Final Flashcards by S R

The air that moves in and out of lungs during normal, quiet breathing is called vital capacity.

True/False

False (tidal volume)

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Aldosterone is synthesized in the ____ and acts on the ____ to conserve sodium ions and water.

Supra-optic nuclei; distal tubule
Adrenal cortex; distal convoluted tuble
Renal cortex; distal tuble
Paraventricular nuclei; collecting duct

Adrenal cortex; distal convoluted tuble

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ADH is synthesized and secreted in response to hyperosmolar plasma from the posterior pituitary gland.

True/False

False

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Causes resting potential phase of rhythmic action potentials

Slow Ca2+ influx
Rapid Ca2+ influx
Rapid Na+ influx
Slow K+ efflux
Rapid K+ efflux

Rapid Ca2+ influx

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In the absence of surfactant, alveolar collapse is most likely to occur at the end of exhalation.

True/False

True

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Depends upon Na+ reabsorption

Plasma proteins
Glucose reabsorption
Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
Chloride reabsorption
Hyperkalemia

Glucose reabsorption

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Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves will cause the bronchioles to dilate.

True/False

False (constrict)

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Ventilation-perfusion matching is best ____.

In the upper 1/3 of lungs
In the middle 1/3 of lungs
In the lower 1/3 of lungs
Throughout the lungs

In the lower 1/3 of lungs

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Albumin is not normally excreted in the urine because of the presence of negative charges in the glomerular capillary endothelium.

True/False

True

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Lines conducting airways

Slow cation influx
Septal cells
Ciliated epithelia
Rapid potassium efflux

Ciliated epithelia

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Which of the following will cause systemic blood pressure to increase?

Hypo-aldosteronism
ADH deficiency
Excessive renin secretion
Increase in vagal tone

Excessive renin secretion

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Requires Na+/H+ exchange

Plasma proteins
Glucose reabsorption
Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
Chloride reabsorption
Hyperkalemia

Bicarbonate ion reabsorption

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Active secretion of protons occurs in which part of the nephron?

Glomerulus
Proximal straight tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

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Electrolyte disturbances are most likely to occur when ion transport is impaired across the luminal membrane of cells in the ____.

Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Thick ascending Henle’s loop
Distal convoluted tubule

Thick ascending Henle’s loop

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Carbon dioxide produced by tissue metabolism is primarily transported to the lungs for exhalation in the form of carbaminohemoglobin.

True/False

True

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Carb digestion begins in the oral cavity.

True/False

True

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Cortical nephrons play a crucial role in the counter-current mechanism that is responsible for urine concentration.

True/False

False (juxtamedullary)

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Hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide help oxygen bind to hemoglobin.

True/False

False

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Wheezing in asthmatic patients is due to air being forced through dilated bronchioles.

True/False

False (constricted)

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Plasma proteins are repelled from entering the urinary ultra-filtrate by the presence of electrical charge lining the ____.

Glomerular capillary
Podocyte foot processes
Bowman’s capsule
Support cells

Podocyte foot processes

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Foreign bodies and particulates are more likely to lodge/get deposited in the left bronchus than in the right bronchus.

True/False

False (more likely in the right)

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Respiratory activity is regulated by changes in CSF concentration of which of the following?

Bicarbonate ions
Hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen

Hydrogen ions

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Foreign bodies and particulates are more likely to lodge/get deposited in the left bronchus than in the right bronchus.

True/False

False (more likely in the right)

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Stimulaiton of the pneumotaxic center causes which of the following effects?

DRG neurons are stimulated
VRG neurons are stimulated
Apneustic center neurons are inhibited
Cheyne-Strokes respiration occurs

Apneustic center neurons are inhibited

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The only substance that is secreted by primary active transport across the luminal membrane of the tubular nephron is hydrogen ions. True/False

True

Which of the following Starling forces causes filtration of plasma components to form urinary ultra-filtrate in the glomeruli? Capillary hydrostatic pressure Interstitial oncotic pressure Capillary oncotic pressure Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Cortical nephrons play a crucial role in the counter-current mechanism that is responsible for urine concentration. True/False

False (juxtamedullary)

Pulmonary surfactant serves to raise the surface tension between moist alveolar walls. True/False

False (reduce)

A person with hyper-aldosteronism will present with which of the following? Low BV Hypokalemia Hypertension None of the above

Hypokalemia | Hypertension

When the plasma level of ADH is high, water permeability of the collecting duct will be ____. Unchanged from normal Higher than normal Lower than normal None of the above

Higher than normal

Urine concentration by the counter-current exchange mechanism does not involve the participation of which of the following structures? Loop of Henle Vasa recta Peritubular capillaries Collecting duct

Peritubular capillaries

Causes rapid depolarization phase of plateau action potentials ``` Slow Ca2+ influx Rapid Ca2+ influx Rapid Na+ influx Slow K+ efflux Rapid K+ efflux ```

Rapid Na+ influx

Only juxtamedullary nephrons participate in counter-current multiplication. True/False

True

Which of the following is most likely to be evident in the laboratory data of a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis? Hypoglycemia Hypokalemia Decreased bicarbonate in plasma Decreased carbon dioxide in plasma

Decreased bicarbonate in plasma

ANP is a sodium-retaining hormone secreted from the atrial myocardium. True/False

False (hyponatremia)

The anion that is reabsorbed from the ultra filtrate in the late proximal tubule of the nephron is bicarbonate. True/False

False (Cl- is reabsorbed)

Hyperosmotic plasma will stimulate secretion of which of the following substances? Aldosterone Renin Angiotensin I ADH

ADH

ADH increases cAMP content in cells of the inner medullary collecting duct. True/False

True

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates glomerular filtration pressure and is also important for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure. True/False

True

In acidosis, hydrogen ions are passively secreted in the late distal tubule and collecting duct to make the urine acidic.

False (active secretion; convoluted tubule)

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by cells is transported in blood in which of the following forms? Dissolved CO2 Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminochemoglobin Bicarbonate ions

Bicarbonate ions

Acclimation to high altitudes involves which of the following? Increased erythropoiesis Increased ADH secretion Increased renin secretion All of the above

Increased erythropoiesis

Sodium-potassium exchange across the basolateral membrane of the tubular nephron occurs by secondary active transport. True/False

False (primary)

In the baroreceptor reflex, sensory signals are conveyed by the parasympathetic fibers of CN X. True/False

Flase

The substance that acts as the urinary buffer to prevent damage by the secreted protons is ____. Hydrogen ions AAs Ammonia Urea

Ammonia

ADH hormone is synthesized in ____ of the hypothalamus and acts on ____ to conserve water. Paraventricular nuclei; collecting duct Supra-optic nuclei; collecting duct Supra-optic nuclei; distal tubule Paraventricular nuclei; distal tubule

Supra-optic nuclei; collecting duct

Stimulates aldosterone secretion ``` Plasma proteins Glucose reabsorption Bicarbonate ion reabsorption Chloride reabsorption Hyperkalemia ```

Hyperkalemia

Changing the manner of breathing does not change which of the following? Tidal volume Anatomical dead space Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume

Anatomical dead space

Normal urine has no glucose or protein. True/False

True

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates glomerular filtration pressure and is also important for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure. True/False

True

Creatinine clearance is a measure of renal plasma flow. True/False

True

In acidosis, hydrogen ions are passively secreted in the late distal tubule and collecting duct to make the urine acidic.

False (active secretion; convoluted tubule)

The glomerular filtration rate will be higher than normal in a person with circulatory shock. True/False

False (lower, less urine output)

Histamine stimulates secretion of which of the following? Saliva Gastric secretion Pancreatic secretion None of the above

Gastric secretion

Parasympathetic stimulation will cause which of the following effects? Bradycardia Arteriolar dilation Veno-dilation Increased cardiac output

Bardycardia

SIADH will result in hyponatremia. True/False

True

Absorption of which of the following substances in the small intestine is not by sodium ion-dependent co-transport? Calcium ions Glucose Di-peptides Water-soluble vitamins

Calcium ions Di-peptides

The air that moves in and out of lungs during normal, quiet breathing is called vital capacity. True/False

False (tidal volume)

Metabolic acidosis favors binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. True/False

False

Which of the following substances responds to changes in plasma osmolality and regulates water balance in the body? Aldosterone Renin Angiotensin I ADH

ADH

Immediate compensation for metabolic acidosis occurs by which of the following mechanisms? Hypoventilation Hyperventilation Increased renal proton secretion Decreased renal proton secretion

Hyperventilation

Gas exchange across the alveolar membrane occurs by facilitated diffusion. True/False

False

Which of the following hormones stimulates gastric acid secretion? Cholecytokinin Secretin Renin Gastrin

Gastrin

The substance that is predominately reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is water. True/False

False (impermeable to water, sodium is predominately reabsorbed)

Plasma circulating levels of which of the following will be elevated in response to hyperkalemia? Aldosterone ADH Renin None of the above

Aldosterone

Micelle formation in the intestinal lumen is required for the absorption of which of the following substances? Monosaccharides Di-peptides Lipids Calcium ions

Lipids

Which of the following will cause systemic BP to decrease? Hyperaldosteronism Excessive ADH secretion Excessive renin secretion Increase in vagal tone

Increase in vagal tone

The diluting segment of the nephron is the thin descending limb of Henle’s loop. True/False

False (thick ascending)

The glomerular filtration rate will be higher than normal in a person with circulatory shock. True/False

False (lower, less urine output)

Metabolic acidosis favors binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. True/False

False

The sodium pump is located on the luminal membrane of the tubular cells of the nephron. True/False

False

Pulmonary surfactant serves to raise the surface tension between moist alveolar walls. True/False

False (reduce)

Which of the following statements is not correct regarding juxtamedullary nephrons? They represent 85% of the total number of nephrons Their glomeruli are located in the inner 1/3 of renal cortex Their loops of Henle are associated with vasa recta They ensure that the urine is concentrated as needed

They represent 85% of the total number of nephrons

Which of the following conditions will cause hyponatremia and hypertension? Hyperaldsteronism Excessive renin secretion Excessive ADH secretion Increase in vagal tone

Excessive ADH secretion

De-animation of which AA is important to buffer protons that are secreted into the urinary filtrate? Glycine Glutamine Glutamate Cysteine

Glutamine

Where in the tubular nephron is chloride ion re-absorption into the ECF of primary importance? Proximal convoluted tubule Thin descending limb of Henle’s loop Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop Collecting duct

Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop

Produces pulmonary surfactant Slow cation influx Septal cells Ciliated epithelia Rapid potassium efflux

Septal cells

ADH regulates the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule in response to changes in plasma pH. True/False

False (collecting duct)

Severe electrolyte disturbance is most likely to occur with the overuse of which of the following classes of diuretics? Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Loop diuretics Aldosterone antagonists ADH antagonists

Loop diuretics

The substance that is predominately reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is water. True/False

False (impermeable to water, sodium is predominately reabsorbed)

The urine concentration mechanism does not involve the participation of which of the following structures? Loop of Henle Vasa recta Peritubular capillaries Collecting duct

Peritubular capillaries

Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are strongly influenced by the pH and oxygen content of the CSF. True/False

Flase

Sympathetic stimulaiton will cause which of the following effects? Cardioacceleration Arteriolar-constriction Veno-constriction All of the above

All of the above

Reabsorption of glucose, AAs, and anions from the ultra filtrate occur as a symport process with sodium ions in the early proximal tubule. True/False

False (secondary active transport process; proximal convoluting tubule)

The enzyme that regulates reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the tubular nephron is ____. Monoamine oxidase Carbonic anhydrase Renin ACE

Carbonic anhydrase

The anion that is reabsorbed from the ultra filtrate in the late proximal tubule of the nephron is bicarbonate. True/False

False (Cl- is reabsorbed)

Aldosterone mediated sodium ion reabsorption occurs in which part of the tubular nephron? Proximal convoluted tubule Proximal straight tubule Ascending thick limb Distal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

The sodium pump is located on the luminal membrane of the tubular cells of the nephron. True/False

False

Sympathetic stimulation will not cause which of the following effects? Postivie inotrophic effect Capillary constriction Veno-constriction All of the above

Capillary constriction

Concentration higher in the efferent arteriolar blood ``` Plasma proteins Glucose reabsorption Bicarbonate ion reabsorption Chloride reabsorption Hyperkalemia ```

Plasma proteins

Carbon dioxide is transported by hemoglobin in the form of ____. Hydrogen ions Reduced hemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ions

Carbaminohemoglobin

Which of the following statements is not correct regarding plasma proteins? Plasma proteins osmotically help maintain BV Albumin deficiency can cause edema Histamine causes oncotic pressure of plasma to increase Liver damage can cause hypoalbuminemia

Histamine causes oncotic pressure of the plasma to increase

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves will cause the bronchioles to dilate. True/False

False (constrict)

Peritubular capillaries are derived from afferent arterioles in the glomerular network. True/False

False (efferent)

Involves diaphragmatic contractions Slow cation influx Septal cells Ciliated epithelia Rapid potassium efflux

Passive inhalation

Which of the following states is/are correct regarding plasma proteins? Plasma proteins osmotically help maintain BV Plasma protein deficiency can cause edema Endothelial retraction causes oncotic pressure of the ISF to increase All of the above

All of the above

Angiotension II is formed by the enzyme ____ that is secreted by the vascular endothelium in the ____. Renin; kidneys Renin; lungs ACE; lungs ACE; kidneys

Ace; lungs

The diluting segment of the nephron is the thin descending limb of Henle’s loop. True/False

False (thick ascending)

Hydrochloric acid is secreted into the gastric lumen to begin protein digestion by which of the following cells of the gastric mucosa? Parietal cells Chief cells G cells Mucous cells

Parietal cells

Ammonia secretion in the collecting duct buffers hydrogen ions that are excreted and prevents damage to the tubular cells. True/False

True

Blocked by loop diuretics ``` Plasma proteins Glucose reabsorption Bicarbonate ion reabsorption Chloride reabsorption Hyperkalemia ```

Chloride reabsorption

When the plasma level of ADH is low, the permeability of the collecting duct to water is ____. Lower than normal Higher than normal Unchanged from normal

Lower than normal

The volume of air that is normally exchanged during quiet breathing is the ____. Tidal volume Residual volume Forced vital capacity Inspiratory reserve volume

Tidal volume

ADH regulates the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule in response to changes in plasma pH. True/False

False (collecting duct)

Reabsorption of glucose, AAs, and anions from the ultra filtrate occur as a symport process with sodium ions in the early proximal tubule. True/False

False (secondary active transport process; proximal convoluting tubule)

Peritubular capillaries are derived from afferent arterioles in the glomerular network. True/False

False (efferent)

Quiet, passive exhalation involves contraction of which of the following muscles? Internal intercostals External intercostals Diaphragm None of the above

None of the above

Particulates are cleared from the alveolar region by macrophages. True/False

True

Pacemaker activity and conduction velocity in the heart can be suppressed by which of the following conditions? Hypernatremia Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Hypermagnesemia

Hyperkalemia

Alveolar collpase due to lack of surfactant is most likely to occur ____. Beginning of inspiration End of inspiration Beginning of expiration End of expiration

End of expiration

Which of the following conditions will not cause hyperkalemia? Exercise Acidosis Cell lysis Insulin

Insulin

Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action potential ``` Slow Ca2+ influx Rapid Ca2+ influx Rapid Na+ influx Slow K+ efflux Rapid K+ efflux ```

Rapid K+ efflux

Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are strongly influenced by the pH and oxygen content of the CSF. True/False

Flase

The primary function of aldosterone is to prevent hypokalemia. True/False

False (retain sodium)

Creatinine clearance is a measure of renal plasma flow. True/False

True

Most of the water content is present in which of the following fluid compartments of the body? Blood ISF ICF ECF

ICF

Respiratory activity is primarily under the control of ____. Hypothalamic neurons Pneumotaxic center in the pons Respiratory neurons in the medulla None of the above

Respiratory neurons in the medulla

Adequate secretion of the intrinsic factor is a pre-req for absorption of which of the following nutrients? Vit A Vit D Vit C Vit B12

Vit B12

Ammonia secretion in the collecting duct buffers hydrogen ions that are excreted and prevents damage to the tubular cells. True/False

True

Which of the following substances regulates mineral balance in the body? Renin Aldosterone ADH ACE

Aldosterone

Plasma concentration of which of the following hormones will be expected to increase as compensation when BP rises? Aldosterone ADH ANP Oxytocin

ANP

Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action potential Slow cation influx Septal cells Ciliated epithelia Rapid potassium efflux

Rapid potassium efflux

ADH is synthesized and secreted in response to hyperosmolar plasma from the posterior pituitary gland. True/False

False

Which part of the nephron is lined with brush border epithelium? Glomerular filtration barrier Proximal convoluted tubule Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle Distal convoluted tuble

Proximal convoluted tubule

The indicator molecule used to determine renal plasma flow is insulin. True/False

False

Solute reabsorption from the ultrafiltrate in the tubular nephron is energy dependent. True/False

False (not energy dependent)

Causes rapid depolarization phase of rhythmic action potentials ``` Slow Ca2+ influx Rapid Ca2+ influx Rapid Na+ influx Slow K+ efflux Rapid K+ efflux ```

Slow Ca2+ influx

Causes partial depolarization phase of plateau action potentials ``` Slow Ca2+ influx Rapid Ca2+ influx Rapid Na+ influx Slow K+ efflux Rapid K+ efflux ```

Slow K+ efflux