Lecture 1

Question 1

cerebrum

Answer 1

(motor cortex, premotor cortex, sensory cortex) main portion of the brain occupying the upper part of the cranial cavity. The cerebral cortex is a thin layer of gray matter that is folded into gyri with about 2/3 of the matter buried into the depths of fissures; it reaches its development in man and is responsible for higher mental functions, movement, visceral functions, perception, behavioral reactions, and for the association and integration of these functions. Major areas of concern for movement are the motor cortex and sensory cortex

Question 2

Motor cortex

Answer 2

consists of primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex; the motor cortex lies anterior to the central sulcus and occupies approximately the posterior third of the frontal lobes.

Question 3

premotor cortex

Answer 3

lies anterior to the motor cortex; causes general patterns of movement involving groups of muscles that perform specific tasks and along with the basal ganglia and thalamus , the premotor cortex is involved the unconscious fine tuning of muscle activity required for highly-skilled movements. The extrapyramidal system originates in the premotor cortex.

Question 4

sensory cortex

Answer 4

lies posterior to the central sulcus and relays info into the motor cortex for control of motor activities.

Question 5

basil ganglia

Answer 5

collection or cuter of cell bodies that make-up the central gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres. The basal ganglia functions in muscle tone, control of mvmt. Lesions in this area may result in jerky, rapid involuntary mvmt and/or paralysis depending on nuclei damaged.

Question 6

thalamus

Answer 6

acts primarily as a relay station of sensory input as well as interpretation of some sensory input, such as pain, temp, crude pressure, and touch

Question 7

cerebellum

Answer 7

hindbrain, concerned with coordination of mvmt

Question 8

brainstem

Answer 8

composed of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain; located superior to spinal cord

Question 9

medulla oblongata

Answer 9

controls heart rate, blood flow, equilibrium, swallowing and salivation, and reparation along with pons; contains all ascending as well as descending tracts that communicate between the spinal cord and various parts of the brain as well as the decussation of pyramids.

Question 10

pons

Answer 10

acts as a bridge between the spinal cord and brain as well as between various parts of the brain; controls respiration along with the medulla oblongata; also involved in facial/neck sensations and the regulation of facial expressions, eye mvmt, taste, salivation, and equilibrium

Question 11

midbrain

Answer 11

connects to pons to lower diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) and spinal cord sensory fibers to diencephalon; conveys sensations of touch, proprioception, and vibrations to the thalamus; also, it is involved in the regulation of eye movement, pupil size, and lens shape.

Question 12

pyramidal system

Answer 12

neural impulses originate in the motor cortex of the brain; the motor tracts synapse w motor neurons in the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord and innervate those muscles involved in specific movements .Of the pyramidal motor track, 90% cross-over at the decussation of the pyramids and 10% are ipsilateral (descend along the same side/do no cross over). Early training of motor

Question 13

extrapyramidal

Answer 13

neural impulses originate in the premotor cortex of the cerebral cortex; the neural tracts do not synapse directly with motor neurons but go thru the motor nuclei, pons, and cerebellum. *involved in general movement patters and highly skilled movements

Question 14

sensory receptors

Answer 14

(muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors) provide feedback to the central nervous system. Proprioceptors in general sense position, length, tension, pressure, and temperature in a muscle and hence, regulate rate of change in length as well as facilitating kinesthetic awareness.

Question 15

muscle spindles

Answer 15

proprioceptors located in intrafusal muscle fibers which lie parallel to the extrafusal (normal) muscle fibers.

Question 16

golgi tendon organs

Answer 16

proprioceptors located in muscles at their junctions with tendons and in ligaments of joints. Act as a protective mechanism. facilitate the recruitment of additional motor units in order to maintain force production. Also appear to help equalize the contractile forces of separate muscle fibers.

Question 17

joint receptors

Answer 17

(end bulbs of Krause, pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini corpuscles) found in tendons, ligaments, bone, muscle, and joint capsules where they provide sensory info regarding going angle, acceleration at the joint, and the degree of deformation brought about by pressure.

** greatly contribute to kinesthetic awareness as they provide info regarding body awareness.

Question 18

limbic system

Answer 18

(hypothalamus and related structures) provides input to the motor cortex regarding motivation drives and needs

Question 19

ipsilateral

Answer 19

on the same side

Question 20

proprioceptors

Answer 20

sensory receptor that receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement

Question 21

intrafusal fibers (component of muscle spindle apparatus)

Answer 21

muscle fibers within a muscle spindle which run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers involved in gross muscular contraction.

Question 22

gamma motor neurons (component of muscle spindle fiber)

Answer 22

activate intrafusal muscle fiber

Question 23

annulospiral endings (component of muscle spindle apparatus)

Answer 23

sensory receptors that detect the length or stretch on the intrafusal muscle fibers

Question 24

sensory afferent neurons (component of muscle spindle apparatus)

Answer 24

carries info back to spinal cord

Question 25

3 functions of muscle spindles

Answer 25

1) sense length of fibers 2) reflex contraction 3) coactivation

Question 26

motor unit

Answer 26

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

Question 27

extrafusal muscle fibers

Answer 27

innervated by alpha motor neurons, and generate tension by contracting, allowing skeletal movement.

Question 28

physiological characteristics of a motor neuron

Answer 28

FT: large cell bodies, thicker axons, require high levels of neural stimulation in order to depolarize and propagate neural impulses. propagate neural impulses faster than ST motor units. used less frequently. used during maximal effort (high intensity) slow speeds, high intensity fast speeds of mvmt, low intensity, long duration tasks when ST motor units become fatigued ST: smaller cell bodies, thinner axons. require lower levels of neural stimulation in order to depolarize and propagate neural impulses. propagate neural impulses slower than FT motor units. used more frequently. used during high intensity, slow movements and during low intensity, long duration tasks. - motor units w smaller bodies are generally recruited first followed by motor units whose neurons have larger cell body (FT).

Question 29

neuron

Answer 29

nerve cell

Question 30

soma

Answer 30

cell body of a neuron

Question 31

axon

Answer 31

process of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body

Question 32

dendrite

Answer 32

portion of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body

Question 33

Schwann cell

Answer 33

responsible for producing myelin

Question 34

node of Ranvier

Answer 34

portion of myelinated (lipid and protein covering) axon which is not covered by myelin sheath; important for saltatory conduction as impulse "jumps" from one node of Ranvier to the next allowing for fast nerve impulse conduction.

Question 35

synapse

Answer 35

point of contact where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another

Question 36

pre-synaptic membrane

Answer 36

membrane proximal to a synapse

Question 37

post-synaptic membrane

Answer 37

membrane distal to synapse

Question 38

synaptic cleft

Answer 38

gap between pre and post synaptic membranes

Question 39

synaptic vesicle

Answer 39

vesicles in the axon terminal where neurotransmitters (Ach) are stored

Question 40

neurotransmitters

Answer 40

(ACh and gamma amino butyric acid) chemical substance that is released from the pre synaptic axon terminal; diffuse across the synaptic cleft and initiates an action potential in the post-synaptic membrane and the influx of Na++ stimulates an electrical current

Question 41

epimysium

Answer 41

connective tissue surrounding a muscle; connects into tendon at the origin insertion of the muscle

Question 42

perimysium

Answer 42

connective tissue surrounding a fasciculous or a group of muscle fibers

Question 43

endomysium

Answer 43

connective tissue surrounding a muscle cell or fiber

Question 44

sarcolemma

Answer 44

muscle cell membrane

Question 45

sarcoplasm

Answer 45

cytoplasm of muscle cell; site of anaerobic metabolism; contains myoglobin, fat, glycogen, phosphocreatine, ATP, mitochondria (site of cellular oxidation or aerobic metabolism; powerhouse of a cell), and hundreds of myofibrils (threadlike protein strands).

Question 46

mitochondria

Answer 46

site of cellular oxidation or aerobic metabolism; powerhouse of a cell

Question 47

myofibril

Answer 47

threadlike protein strands. within myofibrils are sarcomeres

Question 48

sarcomere

Answer 48

functional or contractional units of the muscle cell. within sarcomere are actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

Question 49

actin

Answer 49

thin protein myofilaments

Question 50

myosin

Answer 50

thick protein myofilaments. each myosin myofilament is surrounded by 6 or more actin myofilaments

Question 51

cross bridge of S1 head of myosin

Answer 51

extensions on myosin

Question 52

tropomyosin

Answer 52

Attached or surrounding the actin myofilaments. long thin molecules that lie on the surface of the actin strand

Question 53

troponin

Answer 53

globular molecules. Tropomyosin molecules are embedded here.

Question 54

Z line

Answer 54

anchored to the sarcolemma where they (1) lend stability to sarcomere, (2) keep actin myofilaments in line (actin are attached to Z lines), and (3) play a role in a transmission of nervous impulses from the sarcolemma to the myofibrils

Question 55

I bands

Answer 55

light areas near the Z lines consisting of thin, actin myofilaments

Question 56

A bands

Answer 56

dark areas consisting of both the thin myofilaments and the thick, myosin myofilaments

Question 57

H zone

Answer 57

slight variation in the shading of the A band due to absence of the actin myofilaments

Question 58

sarcoplasm reticulum

Answer 58

network of tubules and vesicles surrounding myofibrils within a muscle cell; consists of T tubes, which are parallel to Z lines, longitudinal tubules which run parallel to myofibrils, and cisternae (stores Ca++).

Question 59

Triad

Answer 59

2 cisternae and T tubule

Question 60

H zone and I band during muscle contraction

Answer 60

they shorten, causing z lines to get closer

Question 61

basic functional unit of a muscle cell

Answer 61

sarcomere

Question 62

2 roles of calcium during muscle contraction

Answer 62

1) influx of Ca++ into the axon terminal stimulates the release of AcH (Contraction- step 1) 2) binding of calcium to regulatory sites on troponin remove the inhibition between actin and myosin (contraction- step 4)

Question 63

3 roles of ATP in muscle contraction

Answer 63

1) release of previously stored energy drives the power stroke of the myosin S-1 head resulting in the pulling (sliding) of actin over myosin (Contraction- step 5) 2) new molecule of ATP binds to myosin S-1 head causing the dissociation of actin and myosin; myosin ATPase breaks ATP down into ADP, Pi, heat, and energy which is used to tilt the myosin S-1 head back down and away from actin to the resting, relaxed position (contraction- step 6) 3) ATP is used to actively pump Ca++ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum cistern when the nerve impulse stops (relaxation- step 1).

Question 64

3 fundamental principles of exercise phys

Answer 64

1) peak rate of muscle contraction (peak twitch rate) is dependent on myosin ATPase activity and the size (thickness) of the motor axon 2) maximal force (tension) that a muscle can generate is dependent on the amount of actin-myosin binding that is taking place 3) continuation of muscle contraction is dependent on the ability to recycle ATP

Question 65

How fast do twitches occur during sustained muscular contraction

Answer 65

100-200 per second

Question 66

3 basic types of muscle fibers

Answer 66

1) SO- slow twitch, type I, or red fibers 2) FOG- fast twitch oxidative glycolytic, type IIa, or intermediate 3) FG- fast twitch glycolytic, type IIb, or white

Question 67

3 basic types of muscle fibers

Answer 67

1) SO- slow twitch, type I, or red fibers 2) FOG- fast twitch oxidative glycolytic, type IIa, or intermediate 3) FG- fast twitch glycolytic, type IIb, or white

Question 68

2 methods used to determine muscle fiber types

Answer 68

1) staining the tissue for the presence of various anaerobic and oxidative enzyme as well as enzymatic indicator of muscle fiber contraction speed - stains for TWITCH based on MYOSIN ATPase: dark= fast twitch, light = slow twitch - stains for ENDURANCE based on SDH (succininc dehydrogenase): dark= high oxidative, light= low oxidative (or glycolytic). 2) Assessment of myosin ATPase stability under various alkalinity (high pH or base) and acidity (low pH conditions) - ST= acid stable and basic labile - FOG= basic stable and acid labile - FG= basic stable and acid labile, also some stability after intermediate acid exposure - llc= exhibited some stability at all of the pH conditions; typically represent 0-2% of total fibers, probably at most 5% *dark indicated stable myosin ATPase and light indicates labile myosin ATPase

Question 69

twitch and tension properties

Answer 69

FT motor units are much quicker to peak tension (30-40 msec) where ST motor units take longer (>100 msec) as FT motor units have greater concentrations of myosin ATPase and thicker axons; FT motor units also develop greater peak tension than ST motor units due to greater actin-myosin binding

Question 70

endurance properties

Answer 70

FG motor units drop to 20% of maximal force production after about 2 minutes of contraction. FOG motor units maintain 90% of maximal force production after 2 minutes, but drop to 20-30% after 60 minutes. SO motor units still maintain about 90% of max force after 60 min. *SO and FOG motor units have greater endurance capabilities due to greater oxidative characteristics (greater mitochondrial density, concentration off oxidative enzymes, capillary density, and intramuscular fat stores)

Question 71

Fast twitch motor units

Answer 71

- neurons have larger cell bodies - neurons have thicker axons - require higher levels of neural; stimulation in order to depolarize and propagate neural impulses - propagate neural impulses faster than ST motor units - used less frequently, but twitch at faster rates; used during max effort (high intensity) slow speeds of movement, high intensity fast speeds of movement, during low intensity, long duration tasks when ST motor units become fatigued, and during the initiation of movement and maintenance of balance.

Question 72

slow twitch motor units

Answer 72

- neurons have small cell bodies - thinner axons - require lower levels of neural stimulation in order to depolarize and propagate neural impulses - propagate neural impulses more slowly than FT motor units - used more frequently, but have slower twitch capabilities; used during high intensity, slow movements and during low intensity, long duration tasks

Question 73

size principle

Answer 73

motor units whose neurons have a smaller cell body (ex: ST motor units) are generally recruited first followed by motor units whose neurons have a larger cell body (FT motor units)

Question 74

what came first, motor neuron or fiber type?

Answer 74

cross innervation studies indicate that "neurons dominate the response characteristics of the muscle tissue" due to either (theories) axoplasmic flow of a genetic substance theory or use-disuse theory

Question 75

variability in muscle fiber types

Answer 75

- basically normal distribution in both men and women - 50% FT and ST for most individuals - muscle type differentiation probably begins prior to birth during fetal life due to genetics - men slightly greater ST fibers than females on avg - training can modify fiber type distribution - success is probably a product of both nature and nurture (genetics and training)

Question 76

motor unit

Answer 76

collection of commonly innervated fibers

Question 77

general characteristics of a motor unit

Answer 77

- each is homogenous in fiber type composition (either all SO, FOG, FG) - each type of motor unit differs in sensitivity to stimulation (SO is easiest, FG is hardest) - each operates on "all or none" principle: all fibers in unit are equally sensitive to neural stimuli

Question 78

Force production determinants

Answer 78

- # of fibers within active motor units - # of motor units activated - size of fibers within active motor units (Hypertrophy (size)) - balance between stimulation and inhibition neurotransmitters (ACh) vs Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) - frequency of impulses - initial length of muscle fibers: max tension is generated in a muscle when the length of the muscle is about 120% of resting length. **stretching increases actin and myosin binding - angle of pull: mechanical arrangement - architecture (configuration) of tendon and muscle fibers

Question 79

Fusiform

Answer 79

parallel fibers running the length of the muscle. longer muscle fibers have greater range of mvmt but greater injury risk

Question 80

penniform

Answer 80

fibers arranged diagonal to the direction of pull. short muscle fibers have short range of mvmt but great power and resistance to injury

Question 81

fatigue on force production

Answer 81

- metabolic by-products (lactic acid from anaerobic glycolysis, and ketone bodies from beta (fat) oxidation)= decrease pH which interferes w the Ca++ release, actin-myosin binding, and ATP breakdown, and myosin ATPase activity - depletion of neurotransmitter: neural fatigue - depletion of phosphagens

Question 82

factors influencing speed of mvmt

Answer 82

- thickness/ size of axon (ex: myelination) -myosin ATPase -muscle fiber type composition - Increase force vs decrease resistance increase acceleration= increase force/decrease mass -increase coordination

Question 83

hyperplasia

Answer 83

increase in muscle cells from training

Question 84

effects of training on muscle fiber type

Answer 84

* type 1= ST, type 2= FT - 18 weeks of aerobic and 11 weeks of anaerobic training resulted in significant increases in type 1 fibers and decreases in type 2c fibers in aerobically trained and opposite in anaerobic trained - sprint training increases the % of type 2 fibers by 23% and decrease in % of type 1 fibers after 6 weeks of training - THEREFORE, transformation in muscle fiber type w chronic activity is possible

Question 85

Does strength training compliment endurance training and does endurance training compliment sprint training?

Answer 85

- -addition of strength training to an endurance training program (low volume and low intensity; 1-3 sets of 8-10 exercises), will increase time to exhaustion while performing a submit workload (70-80% of LRM, 2-3 days/week) - addition of endurance training to a strength program may reduce or compromise the potential strength gains from strength training if frequency of strength training is more than 3 days per week and/or some muscle groups are used in training programs

Question 86

3 primary sources of fatigue

Answer 86

1) metabolic by-products- lactic acid accumulation 2) depletion of neurotransmitter (ACh in motor neuron axon terminal) 3) depletion of the intramuscular phosphagen stores (adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP))

Question 87

is rate of muscle fatigue related to muscle fiber type?

Answer 87

yes. greater distribution of fast twitch muscle fibers in the working muscles will result in an earlier onset of fatigue; fast twitch muscle fibers (particularly FT glycolytic FG) have much lower oxidative capabilities and endurance capabilities compared to ST oxidative muscle and to a certain extent, the FOG)

Question 88

primary factors influencing speed of mvmt

Answer 88

-dependent on thickness or myelination of the motor neuron axon and concentration of myosin ATPase in the muscle tissue. 1, about 25% of the difference in speed of mvmt capabilities can be attributed to amount of FT 2. greater force production, greater speed AND greater acceleration, greater speed. THEREFORE, increase in force production capabilities or a decrease in excess fat weight will increase potential speed 3. greater coordination via synchronous recruitment of agonist and antagonist muscle groups

Question 89

Anaerobic metabolic pathways (phosphagen (ATP-CP))

Answer 89

1) occurs in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell 2) substrates: ATP and CP 2) primary energy system during high intensity exercise beginning at the onset of exercise lasting for up to 20-30 sec of continuous activity 3) the power (kcal/min) is limited by enzymes involved in breakdown (myosin ATPase) and replenishment (creatine phosphokinase and adenylate kinase) of ATP 4) capacity is limited by the phosphagen stores in muscle tissue, which is greater in a trained individual as well as an individual w more muscle mass

Question 90

Anerobic metabolic pathways (Lactic acid)

Answer 90

1) occurs in sarcoplasm 2) substrates: glucose and glycogen 3) primary energy system during moderately high intensity for 30 sec- 2/3 min 4) power limited by enzymes involved in breakdown of glucose and glycogen (hexokinase, phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase) 5) capacity limited by body's tolerance to lactic acid. training increases individual's tolerance to lactic acid by reducing lactic acid production and or increasing lactic acid clearance during exercise

Question 91

Aerobic metabolic pathways (AEROBIC GLYCOLYTIC (CARBOHYDRATE OXIDATION))

Answer 91

1) occurs in mitochondria 2) substrates: glycogen and glucose 3) primary energy system during moderate intensity exercise lasting 4-5 min, up t0 2-3 hours of continuous activity 4) power limited by enzymes involved in breakdown of glucose and glycogen, enzymes involved oxidative process in mitochondria, and oxygen availability provided by cardiorespiratory and circulatory systems 5) capacity limited by muscle and liver glycogen stores in the body. Training and carb loading increases glycogen stores in the body; further, the ingestion of carb replacement fluids during exercise increases carb availability for aerobic glycolysis

Question 92

Aerobic metabolic pathways (BETA (FAT) OXIDATIVE METABOLISM)

Answer 92

1) occurs in mitochondria 2) substrates: free fatty acids from intramuscular triglyceride stores, and adipose tissue triglyceride 3) primary energy system, during low intensity exercise 4) power limited by enzymes involved in mobilization of fat, breakdown of fat, enzymes involved in oxidative process in mitochondria, and O2 availability provided by cardiorespiratory and circulatory systems 5) capacity limited by intramuscular and adipose fat stores in the body which is unlimited. BUT carbs are needed to "primp the pump" for fat utilization as an energy source. - training increases intramuscular fat stores

Question 93

glycogen sparing

Answer 93

during low to moderate intensity exercise, fat is primary energy source. however, some carbs are needed to prime the pump for fat usage. when citrate levels in krebs cycle are high, they will negatively feedback and inhibit PFK activity (rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis), which slows down rate of glycolysis. This is glycogen sparing ** when citrate inhibits PFK to spare glycogen to form oxaloacetate to prime the pump for fat usage

Question 94

Priming the pump

Answer 94

glycogen is spared (from glycogen sparing) to prime the pump for fat usage during low to moderate intensity exercise for long durations ** CHO-> pyruvate -> oxaloacetate which combines w acetyl CoA from fat to form citrate

Question 95

if carbs are not available to prime the pump for fat usage, the excess breakdown of fatty acids may result in the formation of what negative by-product?

Answer 95

ketone bodies- which will decrease pH and affect muscle contraction

Question 96

4 ways ATP is synthesized

Answer 96

1) oxidative metabolism's ability to accept pyruvate into Krebs cycle via formation of acetyl CoA or oxaloacetate, which is dependent on oxygen availability in ETS and enzymatic activity of the cytochromes in ETS, located in mitochondria 2) ability of electron transport system to accept NADH+H+ and FADH+H+, which is dependent on O2 availability in the ETS and enzymatic activity of cytochromes in ETS 3) ability to form alanine from the excessive breakdown of carbs, which is dependent on enzymatic activity of alanine transaminase (converts pyruvate into alanine) 4) ratio of M-LDH (forms lactate) to H-LDH (clears lactate); ratio tends to be higher in the fast twitch glycolytic fibers than Slow twitch oxidative fibers

Question 97

net ATP from anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid)

Answer 97

2 ATP

Question 98

net ATP from aerobic glycolysis (carbohydrate oxidation)

Answer 98

SKELETAL: 36 ATP CARDIAC: 38 ATP

Question 99

for every molecule of acetyl CoA that enters Krebs cycle, how many ATP can be synthesized?

Answer 99

12 ATP

Question 100

hoe many ATP can be synthesized in the electron transport system if NAD and FAD carry the pairs of H+ and their associated electrons from glycolysis, krebs cycle, or beta oxidation to the electron transport system

Answer 100

NADH+H (3 ATP) | FADH+H (2 ATP)

Question 101

how many acetyl CoA molecules can be formed from a triglyceride molecule

Answer 101

3?

Question 102

2 sources of fuel substrate and/or ATP from fat metabolism

Answer 102

- muscle lactate dehydrogenase (M-LDH): converts pyruvate in lactate - heart lactate dehydrogenase (H-LDH): converts lactate into pyruvate

Question 103

for each gram of fat and carb, about how many kcal may be yielded?

Answer 103

9kcal/gram

Question 104

4 fates of pyruvate

Answer 104

1) lactate (ANAEROBIC): decreases the pH of the muscle tissue thereby interfering w muscle contraction. Lactate is converted back into pyruvate for entrance into the Krebs cycle in the heart, liver, kidneys, and high oxidative slow twitch skeletal muscles 2) Alanine (ANAEROBIC): acts as reservoir for the excessive breakdown of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions, there minimizing the formation of lactate; alanine is converted back into glucose in the liver 3) Acetyl CoA (AEROBIC): acetyl CoA is the common entry molecule for both fats and carbs into Krebs cycle 4. Oxaloacetate (AEROBIC): the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate in order to combine w acetyl CoA from fat breakdown is known as priming the pump for fat usage

Question 105

ANAEROBIC phosphogen ATP-CP used during:

Answer 105

0-30 sec high intensity

Question 106

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS or LACTIC ACID used during:

Answer 106

30 sec- 3/4 min high intensity

Question 107

AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS or CARB OXIDATION used during

Answer 107

3/4 min- 2/3 hours moderate intensity

Question 108

AEROBIC BETA (FAT) OXIDATION used during

Answer 108

continuous low intensity

Question 109

hormones influencing mobilization of fat from adipose tissue

Answer 109

Hormones sensitive lipase (HSL)

Question 110

glylcogenolysis

Answer 110

FG fibers

Question 111

lipolysis

Answer 111

intramuscular (SO fibers-NEp) and adipose tissue (Ep and NEp)

Question 112

basic principles of carb loading

Answer 112

- effective and safe way of improving endurance performance in sporting events lasting longer than 60-80 min that are performed at an exercise intensity of 65-85% of max oxygen uptake or 75-85% of max heart rate. - appropriate for events such as distance cycling, running, swimming, and cross country skiing where muscle glycogen depletion is a factor limiting performance. - high carb diet will result in muscle glycogen super compensation thereby enhancing performance during moderate intensity, long duration exercise