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final Flashcards

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1
Q

responses of expired Ventilation rate (VE)

A

exercise response: increases w a breakaway at AnT
Rest: no change
Submax: lower
maximal: higher

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2
Q

responses of oxygen uptake rate (VO2)

A

exercise: increases linearly
rest: no change
submax: slightly lower
max: higher

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3
Q

Responses of CO2 production rate (VCO2)

A

exercise: increases w a breakaway at AnT
rest: no change
submit: lower
max: higher

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4
Q

how does training affect VE, VO2, VCO2

A

trained people have lower ventilation rate than untrained during submax due to:

1) increased ability for gas exchange w circulation (greater capitalization, larger lung volume, greater alveolar ventilation rate, greater blood volume and hemoglobin levels.
2. decreased sensitivity of chemoreceptors to respiratory stimulators such as CO2 and lactate in blood

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5
Q

what causes breakaway in VE and VCO2 at AnT?

A
  • increase in workload
  • above AnT expired ventilation rate, CO2 production rate, and lactic acid production rate
  • accelerated rates of VCO2
  • increase in PCO2, decrease in pH stimulate VE breakaway
  • increase in lactic acid production= greater buffering of lactate by sodium bicarbonate.
  • so, accelerated rates of VCO2 and increased blood lactic acid level stimulate the observed acceleration in VE
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6
Q

primary muscle fiber types and energy sources used prior to AnT

A
  • SO and FOG primarily recruited

- fat is predominant fuel source

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7
Q

primary muscle fiber types and energy sources used post AnT

A
  • anaerobic metabolism for energy production
  • carbs primary fuel source
  • FT GLYCOLYTIC is main, but FOG and and SO are still recruited to lesser extent.
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8
Q

why does trained ind. have lower VE than untrained during submax exercise?

A
  1. increased ability for gas exchange
  2. decreased sensitivity of chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata, aortic arch, carotid bodies, to respiratory stimulators such as CO2 and lactate in blood.
    - greater alveolar ventilation rate VA
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9
Q

how does depth of tidal volume and rate of breathing differ between a trained and untrained person during exercise?

A
  • trained individuals have a slow and deep breathing pattern.
  • untrained have shallow and rapid breathing pattern resulting in greater alveolar ventilation rate (VA).
  • slow and deep breathing due to neural adjustments.
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10
Q

Partial pressure of O2 (PO2) and CO2 (PCO2) and how they relate to concept of diffusion gradient

A
  • partial pressure: barometric pressure times concentration of gas in a medium
  • 100 mmHg in alveoli for PO2
  • 40mmHg for PCO2
  • due to dilution of atmospheric air w residual lung gases.
  • O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries
  • CO2 diffuses from pulmonary capillaries to alveoli.
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11
Q

why does trained ind. have lower VCO2 than untrained during submax exercise?

A
  1. lower production of CO2 in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA as well as krebs cycle
  2. less buffering of lactic acid into CO2 and H2O as less lactic acid is produced at same time as submit workload.
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12
Q

why does trained ind. have lower VO2 than untrained during submax exercise?

A

-improved metabolic and/or biomechanics efficiency

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13
Q

when is PO2 highest in blood?

A

when saturation of hemoglobin and oxygen are great

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14
Q

how much time is available for gas exchange in the alveoli and muscle capillaries during rest and exercise?

A
  • .75 seconds at rest
  • 0.3-.4 sec during heavy exercise.
  • only needs .3 sec for compete gas exchange to occur
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15
Q

what factors affect pulmonary diffusion capacity?

A
  • characteristics of the alveolar membrane,
  • interstitial fluid and capillary membranes as well as plasma levels,
  • and red blood cell and hemoglobin levels
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16
Q

does pulmonary diffusion capacity increase when going from rest to submax and max workloads?

A

yes, due to dilation of capillaries surrounding the alveoli which increases contact area between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.

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17
Q

why do trained persons have a greater pulmonary diffusion capacity at rest as well as during submax and max workloads?

A

due to larger lung volume and increased capillarization around the alveoli.

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18
Q

what factors determine total amount of oxygen in the blood

A

-diffusion gradient and characteristics of blood.

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19
Q

primary way oxygen is transported in blood

A

by hemoglobin- a relatively large molecule found in RBCs.

small amount O2 dissolved in blood

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20
Q

main factor determining the amount of hemoglobin saturated w oxygen

A
  • higher the PO2, the greater the saturation of hemoglobin and oxygen
  • oxygen carrying capacity- improved by training
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21
Q

how does sigmoidal shape of hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve affect oxygen loading in the lungs and oxygen availability to muscle tissue?

A
  • the Hb-O2 dissociation curve works in conjunction w the diffusion gradient to increase oxygen availability to tissue.
  • in this curve, hemoglobin is almost completely saturated w oxygen in the lungs where the PO2 is 100 mgHg.
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22
Q

what is meant by statement that hemoglobin is an allosteric protein?

A
  • allosteric refers to interaction od spatially distinct sites.
  • since Hb is allosteric, O2 availability is enhanced by 2-fold bc the binding and release of oxygen is cooperative.
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23
Q

cooperatively between hemoglobin and the binding to and the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin

A
  • binding of oxygen to one heme enhances binding of oxygen to other heme groups.
  • release of oxygen from one heme group enhances release of oxygen from other heme groups
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24
Q

what causes hemoglobin oxygen dissociation to curve to shift to the right?

A
  • increased rates of metabolism shift it into more of a deoxyhemoglobin state.
  • factors:
    1. decrease in pH, increase in PCO2
    2. temp
    3. 2,3-DPG levels
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25
how does the shift to the right affect loading of hemoglobin w oxygen in the lung capillaries and unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the muscle tissue capillaries?
- minimal effect on loading of oxygen in the lungs - oxygen availability to tissue is significantly increased due to reduction in affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and so saturation of hemoglobin w oxygen is reduced.
26
how is availability of oxygen to muscle tissue affected by the partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of CO2, and the hydrogen ion concentration in the muscle tissue and muscle tissue capillaries?
- bohr effect | - higher levels of PCO2 and H+ ions in muscle capillaries enhance release of oxygen from hemoglobin
27
what is the first major adaptation to high alt that occurs after about 48 hours of high alt exposure, which increases oxygen availability to muscle tissue?
- an increase in 2,3 DPG levels. | - increases oxygen availability to tissue by approximately 26 fold.
28
what is epogen?
mimics the effects of erythropoietin by stimulating RBC production in the bone marrow
29
how to get rid of lactic acid
oxidation
30
2 variables
VO2 and HR
31
how does epogen affect red blood cell and hemoglobin concentrations, the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, and viscosity of the blood?
-increase viscosity, which increases overload on the myocardium and may lead to cardiac arrest
32
how pressure gradient and peripheral resistance affects cardiac output.
- During exercise, the pressure gradient increases due to the increase in stoke volume and heart rate. Increase in blood volume = increases pressure gradient and cardiac output. - resistance inversely related to cardiac output. (increase in resistance decreases cardiac output and vice versa)
33
how pressure gradient changes in arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, and veins
- blood flows from high pressure to low pressure. - starts from left ventricle of heart into aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins, and back into the right atrium of the heart
34
best overall indicator of pressure gradient or driving force of blood
mean arterial pressure which is calculated as diastolic pressure plus 1/3 the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
35
what factors enhance the venous return of blood?
- muscle pumping - ventilatory or respiratory pumping due to changes in thoracic and ab cavities pressure - vasoconstriction of veins
36
factors affecting peripheral resistance
increased when..... - viscosity of blood increases, - the length of the circulatory pathway increases, or - vasoconstriction occurs
37
how can cardiac output be increased or decreased
- INCREASE: during light to heavy exercise the percent of cardiac output distributed to skeletal muscle and skin tend to increase - DECREASE: % of cardiac output distributed to the kidneys, abdomen, brain, and other tissues to the body decrease
38
how can peripheral resistance be increased or decreased
Increase: arteries constrict decrease: arteries dilate
39
how oxygen extraction, stroke volume, heart rate, and the oxygen carrying capacity of blood affect an individuals ability to meet the oxygen demand of the body?
an ultimate increase in SV and or HR would increase cardiac output
40
Frick equation
O2 uptake rate (VO2) = cardiac output (Q) times O2 extraction (A - V O2 difference)
41
oxygen in blood dependent on
1. ventilation (VE) 2. pulmonary diffusion gradient and characteristics of diffusion pathway 3. diffusion gradient and diffusion time 4. altitude above 1500 m for every increase of 1000m, vo2 max decreases by 10% 5. characteristics of blood RBC and hemoglobin levels
42
how do stroke volume and HR affect cardiac output
-increases in Q (cardiac output) from rest up to moderate workloads is due both to an increase in SV as well as an increase in HR
43
How EDV and ESV affect stroke volume ?
-increase in EDV and/or decrease in ESV increase SV
44
training affecting EDV and ESV
- training increases EDV - ESV is directly related to contractility of the myocardium and peripheral resistance. Contractility of the heart is increased thru resistance training (also increased wall thickness)
45
factors affecting EDV and ESV
-EDV directly related to anatomical (ventricular) volume of the heart and venous return of blood to the heart.
46
acute responses to exercise
- pulmonary: increase respiratory rate and pulmonary diffusion - circulatory: increase systolic blood pressure, but no change in diastolic, increase distribution of blood flow to muscle tissue , decrease in peripheral resistance to blood flow - cardiac: increase in HR, SV, cardiac output - metabolic:
47
how altitude affects oxygen carrying of the blood and other cardiorespiratory responses
- high alt = low Patm = low PO2 - decrease arterial saturation w O2 bc of increase time required for complete diffusion of gases. for every 2000 meter increase above 1500 m, VO2 max decreases by 10%
48
how O2 enrichment affects oxygen carrying of the blood and other cardiorespiratory responses (>20.93%)
increase arterial saturation w/ O2 ad increase VO2 max,
49
how smoking affects oxygen carrying of the blood and other cardiorespiratory responses
increases airway resistance | -increases carbon monoxide
50
how blood doping affects oxygen carrying of the blood and other cardiorespiratory responses
infusion or rein fusion of RBCs
51
how is CO2 transported in blood
-about 7-10% is dissolved in the blood
52
hows lactic acid buffered in the blood
combines w sodium bicarbonate to form a weaker carbonic acid and sodium lactate. then dissociates into H2O and CO2.
53
principles of ex phys
1. peak rate muscle contraction- myosin ATPase and size of motor axon 2. max force a muscle can generate dependent on actin myosin 3. continuation of muscle contraction
54
factors affecting O2 debt
- replenish (phosphogen) based on oxidative metabolism [alactaid phase] - lactate degradation (sweat, urine, amino acid production glycogenesis, OXIDATION) (lactate phase] - elevated VO2 due to: myocardial and pulmonary ms metabolism, hormonal stem of metabolism - O2 debt > O2 deficit
55
alactacid
50% in 30 sec, 100% in 2-3 min - "resting recovery" - ATP-CP replenish
56
lactacid
50% in 25-30 min, 100%in 1-2 hours | -lactate removal
57
when using active recovery what intensity should exercise be
moderate intensity
58
phosphagen work time, # repetitions and sets, work/rest ratio, type of recovery
- 0-30 sec - 4-sets, 8-10x - 1/3 ratio - passive recovery - 95% min HR
59
anaerobic glycolytic work time, # repetitions and sets, work/rest ratio, type of recovery
- 30-60 sec, 4-5 sets, 5x, 1/3 - 60-120 sec, 2-3 sets, 5 x, 1/2 - 2-3 min, 1-2 sets, 4-6x, 1/2 - active recovery - 90%
60
oxidative work time, # repetitions and sets, work/rest ratio, type of recovery
-3-5 min, 1 set, 3-4x -1/1 ratio -passive recovery 85%
61
power
work/time
62
strength
max force from one contraction
63
muscular endurance
measure of work capacity under moderate to high resistance loads. it mainly depends on strength and anaerobic capabilities
64
isometric (3)
no movement. can provide max overload
65
concentric(2+)
force>resistance. mvmt in direction of force vector. overload can be near maximal but speed will slow *extremes in ROM
66
eccentric (2-)
force
67
isokinetic (1)
force>resistance; overload can be maximal.
68
coronary heart disease factors
hypertension hypercholesterolemia cigarette smoking obesity
69
side effects of exogenous intake
liver or kidney damage - sterility - closure of long bone growth - severe acne - masculiniation
70
interval training
repeated periods of work are mixed w periods of active or passive rest using fixed work/rest ratios

Exercise Phys (3 decks)

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