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1
Q

3 Domains in Woese-Fox system

A

above kingdom level: Eurkarya, Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

Taxonomy hierarchy

A

8: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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3
Q

culture

A

observable growth in/on medium

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4
Q

media

A

liquid or solid enviro where microorganism can be inoculated

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5
Q

alpha hemolysis

A

partial hemolysis of RBC

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6
Q

beta hemolysis

A

complete hemolysis of RBC

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7
Q

gamma hemolysis

A

no hemolysis

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8
Q

bacillus arrangement

A

3: diplo b,
strepto b,
palisades (butterfly, exclusive)

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9
Q

coccus arrangement

A 
6: coccus, 
diplo c, 
strepto c, 
staphylo c *exclusive*
tetrad,  *exclusive*
sarcinae *exclusive*
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10
Q

spiral arrangement

A

always singular, 3: vibrio, spirillum and spirochete

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11
Q

vibrios

A

curved comma w/ polar flagella

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12
Q

sprillia

A

large helical w/ polar flagella

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13
Q

spirochetes

A

corkscrew without polar flagella

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14
Q

slime layer

A

thin layer loosely attached glyccocalyx (sugar coat)

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15
Q

capsule

A

thick, shell-like, firmly attached glyccocalyx (sugar coat)

eg. Streptococcus pneumonia - hard to phagocytize

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16
Q

gram stain reactions

A

gram + purple

gram - pink

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17
Q

binary fission

A

prokaryote cell division

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18
Q

mycoplasma

A

no cell wall, acid fast stain + due to waxy mycolic acid

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19
Q

chitin

A

fungi cell wall

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20
Q

cellulose

A

plant and algae cell wall

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21
Q

phospholipids

A

component of all cell membranes, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group and glycerol molecule

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22
Q

2 types hyphae

A
  1. septae - fungi and fleshy mushrooms, long filaments w/ crosswalls;
  2. coencytic - no speta, long continuous cells w/ many nuclei;
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23
Q

mycelium & 2 types

A

a mass of hyphae

  1. aerial/repro -grows above surface w/ spores;
  2. vegetative - beneath media surface (to obtain nutrients)
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24
Q

yeast fermentation

A

w/o O2 produce alcohol

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25
pH
bacteria: 6.5-7.5 | mold/yeasts: 5-6
26
budding
yeast repro: mitosis where one cells receives most of the cytoplasm and the smaller cell (bud) remains attached to the larger one
27
Spores & sub-types
Mushrooms: 1. Sexual Spores - roduced by individual fungi through mitosis. Subtypes: A. Sporangiospores - contains saclike head, sporangium, attached to a stalk, sporangiophore. B. Conidia/Conidiospores- are "free" spores, not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac. C. Some fungi produce sexual spores, like that in mushrooms.
28
DINOFLAGELLATES
unicellular planktonic algae, pathogenic to humans: 1. red tide; 2. paralytic shellfish poisoning (dinos eaten by mollusks are then eaten by humans)
29
KELP/BROWN ALGAE
Protestia, large Kelp in Ocean, Algin used as thickener in ice cream also rubber tires and lotion
30
RED ALGAE
Protestia, Deep Ocean, Agar used to thicken evaporated milk, red pigments allow blue light to be absorbed, Can photosynthesize at depth
31
GREEN ALGAE
Plantae, micro pond scum, eg. spirogyra
32
cysts
in adverse conditions protozoa form protective capsule, no flagella
33
pseudopod
false foot used for movement of amoeba
34
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
viruses - outside host: nonliving, complex chemicals inside host: simple, minute living microbes
35
capsid/protein coat
virus: surrounds virus nucleic acid; virus morphology (4 groups) based on capsid, subunits called capsomeres
36
viral multiplication/virus life cycle (in order)
1. adsorption/attachment; 2. penetration; 3. synthesis; 4. assembly/maturation; 5. release
37
spikes
present on some enveloped viruses
38
phage lysozome
breaks down bacteria cell wall, attachment point for virus
39
psychrophiles
cold loving microbes
40
mesophiles
moderate temp loving
41
thermophiles
heat loving microbes
42
DNA nucleotide
1 phosphate group +1 deoxyribose sugar, 1 of 4 nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G) - found free floating within nuclear area or within DNA molecule
43
RNA types
3: m-RNA; t-RNA and ribosomal-RNA
44
RNA nucleotide
1 phosphate groups/molecules | 1 ribose sugar, 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases (A,U,C,G)
45
Base pairings - DNA and RNA
DNA: A=T and C=G RNA: A=U and C=G
46
RNA polymerase
enzyme that "scans" the DNA molecule for a particular code or the promoter region aka "start signal" for transcription (always TAC)
47
simultaneous transcription and translation
Only in bacteria (prokaryotic cells)
48
stop/terminator codons x3
ATT; ATC or ACT
49
MARGINATION
sticking of phagocytes to blood vessels as blow flow slows to infection site
50
DIAPEDESIS
passage of phagocytes through the intact walls of endothelial cells of blood vessels to reach infected site
51
OPONIZATION
attachment of the phagocyte to the microbe to allow easier phagocytosis
52
complement
20 diff non specific serum proteins in blood plasma activated by presence of foreign cell; enhance lysing, inflammatory resp, improved opsonization
53
interferon
antiviral produced by fibroblasts and lymphocytes, interfere with viral multiplication x3: alpha, beta and gamma
54
transferrins
iron binding proteins in blood starve bacteria
55
peptidoglycan in cell walls
bacteria
56
no peptidoglycan
archaea
57
not sensitive to antibios
eukarya
58
most sensitive to antibios
bacteria
59
optimal temp for microorganisms
20-40 degrees C
60
Pasteur
disproved spontaneous generation, aseptic techniques, pasteurization
61
neutrophils
first on scene, within 1st hour
62
monocytes
24hrs, become macrophages when leave blood and enter tissue "wandering macrophages"
63
Koch
cattle/anthrax, postulates - microorganisms can cause disease

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