocratic power - Organizing Democracy: Organizations needed to make mass democracies function properly Organization of election needs bureaucracy because it is so complex (locations to vote, disseminating ballots, supervising elections, electoral list, protection ballots, counting the votes.. )

Answer 19

``` –Find that the bourgeoisie and the middle class are frequently against democracy •Look out for their own interests, opposed to the participation of lower classes •Hardly in favour of “civil” society- lack of “civic norms” –Conclude capitalism doesn’t promote democracy -Empowering the middle class endures/prevent democracy ```

Answer 20

Organization in which rules are the basis of individual action, rules are rationally organized to unify actions Organizational technology able to harness the effort of thousands of people - allowing groups to accomplish things no one could achieve on their own

Answer 21

**Class-based argument:** Propose that capitalism strengthens the middle class (as they are the ones who gain more power and benefit from capitalistic development) ``` **Civil Society:** Argument generally focuses on middle class and civil society –Middle class upholds liberal norms of freedom and equality –Middle class is civically active, pursues political inclusion ```

Answer 22

•Empirical Work –Marx wrote mainly about theory –Weber wrote mainly empirical analyses (middle range theory, not trying to explain everything)

Answer 23

•Sees missionaries as having played important role \*by creating/justifying oppression - they provided the moral and ideologies - The state provided legal authority

Answer 24

‘trumps’ –Capitalists emphasize wealth, cultural elites emphasize status, rulers emphasize command and coercion

Answer 25

**Structural-Functionalism:** Analyzed societies as a whole, looked at the functions social relations fulfill in order for the society to survive

Answer 26

•Huber, Rueschemeyer, and Stephens suggest democracies share three main characteristics: **•(1) regular free and fair elections on the basis of universal suffrage** –Regular (once every 4 years for example to hold leader accountable, allow change..), free (no constraints on them preventing people to vote for their favourite candidate..) , fair (no bias), universal suffrage (not only a small segment able to vote, everybody should be able to vote) **•(2) responsibility of the state apparatus to the elected representatives** (elected officials need to be in power, example: not the military in power) **•(3) guarantees of freedom of expression and association** •Why are such freedoms important? If people are forbidden candidates and public to express their views, gather together and debate .. the election wont represent the democratic will of the population \*difficult to pin point when a state becomes “democratic enough”\*

Answer 27

* French Sociologist, 1926-1984 * Extremely influential Postmodern theorist * His work focuses on the rise of more hidden forms of “modern” power * Focuses largely on science and disciplines as constantly exerting power- increasingly influential while people don’t realize

Answer 28

Impossibility because some people have more political power than others

Answer 29

•Suggest a low demand for female politicians is what explains their under-representation –Popular biases against females, viewed as poor leaders –Old Boys Network: Part of candidate selection process –Evidence: Female candidates are less likely to win -So a bias amongst the public but also within the networks

Answer 30

- Michels a very active and idealistic member - Michels experiences made him very disillusioned - Members were not able to infuse party platform - Believed the party leaders were selling out the establishment - If they themselves are not democratic ? How can they promote democracy ? He blamed the bureaucracy

Answer 31

"**ways of acting, thinking, and feeling, external to the individual** and endowed with a power of coercion, by reason of which they control him" -social characteristics and not individual characteristics

Answer 32

Similarities and Differences with Marx: –Both focus on class conflict and power –Marx thought both cohesion and org. vital to empowering workers –H, R, & S show that this promoted democracy, not revolution

Answer 33

the working class is key

Answer 34

**•Nation-State:** Emerged as dominant political model over the past few centuries and defines who is part of the “nation,” who the state is supposed to serve

Answer 35

**The Third Face of Power** •Most controversial of the three •Power exerted by controlling the beliefs and perspectives of individuals (Mind control- somebody is able to exert control onto what one thinks) –Very hidden, not necessarily controlled by anyone •Occurs when there is a mismatch between objective interests (need for food) and subjective interests (what you think you need- sometime what people think they need is not good for them) –False Consciousness: subjective interests oppose objective interests (people thinking that capitalism is good for them) –Lack of Consciousness: don’t recognize interests (lack of racial consciousness)

Answer 36

–Saw organization as the means of immense power, concentrates power in the hands of a few

Answer 37

Politics is about collective decision-making and the implementation of policy for the collective –Who is part of the collective? Who is not?

Answer 38

**Elite Theory:** Theory of the state suggesting that a small elite controls the reigns of power –Elite theory pays considerable attention to how economic elites are able to influence the state

Answer 39

States are organizations of power - so he was looking at the state as very influenced by the economy (looking at the way the economy shaped the state) •Uncertain whether Marx thought state was instrumental or relatively autonomous –Instrumental: simply the instrument of the capitalists (the elite is pulling the strings of the state, extremely materialistic view) –Relatively Autonomous: Able to act contrary to capitalists at time but must support capitalists in the long-run ( in the short-run, the capitalist don’t control the state like a puppet, without resources the state is powerless but the elite need to follow the interests in order for the state to work)

Answer 40

–Resources (economic resources allow power and these resources can also create power, if people want the resources , they will do whatever you want for them) –Coercion ( money resources needed for coercion, example the army) –Control of Ideas: false consciousness (when people are unaware or incorrect about the nature of their interests, the workers are not interested in the revolution because they perhaps had this false consciousness, capitalism socializes people and workers think that capitalism its the best system - need for intellectual elites to break down the false consciousness \* Marxist theory suggests economic resources make possible both coercion and control of ideas. So when you have the modes of production, you have all that power

Answer 41

* (1) Avoiding Tyranny (rules from democracy help to prevent) * (2) Protecting essential rights * (3) General Freedom * (4) Self-determination (being able to influence the rules you think are best) * (5) Moral autonomy (need to act based upon your own morals but the general freedoms free you from constraints and lead you to act according to your own morals) * (6) Human development (health care, education ..) * (7) Protecting personal interests (through these rights and the rules of the game people are able to look out for themselves better) * (8) Political equality * (9) Peace * (10) Prosperity

Answer 42

involves delineating the collective

Answer 43

Because of this, Michels concluded that it is the leader of the organization that is most important •Saw Mussolini as an effective, charismatic leader

Answer 44

* *Rituals:** heighten shared awareness of social unity (where people gather together and focus attention on unified community symbol) - Everyday life is also full of small scale/micro rituals that hold society together

Answer 45

•Alexis de Tocqueville: believed communities were necessary to be counterweight to the state •Societies need to be self-organizing to withstand state power, tame the state and get it to serve their interest -Need for civil society in order to counter the power of the state, need for people to self organize and help to contain the state and get it to serve its interest -Actors controlling the state, preventing it from being too powerful

Answer 46

-they are backed by “knowledge”

Answer 47

•State: Feudalism created openings for societal organization in cities (claiming lands outside state control, pockets in which actors not under the control of the elites or the state) , especially in Northern Europe (since the state usually wants to monopolize power, something has to happen for the state to let self-organization) –Rule by law strengthened in these areas (emerge of legal systems that protect the right and freedoms of individuals) –Promoted greater social autonomy \*free cities saw themselves grow the first vibrant civil societies

Answer 48

-Elite Theory: Basis of elite power and domination (bureaucracy is the base of concentration of power which hurts democratization)

Answer 49

* French, 1858-1917 * Founder of sociology as an academic discipline (and anthropology) * Differed from both Marx and Weber by focusing on consensus, not conflict

Answer 50

exclusion though to say when it became fully democratic

Answer 51

**•Materialism:** Economic production is the material basis of society. Economy as the base and all other aspects are the superstructures. All structures dependant and shaped by the economy. So if you want to understand any social relation (example family) , you need to look at the economy

Answer 52

Example: Missing Aboriginal Women •Individual Problem: Sees missing women as defective in some way, made bad choices with consequences –Drug addict, prostitute •Sociological Imagination forces you to consider if this is a social problem •History: Disempowering of Aboriginal women (Stevenson), cultural genocide and marginalization •Social Structure: Poverty and discrimination, live in areas of with high crime •Biography: Poor, low self-esteem, drugs •History Social—\> Structure —\>Biography -Seeing this seemingly individual problem in the sociological imagination light, it appears as a social problem

Answer 53

Material hardship (Motive for workers to revolutionize) : –Immiserization of workers –Centralization of capital (eventually less and less people owning resources) –Falling profits (capitalist is based of competition which will lead profits to decline, less money to go around to buy off the proletariat) –Economic crises People were poor, angry and frighten and needed to do something about it Class consciousness (Not revolting because of individual interest) -Workers joining together to overthrow –Urbanization, communication, political organization

Answer 54

(1) the state/state-society (2) the international system (power relations influenced by international power relations) (3) classes (capitalist development is shaping classes in a systemic way that influences power relations promote democratization) capitalist development is shaping these bases in a systemic way which influences power relations promote democratization ?

Answer 55

Accept aspects of both research traditions –Quantitative: Believe the relationship between capitalism and democracy is too strong to ignore (so capitalism must promote democracy in SOME way) –Qualitative: Believe that the qualitative research provides convincing evidence that the bourgeoisie and the middle class were not the driving force behind democracy

Answer 56

England –Bill of Rights in 1689 (although many restrictions)- beginning to promote an institutional parliament democracy (shift of power from monarchy to parliament) –Influenced American colonies

Answer 57

**The Second Face of Power** •Institutional rules that affect whose interests are pursued –Recognizes that institutions are powerful and biased •Who is able to participate in decision-making •Who sets the agenda -individuals who are able to put their interests on the agenda and able to exclude others from putting their interest on the agenda are powerful (which explain who gets their interests pursued) •Differs from the 1st face of power in that rules are basis of power instead of resources -people usually this face of power (even the ones who are advantaged) –Conflict isn’t necessarily in the open, hidden –Allows people with power to maintain it

Answer 58

Colonialism: Disempowered indigenous women in a variety of ways –Ended polygamy and strengthened marriage, which removed the economic autonomy. Women tied to marriage much more tightly, removing their liberties –Indian Act: Gave greater legal rights to men –Ended matrilineal and institutions empowering women -Colonialism and the implemented institutions that allowed patriarchy- which could explain how patriarchy was spread around the world

Answer 59

* *•Social Density:** physical pattern of who is in the presence of whom, for how, long, and with how much space between them (the network of people interact with mapped) - Need for high social density for societies to survive

Answer 60

* Associations provide arena where union members can gain leadership skills\* How ? * Promotes effective opposition and 2-party system (opportunities to move up and become an official as members develop their skills)

Answer 61

* _Lack of time and interest of the subordinate actors:_ Associations promote participation amongst the base level members * _Bureaucracy provides rules and regulations that enforce hierarchy:_ Associations reduce hierarchy, horizontal based organizational system of power which limits the power of the elite * _Bureaucratic elite control the formal means of communication within the organization:_ Associations and two-party system open communication, different means of communication able to counteract this ILO mechanism * _Knowledge of rules:_ Associations and two-party system break down exclusive elite knowledge of rules * _Leadership skills of elites:_ Associations and two-party system break down elite monopoly. Association allow people to get better leadership skills and compete with the other officials

Answer 62

Labor unions and party organizations empower the working class, allow them to push for political incorporation •Yes, these organizations are oligarchic, but . . . –they still look out for the interests of members (unions still looking out for the interest of the workers- which will still promote democratization) –Choice between different unions and parties helps keep organizational elite responsive - the Pluralist perspective is important

Answer 63

**–Status Community**—go to same schools, have same friendship networks, have same elite outlooks –**Interdependence**—all three segments of the elite are interdependent **–Transferability**—elites from one segment can become elites of another segment •Outcome: Cohesive elite community, able to look out for elite interests –Promotes a social and political oligarchy

Answer 64

places vary according to which source of power is dominant –Economic has become increasingly important –Culture more important in theocracies –Coercion vital in places experiencing war

Answer 65

Interrelational and Power View - not necessarily competing

Answer 66

- institutions that affected our lives more and more - individualism

Answer 67

**•(1) Limited use of controlled experiments** (which would usually the best way to gain insight, chemistry for example) - but it can be used with treatment groups for example because you are able to compare and find differences due to the treatment that you’ve given. It can be done but it is very difficult to look at larger patterns of social relations. There is also a lot of ethical issues which are encountered in controlled experiments. **•(2) No Social Laws, great complexity** (social relations are very complicated and cant be explained by one universal law like gravity) –Multi-causality very common in social sciences. For example, democracy has a lot of different causes which makes it very complicated to come up with a single explanation. –People act differently in the same situation. Unlike atoms, humans have different behaviour in different conditions –Diverse Motives: Wink example (can be a great variety of motives leading to someone winking [flirting, dirt in eye, something in the room, example…]

Answer 68

C. Wright Mills •American, 1916-1962 •Arguably US’s most influential sociologist •Influenced by both Weber and Marx (–Marx: Influenced by Marx in this way, and in that he focused on inequality and elite domination –Weber: Influenced by Weber in that he focused greatly on politics and power and didn’t accept materialism) •Wright Mills was an activist sociologist who wanted to use knowledge to make the world a better place. Come up with understanding to change the world and make it a better place.

Answer 69

Born and raised in Germany and a trained philosopher, spent much of his life in exile in London, the global hub of capitalism. Collaborated with and supported financially by Friedrich Engels, a capitalist. Believed ideas were useless unless put into action Believed that we could analyze social relations empirically to gain an understanding of how they work. He was an extreme sociologist, believe we could use the scientific to make sociology something like physics, creating laws we could manipulate * Positivist: Believed we could discover social laws that govern all social relations * Critical: Marx believed he had stumbled upon the main laws governing human relations

Answer 70

H, R, & S claim that capitalist development readjusts the power of classes in ways promoting democracy

Answer 71

•John Lock: social contract, suggested that communities willingly came together to form government, vital to its functioning (governments are formed by populations coming together, society is vital for politics, suggests active participating of population) •Suggests that the government will have the same characteristics of the population ( as well as keep looking out for it) –Democracy will work when the population has certain norms that support it –Civil people make for civil government

Answer 72

**Organizations** as the key –Michels: Empowered a select few, which allowed them to dominate organizations and their members –Organizational Society: Societies are increasingly dominated by organizations •Organizational elites dominate society- who have a great amount of power

Answer 73

* Our article summarizes a 400-page book * Book provides case studies of over 30 countries to explore factors affecting democracy * Use minimalist definition of democracy focusing on elections, state responsibility to elected officials, and political rights and liberties * The book recognizes a contradiction between the quantitative and qualitative work on democracy in terms of the impact of capitalist development (which comes up into two different arguments)

Answer 74

**–Social Structure :** Patterned social relations that endure for a period of time •Example: Economic residential stratification, patriarchy (male in position of power) –**Institution:** Social structures enforced by formal rules and sanctions (a structure with laws) •Example: Legal institutions, McGill, capitalism, the state (3 main studied ones : economy, politics, religion)

Answer 75

In getting people active in politics, associations also help members to learn the rules [in opposite of when the elites are the only ones aware of the rules]

Answer 76

**Moral Density:** Shared norms, values, outlooks, identity –Affected by social density –Collective Conscious -Moral density leading us to think/act as a collective, creating a larger than individual consciousness

Answer 77

- Focused his work on the impact of bureaucratic organization on democracy - Iron law of Oligarchy - German, 1876-1936 - Student of Weber - Founding figure of the Elite Theory - Discriminatied again in Germany because a socialist - Eventually became dishearten and went to work for Mussolini

Answer 78

•General differences between disciplines: 1.Interrelational (p-s) vs. Power (socio) 2.Topic - they look at different topic ( p-s are much more likely to study parties while socio will rather look at patriarchy) 3.Parties vs. patriarchy, policy vs. inequality 4.Rational Choice vs. Power 5.Region: the whole world (Socio) vs. Europe and N. America(p-s)

Answer 79

Pre-colonialism: Indigenous women had considerable economic autonomy and power based on their economy autonomy, they controlled the production of various crops , they were therefore more influential in decision making (relations not necessarily equitable but more equitable than today)

Answer 80

Landed Elites: Lose power, must give up their control of politics (historically opposed to democratization but what happens to them during capitalist development ? They lose their power) –Boon for democracy

Answer 81

-Social relations end up shaping power, these relations vary from places to places patriarchy = is a social construct –Social structures empower men more than women –Don’t really consider the extent to which biological differences account for power differentials •Lukes’ three faces of power, Poggi, and Foucault all suggest ways females are disempowered •Strength: Helps to explain variation in patriarchy over time and place

Answer 82

engaging conservatives •Associations proved an important means of engaging conservatives in union politics –They attend social associations, gain an interest in politics, become active •If conservatives weren’t engaged, likely wouldn’t have been a two-party system in ITU. Because Union politics are generally left-leaning only, the right-leaning would feel left out. -The party system was based upon having conservatives party vs left-leaning party

Answer 83

Vibrant associational life, suggests civil society is vital for democracy Dem. requires a counterweight to the state - Keeps elected official from becoming despotic - For Tocqueville, the state is something to be feared- democracy is risk but the active organization provide a counter weight to the state in ways that the state as to pay attention to them. Europe would not work because of a lack of density of civil associations

Answer 84

* *Societal Determinism:** Society precedes individual, shapes us in ways that allow the perpetuation of society - we are shaped by society and then shape society

Answer 85

•Differences: –Locke says government is people, Tocqueville says people restrain government –Locke says it is cultural (civil society is based on the norms, values and understandings) , Tocqueville says structural (involves associations) –Locke focuses on civility, Tocqueville on power (need for civil to contain power)

Answer 86

* Analyzes the bases of power in society and its effects on the allocation of major resources * Power pervades all sorts of social relations, not just formal politics -Politics is all about power so in order to understand it, one needs to look at power relations, all power plays out

Answer 87

Some say ILO is as close to a social law as is possible “It is organization which gives birth to the dominion of the elected over the electors, of the mandataries over the mandators, of the delegates over the delegators. Who says ogranization says oligarchy.”

Answer 88

- “Knowledge precedes and enables the formation of consciousness, action, and desire” - Power shapes what people think they need and want

Answer 89

the ILO through his participation in the German Social democatic Party (Most democratic party in Germany at the time )

Answer 90

•Claims that patriarchy is in our genes **•Size:** Men are generally larger and stronger than women –Historically, power was based on coercion, gives men advantage **•Evolutionary Psychology:** suggests that men are naturally more aggressive and confrontational –More testosterone –Makes them more likely to participate in contentious politics, act coercively, get their way

Answer 91

–Dialectic and Materialism (dialectic materialism) (According to Marx, the combination of the two allows us to explain nearly all of human history)

Answer 92

**•Religion:** Christianity commonly opposed theocracy –Teachings of Jesus opposed to theocracy (which prevented it in some cases compared to other religions) –Reformation promoted religious diversity (helped to weakened the power of catabolism and the power of religion over peoples lives) –Protestantism emphasized individualism (access to god was individual, no pope.. etc) \*protestantism areas saw themselves grow the first vibrant civil societies

Answer 93

4-part explanation Union Democracy = rare phenomenon Two party system= very important cause Occupational associations= which caused and promoted the two part system + promoted democracy within the ITU Occupational associations= causing the OA

Answer 94

•(1) Basis of Strat: –Class: Strat based on possessing resources (allowing people with more resources to be on top) –Party: Strat based on power (some people are more organized politically than others) –Status: Strat based on culture/ideas (norms that define who should be on top and bottom) ``` (2) Class: Weber focused on position within market (buyer vs. seller, lender vs. borrower) –Weber suggests greater divisions and competition among economic elite (unity of the class is much less than Marx suggested, based upon your position within the market, there are competing interests within classes) ```

Answer 95

According to Dahl, “democracy” is all about people being able to influence political decisions equally, it is an ideal very difficult to obtain •According to Dahl, democracy requires no less than political equality –People need same ability to influence collective decision-making –Suggests five requirements for real political equality

Answer 96

•ITU members very active in occupational associations –Pool, political, bowling, reading, sports, stamp collecting, etc. (hanging out on their free time) •Associations are not controlled by the union –Run by union members for union members – Union couldn’t control them -Sometimes Union would help them but the members were really the ones responsible of it

Answer 97

ITU: Union of type setters for all of North America, only union that was extremely democratic (two parties within the union, unique union because of its party system, so they wanted to look into this) Analyzes why the union did not suffer from the ILO (looking at it with Michels perspective, what makes the ITU exceptional as it does not conform to Michels law ?) Doesn’t mention civil society (probably because looking at microcosm) but conforms with the associational view

Answer 98

**Legitimate Authority:** Found that people followed orders when they believed rulers have a legitimate right to rule (they had the right to assert the rules over the population- its the population’s duty to abide)

Answer 99

overt and coercive (People knew when power was exerted over them) this changed with modernity –Science and bureaucracy became hidden bases of enormous power (with both of these exerted hidden power on individuals which was not recognized) –Scientific understandings and bureaucracies forced people to conform to what science says is proper - - Asylums for people who think and act differently \* - Police can do about anything because of the bureaucratic/legal rules that support them

Answer 100

* Mode of Production: material technologies used to exploit the environment to make possible societies * Relations of Production: relations that govern the mode of production, involve control of property and humans (relations between different actors within the modes of production that govern how the system of production works)

Answer 101

* *•Definition:** Social institutions that endow individuals with capacities and inclinations - Example: Education, hospitals, prisons, professional assoc. -Important source of merit & legitimacy in modernity

Answer 102

•Capitalism: Rose in Western Europe and strengthened non-state actors ( strengthened the urbanites and gave them power, allowing them to demand certain types of concessions)

Answer 103

•Values and Research –Marx—Critical sociologist, a revolutionary –Weber—Objective and value-free sociology (empirical goal, not influenced by values because it would bias the research), more conservative politically

Answer 104

- book written in 1956 by Lipset, Trow and Coleman - Analyzes the internal politics of a North-American union - Union of type setters, which disappeared once the technological change made them obsolete - Book is recognized as one of the most influential works in political sociology of all time –Brilliant empirical work: asked intriguing question, gathered great data, analyzed it skillfully –As relevant as ever today

Answer 105

ideal—there is no real democracy in the world according to this definition

Answer 106

•Theory –Marx—Grandiose theory, explains everything –Weber—Mid-level theory, thought big theory inaccurate

Answer 107

•An influential political sociologist who has written the most influential modern work on power –Power: A Radical View (1974) * Ideal/optimistic view of democracy * describes three types of power

Answer 108

" always an act of power rooted in struggle, and power relations are always created and suspended in webs of knowledge and rules for the production of truth”

Answer 109

Associations are influential means of spreading views and information about what was going on within the union –People sit around and talk to one another –Union officials attend and give talks about union –Associations publish their own news letters (also because the members were part of the printing industry)

Answer 110

* German, 1860-1924 * Degree in law but extensively studied economics, history, classics, and more * One of the world’s greatest geniuses * Periods of severe mental illness * Along with Marx, the most influential of the founding political sociologists

Answer 111

• Athens in 507 BC –Although only a tiny fraction of the population could vote (slaves, women, non-citizens, and non-landowners could not vote)

Answer 112

•Individualism: Despite this, individualism grows with modernity (individual living their life in their interest, based on their actions and choices) –Creates false impression that we control our lives

Answer 113

* Dehumanization: makes us simply follow rules, don’t think for ourselves, are controlled by the bureaucratic machine (taking away all agency, all ability to think for ourselves) * Iron Cage: bureaucracies control everything, we’re unable to act freely, always constrained by bureaucratic red tape

Answer 114

* (1) History: how a society came to be, how it is changing, and how history is being made (considering its effects) * (2) Social Structure: how the various institutional orders in a society operate, which ones are dominant, how are they held together * (3) Biography: particular individual characteristics

Answer 115

–Individual Problem: A problem caused by individual characteristics/choices/actions –Social Problem: A problem that individuals suffer but that is promoted by the social environment Social Problem: Example •Individual Problem: One individual within a community is unemployed –Lost job because they didn’t follow boss’s orders, not looking for a job •Social Problem: Half of the community is unemployed –No jobs available, people are trying really hard to get jobs but can’t find any •Mix: When there is high unemployment, people with individual problems have a very hard time getting a job

Answer 116

Durkheim doesn’t look at power/conflict, and this is a central element of the sub-discipline •Still, he looks at how social relations affect politics, and his focus on consensus has influenced two particular areas of political sociology

Answer 117

–Societies are real entities, organisms –Society is something in and of itself, it runs through all of us, we’re its actors -its something that we need to understand, we all come together, we are all part of this

Answer 118

Believes one’s agency depends on history, social structure, and biography –Murdered Aboriginal woman had very little agency to deal with social problems

Answer 119

complementary –Wealth allows people to influence culture and thereby gain status-based power –Wealth is an important basis of rulership

Answer 120

•Prevents leader strangle-hold over information –Free flow of information reduces power of elite (elite cant eliminate the information they don’t like) –Allows opposition to get their views across (necessary for two-party system) [people able to openly criticize the officials]

Answer 121

\*Tilly argued that warfare AND capitalism allowed the formation of states -Concessions transformed the state in terms of rights and liberties and protection now exchanged instead of the Mafia state

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Claims that the economy produces dialectical conflict that drives the evolution of human societies Basic Claim: Dialectical conflict in the relations of production results in a new mode of production

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Neo-Marxists have transformed orthodox Marxism in important ways—focus more on ideas. Accept a lot of elements of marxist theory but have adapted them and focus more on the influence of ideas

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**Class/Wealth** •Class: Power and stratification is based on the material resources one controls –Money, land, food, etc. –Exchange resources to get what you want from others –Basis of power if material wealth •Marx: Describes how this can affect all three faces of power **Status/Custom** •Ideological/normative power: Culture or ideology defines what is most important/proper –Age, piety, athleticism, wealth, facial tattoos, conspicuous consumption, etc. •The people who conform most to cultural norms/ideologies get respect and privileges –A source of power •Different from resources, promotes more 2nd and 3rd faces of power -Culture benefitting individuals at the expense of others - defining what is proper and improper (those who can be deemed as proper, will have power) **Party/Command** •Rulership is the basis of this type of power •Involves the threat or execution of severe punishments in order to get what you want (able to implement some sanction in some way) –The state uses rulership to get people to pay taxes –Parents use rulership to get their kids to “behave” •Coercion is clear element of the first face of power but can be used to establish the 2nd and 3rd faces as well

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representation

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**•Biggest Problem:** Has more difficulty explaining why patriarchy is normal, if not universal •(1) Combine sociological and biological arguments –Suggests that patriarchy is the norm but that there is great variation in its extent due to social relations (seen as bias that has been manipulated) •(2) Deny the universality of patriarchy, note that it only recently became the norm Generally look for factors that “spread” patriarchy

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Influential sociologist at the University of Trento in Italy Social theorist best know for his work on the state

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–Capitalism strengthens the working classes •Cohesion: under capitalism, live together in cities, work in close quarters with one another •Organizations: workers formed labour unions and labour-friendly parties to pursue their interests (Unions and parties help to empower the class , they were vital for democratization)

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-Numerous disciplinary institutions remove our agency, force us to be disciplined without overt coercion- prisoners behave when they think that they are watched - society, according to Foucault, works like that –No conspiracy theory; no one controls all.

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* Despite all of these advances, Robert Dahl suggests that Canada remains far from a real democracy * He claims elections, rule by elected, and rights don’t make a democracy- they are simply characteristics that help to promote

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Like Dahl, H, R, & S believe that democracy requires a relatively equitable distribution of power –If not, those with power will dominate politics because all opposition is impotent

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**-First Face of Power** •Coincides with pluralist view of power –Individuals and groups use available resources and skills to pursue their interests against opposition •Power is therefore based on the resources that they are able to mobilize –Examples: money, political connections, intelligence, physical strength, will, etc. -very simple, most evident

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2000s -Analyzes a great deal of data to explore the associational lives of Americans –Finds that people active in associations have better health and education, are more happy and richer, and more in favour of democracy •Changes: Associational life has dramatically declined in the United States since WWII (which is now continuing to decline) –Worries that this will have have negative effects on American democracy and general well-being.

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* 1st: Sees economic resources as the principal source of power * 2nd: Control of economic resources makes possible control of institutions * 3rd: Control of institutions makes possible the control of ideas

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* *•Extreme Positivism:** Few believe there are such things as social laws that are universally true * *•Materialism:** Many believe that Marx paid too much attention to the economy and not enough attention to other social institutions and ideas. Too determinist. We need to look at religion, ideas, politics .. as they also shape social relations

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**Relevance** (that goes beyond the ITU): Suggests that the Iron Law of Oligarchy poses less of a problem in multiparty democracies like Canada

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•Bureaucracy involves coordinating people and getting them to pursue organizational interests instead of personal interests –All the components of bureaucracy help with these tasks by promoting coordination and control •Viewed it as a major reason for the rise of powerful states, capitalist development, and colonial expansion (bureaucratization explained a lot of phenomenons Weber was witnessing, it is the bureaucratization that made possible the observed social change) •Part of process of rationalization

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Ideology focuses on the need to overthrow capitalism and create a more equitable economic system

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- Globalization (spreading the norm of democracy) - Civil society ( society that helps to constraint the state and listen to the population ) - Education - British Colonialism (Spreading certain norms and values) - Missionaries (promoted education and civil society and led to higher levels of democratization)

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* *•1.** Bureaucracy provides **rules and regulations that enforce hierarchy** (Weber) - based on the rules where people on the bottom don’t question the top * *•2.** Bureaucratic elites control the formal **means of communication** within the organization (they are able to portray their views and block opposition views, they are able to tell the members what is important- which is anti-democratic) * *•3. Knowledge of rules** (organization based on the rule of rules and not everybody knows these rules, if you are the only one to know them you can enforce them in your advantage, keeping the opposition from being a threat) * *•4. Leadership skills of elites** (some leaders become leaders because they have skills and being a leader helps you to gather these skills) * *•5. High status of organizational leaders** (leaders **want to maintain their positions**, having high status within the party. And they use the first 4 points to do so) * *•6. Lack of time and interest of non-elites**

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•Along with power, one of the most central concepts of political sociology •Democracy is a general type of regime -government, political organization (state), regime •Regime: the formal rules about who rules and how they rule (rules of the political game)

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* *•Societal Self-Organization\*:** Active associations (civil society allows individuals to organize) * *•Individuation**: refers to the protection of individual rights and freedoms (if not present, cant organize. Important to be allowed to be yourself, to express yourself freely) **•Civility:** Individuation requires civility –“recognition of difference and diversity” **•Cooperation with the State:** Civil society can’t be at war with the state, must work with it (so that it allows individuals to self-organize, need for a system of rules favourable towards democracy )

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•The different outcomes in Italy's democratic reforms were cause by the **Importance of Civil Society** –Regions that developed effective democratic institutions had very dense associational ties **•Reasons:** (1) people able to express interests, (2) active participation [people participation in vibrant civil society are more likely to participant in politics], (3) accountability [holding the politicians accountable to the interests of the population], (4) trust [helps to promote this norm of trust]

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–**Individual Level:** Focused on you as individual, considers your particular needs and interests –**Collective Level:** Focused on your “community,” considers the needs and interests of the community -Durkheim implied that human brain was wired that way

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They believe Michels and Wright Mills offer important insight but conclude that organizations actually make possible democracy -**Organization =** basis of power and authoritarian BUT they play an important role in promoting democracy by empowering the lower class

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1.‘Corporate Chieftains’ —CEOs of major corporations 2.‘Political Directorate’ —Officials who command the state hierarchies 3.Warlords’ —Military Generals •Each had enormous agency, able to make decisions affecting millions

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•(1) Basis of Strat: –Class: Strat based on possessing resources (allowing people with more resources to be on top) –Party: Strat based on power (some people are more organized politically than others) –Status: Strat based on culture/ideas (norms that define who should be on top and bottom)

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once population grows

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Pluralism : Needed for organization interests (for democracy to work, all the interests need to organize themselves to be influence int he political realm, need for bureaucracy)

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* Says “experts” are able to present knowledge in ways that benefit some, hurt others * We therefore need to be critical and assess the effects of “knowledge” on power and vice versa - we need to demystify how knowledge production works so we can weaken it, free people from the scientific panopticon - not simply an objective needs, they are power relations involved in knowledge production. Need to consider it to free people from.

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**Liberalism**: ideology emphasizing the importance of protecting individual rights and liberties (so they are able to be who they are and act how they want without worrying about others)

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–In Europe and North America, right-leaning parties question scientific knowledge much more –Right commonly describes science as biased and suggests that there are “alternative truths” Would likely say we shouldn’t reject science and experts, rather, we should question the powers they serve

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``` **Structured Inequalities:** General and persistent inequities. Several in politics—underrepresented, interests disregarded, deemed second-class citizen. •Class: the working class was originally excluded from democratic regimes, commonly underrepresented •Race and Ethnicity: Some communities do not have the same rights, severly underrepresented •Sexual Orientation: LGBTs commonly face political exclusion and discrimination •Gender: arguably the most important in terms of #’s ```

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-Effect: -Controls individuals (conformity that patterns social relation) –Gives skills/outlooks necessary to participate in society –Causes individuals to act and perceive the world in certain disciplined ways (because of legitimacy) –People follow the directives of professional disciplinarians -We are constantly disciplined through the disciplines in modern society

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Active Union Associational Life

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analyze society, looking at social facts

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- accused of worshiping society [example worshiping totem (symbolizing them), rituals as venerating the collective] - for Durkheim, this worshiping is good. However, recent sociologist have been focusing on the darker side of this collective consciousness as it could create “otherness”, “nationalism”, manipulation. He saw society as: - More important than the individual - Integration is always beneficial because it promotes peace and mutual understanding BUT, sociologists and anthropologists have noted that a collective conscious and attempts to create consensus can have a darker side

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–Formal Politics: Inter-relational focuses on formal politics, but the power view does not necessarily look at it (example power looks at the family) –Power: Power view pays more attention to it (from the power perspective, power is at the base so it much more looked at) –Goal: Inter-relational view focuses on **understanding** (academic and scientific), power view commonly more activist and **pursues social change** (for example a critical sociologists) –Discipline: Inter-relational dominant in poli-sci, power more common in sociology

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–Communism: Autocratic leaders select more female politicians –Proportional Representation: More likely to elect women than majority systems –Left-Leaning Parties and Female Leaders: More likely to run female candidates –Quotas: Create artificial demand for females

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Societies don’t become stratified naturally; the powerful enforce stratified social systems (they are therefore sources of power themselves) •Poggi suggests that each type of stratification is based on a different type of power; economic power, political power, cultural power

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**•Charismatic Authority:** Charisma, unique powers of individual are the basis for their domination of others (unique attributes and characteristics (knowledge, great experience..) allowing access to power), people follow them without questioning them **•Traditional Authority:** tradition is used to justify the rule of some over others **•Legal-Rational Authority:** rules justify domination - rules in place explain who can rule, how they can rule and if the ruler is following these guidelines, their authority is legitimate. Weber saw this as the most rational form of authority, emerged in Europe with the rise of bureaucracy and rational law

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•Interrelational View: Looked at how politics influenced other social structures and vice versa –Thinks all social structures influence one another, against Marxist materialism - the economy doesn’t explain everything •Power View: Even more than Marx, investigated forms and bases of power –Weberian work focuses on power

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–Meritocracy (organized rationally, the people in positions have the characters, knowledge and skills best suited to fulfill the duties) –Hierarchical chain of command (strong chain important for supervising and communicating) –Positions with formal duties (positions are created and people are brought in to fulfill those positions not the opposite) –salary-based compensation –record keeping (need to know what has been done and what is going on)

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•Horizontal: Associations are an organizational form with very limited hierarchy (yes they might have a president but they remain very flat in terms of hierarchy, everybody is able to participate) –Equal participation, limited power inequalities •Questioning Hierarchy: Active associationalism might cause people to question hierarchy, to strive for a more horizontal system of union organization , they want to diminish hierarchy within the union itself. Such a organizational system requires participation which is present !

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**•Scientific Revolution:** promoted attempts to increase knowledge about everything, which promoted the use of scientific method. Goal to use the method to understand the world around them. **•Rapid Social Change:** Industrialization, capitalist development, state building, revolutions, nationalism, democratization, etc. Which lead individuals to question the world around them and the social world they were living in. Goal to gain knowledge that could allow us to control change

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•Interrelationship between social structures and formal politics •Effects of social structures on politics –Effect of economy on democracy –Effect of demography on revolution •Effects of politics on social structures –Effects of states on development –Effects of democracy on ethnic violence •Basic Claim: Formal politics is very important, we need to understand its social causes and effect. Focus on what shapes politics and the effect of politics

Answer 167

* *statistical relationship** - GDP going up, Democracy going up - authors interested in capitalist development - Places with higher levels of capitalist development usually have a higher level of democracy - need to understand the mechanism -the relationship between capitalism and democracy is causal

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**•(1) Effective Participation:** everyone has equal opportunities for making their views known –People aren’t prevented from speaking their mind –Everyone has the same capacity to get their voices heard \*in Canada; some people are able to get their views a lot better (radio, celebrity..) **•(2) Voting Equality:** Everyone must be able to vote, and all votes must be equal \*its easier for some people to vote and not all votes are worth the same (rural area worth 15% more than urban area) **•(3) Inclusion of all Adults:** All adults must have the right to participate in politics –Raises questions: What age does adulthood start? Why exclude non-adults? Exclude murderers? **•(4) Control of the Agenda:** Everyone must be able to affect the political agenda –Related to Lukes’ second face of power \*In Canada; a “lobbier” would have more power to affect the agenda **•(5) Enlightened Understanding:** Everyone must have equal opportunities to learn about the relevant policy options and their likely consequences –Requires that everyone has a high level of education, especially in the social sciences

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•Epistemology –Marx Positivist –Weber Interpretivist (cant come up with social laws because of the complicated nature of things, all we can do is analyze)

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**(1) Question:** Who is most likely to use the Tim Horton’s drive thru? **(2) Observation:** collect information using senses on who uses drive thru and who buys at counter **(3) Analysis:** use reason to interpret data you collected, develop explanations that help to explain the data **(4) Testing Initial Findings:** (Refute claims, further define them) Interview people to ask why they go through the drive thru

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-the process of rationalization

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a new mode of production

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•Ritual that helped create common awareness of unity among the white population –Unified whites by physically and ritually excluding blacks –Spectacle lynching symbolized the destruction of a communal enemy by the community •Unity through exclusion and destruction (of individual of where seen as other or threat) •Strengthened collective conscious by destroying the ‘other”- which represented a sense of “threat” From a Durkheim perspective they were a ritual creating more unity ?

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–Holds leaders accountable (by having people participating actively, they are able to hold leaders accountable to the interests of the unions) –Necessary for organizing opposing party (need to have people willing to participate) \*When people would go the associations, they would talk about the union politics which led people to engage with the politics of the union

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* *Consensus:** focuses on the ‘glue’ that holds societies together, not conflict that tears them apart - Interested in the factors that allow people to interact peacefully and cooperate to make society survive- social solidarity

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History of Suffrage in Canada •1900 – Property qualifications began to be removed (poor are now able to vote) •1918 - Women gain full voting rights in federal elections •1919 - Women gain the right to run for federal office •1948 - Racial exclusions are removed from election laws •1955 - Religious exclusions are removed from election laws •1960 - Right to vote is extended unconditionally to First Nations people •1970 - Voting age lowered from 21 to 18 •1988 - Supreme Court of Canada rules mentally ill patients have the right to vote •2002 - Prisoners given the right to vote

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**•Values and Research** –Marx—Critical sociologist, a revolutionary –Weber—Objective and value-free sociology (empirical goal, not influenced by values because it would bias the research), more conservative politically **•Empirical Work** –Marx wrote mainly about theory –Weber wrote mainly empirical analyses (middle range theory, not trying to explain everything) **•Theory** –Marx—Grandiose theory, explains everything –Weber—Mid-level theory, thought big theory inaccurate **•Epistemology** –Marx Positivist –Weber Interpretivist (cant come up with social laws because of the complicated nature of things, all we can do is analyze)

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* Institutionalizes Competition [the Elites are therefore not able to summit their power over the system] * Vital for a democracy * Oligarchy not able to cement control of organization –Must be accountable or opposition will be elected –Two Sets of Elites: Limits monopolization of leadership skills, knowledge of rules, communication [because each party has their own leaders]

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Mills gives a very bleak perspective on the possibility of democracy in the US in the 1950s –People thought they controlled government, but they really didn’t –Power elites run government for elite interests

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status working hours job satisfaction the substitution system - Which promoted active participation in union association

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–Power, legality, earnings, celebrity, social value (beneficial)

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•Status: relative social standing, prestige, of an individual (or occupation) –Different occupations have different status (and a common understanding comes with it) •Prime Minister, Doctor, Teacher, Construction worker, Janitor

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Had a strange status –Educated, which is source of status –Blue-collar workers, limits status •A common sociological finding is that people like to spend time with people with similar status –ITU members had no one to hang out with but themselves –Pushed them to befriend one another, hang out, participate in associations together

Answer 184

Very high ## Footnote –73% really liked jobs, whereas average for American male workers was only 27% at that time * If you don’t like your jobs, you won’t want to hang out with your co-workers during your free time * Didn’t bother ITU members who liked their jobs –66% of printers who liked job preferred hanging out with other printers –Only 40 % for those printers who disliked job

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* Job Satisfaction also played a more direct role in limiting the Iron Law of Oligarchy * Michels notes that organizational elites fight tooth and nail to maintain positions * L, T, and C note that ITU elites were less concerned about maintaining position –Really liked their jobs and the people they worked with –Not the end of world if defeated in election

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•Odd Work Hours: Historically, the newspaper industry had odd working hours –Production in late evening and throughout the night to have papers ready by early morning –Meant that print-setters were generally working when others were sleeping or relaxing •Effect: Couldn’t hang out with non-type setters –Caused them to hang out with one another –Promoted occupational associationalism

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* Substitute System of ITU * Structure of Labor Market

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Employee controlled his position, able to choose who would fill it if absent •One was better able to become permanent employee if active in associations –Made friends who were permanent employees at associations, and these friends gave you work –You were able to make it through the temp period because of the work you got from friends

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•Structure of Labor Market: Two types of position –Permanent: Individual works full-time –Part-time: Individual works only during peak periods * Would show up daily to see if needed * didn’t get enough hours, require substitute work // •Part-timers would hang out together if they didn’t get work for the day –Promoted associational participation •One was better able to become permanent employee if active in associations –Made friends who were permanent employees at associations, and these friends gave you work –You were able to make it through the temp period because of the work you got from friends

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associations promote **democracy,** political engagement, accountability, a more informed public, greater civility (the different parties would disagree but they were also friends)

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that German associationalism ultimately hindered democracy and contributed to great harm leading to the Nazi period

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**–Skilled Organizational Activists:** Nazis used leaders of associations to help them organize their support base and use them to put themselves in a position to be in power **–Infiltration of Associations:** Nazis infiltrated associations, coopted them, used them as a powerful resource * Claims that middle class were receptive of Hitler, allowing Hitler to use associations to pursue his goals (doctors were very active in the movement) * Associations were not civil- they were not promoting civil society, tolerance of difference and all

Answer 193

**•Ineffective Government:** Berman claims this uncivil society was promoted by ineffective government (result of WW1) –Middle class felt alienated from government (government viewed as imposed and controlled by foreigners) –Organized associations to provide goods –Destabilized government and became extremist out of resentment, desire for change **•Bred distrust of Weinmar government** –Government and associations didn’t collaborate à la Hall - did not work together, the state did not promote legal framework for associations **•Created a chaotic situation that Hitler was able to capitalize on**

Answer 194

integrated •Integrated: People from all walks of life and with different political perspectives interact in civil society –Promotes civility, respect for difference –Example: ITU

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•Polarized: Associational life is divided and competitive –Racial, ethnic, party segregation –Can promote “echo chambers” and extremism –Removes civility, suggests it prevents civil society

Answer 196

``` –Middle class upholds liberal norms of freedom and equality –Middle class is civically active, pursues political inclusion •Moore: “No bourgeoisie, no democracy.” ```

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no bourgeoisie, no democracy

Answer 198

Capitalist development is related to democracy because it shifts the balance of class power, because it weakens the power of the landlord class and strengthens subordinate classes. The working and the middle classes unlike other subordinate classes in history gain an unprecedented capacity for self-organization due to such developments as urbanization, factory production, and new forms of communication and transportation.

Answer 199

Class interest are not ahistorical givens. They are constructed within contextes. It raises interclass relations to critical importance. One class may exercise hegemonic influence over another, and this will affect the alliance options among classes. The interests actually pursued by peasants and even by urban middle classes are often profoundly shaped by landlords, the bourgeoisie, and the state as well as state-affiliated churches. The alliance developments at the top—among landlords, bourgeoisie, and the state—can be decisive for the alliance options of other classes.This is of critical importance for the chances of democracy because the working class, even the European working class, was too weak on its own to succeed in the final push toward democracy with universal suflFrage.

MID TERM Flashcards

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