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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

what will branchial efferent fibers from the cranial root of cranial nerve XI innervate

A

intrinsic skeletal muscles of the larynx

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2
Q

the cranial root of the eleventh cranial nerve is annexed by which nerve

A

vagus nerve

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3
Q

what location gives rise to the spinal root of the eleventh cranial nerve

A

spinal nucleus formed from the ventral horn of spinal cord levels C1-5

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4
Q

what is unique about the eleventh cranial nerve

A

it is the only cranial nerve to originate, in part, from the spinal cord and it is the only cranial nerve to be associated with the foramen magnum

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5
Q

what will branchial efferent fibers in the spinal root of cranial nerve XI innervate

A

sternocleidomastoideus and trapezius muscles

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6
Q

branches of the 12th cranial nerve provide somatic efferent innervation to which extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

genioglossus muscle, styloglossus muscle, and hyoglossus muscle

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7
Q

recurrent meningeal branches from the 12th cranial nerve will arise from what area of the cranial vault

A

dura mater of hte posterior cranial fossa

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8
Q

peripheral processes from sensory receptors in the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa will be conveyed from the 12th cranial nerve to what nerve

A

ventral ramus of the first cervical nerve

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9
Q

peripheral processes associated with the 12th cranial nerve arise from pseudounipolar afferent neurons at what location

A

teh dorsal root ganglion of C1

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10
Q

central processes from pseudounipolar afferent neurons associated with the 12th cranial nerve synapse at what location

A

dorsal horn of C1

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11
Q

what is hte morphological classification of afferent neurons in the dorsal nerve root ganglion

A

pseudounipolar neuron

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12
Q

what is the morphological classification of motor neurons

A

multipolar neurons

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13
Q

what are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve

A

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

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14
Q

what part of an afferent neuron is conveyed in the dorsal nerve root

A

central sensory process

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15
Q

what are the subdivisions of hte visceral division of the peripheral nerve system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

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16
Q

what is hte function of hte enteric nerve system

A

control of motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions, microcirculation and regulation of the immune and inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract

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17
Q

what are locations for neurons of the enteric nerve system

A

myenteric plexus of Auerbach and the submucosal plexus of Meissner

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18
Q

what is the presumed role of the interstitial cell of Cajal

A

they act as pacemakers for hte slow wave, continuous peristaltic activity of the gut

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19
Q

what function is primarily emphasized for the myenteric plexus of Auerbach

A

peristaltic activity along the gastrointestinal tract

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20
Q

what function is primarily emphasized for hte submucosal plexus of Meissner

A

influence on hte process of secretion/ absorption of the gut

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21
Q

other than ganglia or plexuses, in what additional location will neural crest cells associated with the sympathetic division be located

A

adrenal medulla

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22
Q

how many paravertebral ganglia are present in the adult

A

21 pair or 42 paravertebral ganglion

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23
Q

the superior cervical ganglion is the result of fusion of which paraverterbal ganglia

A

C1-4 paravertebral ganglion

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24
Q

the stellate ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglion

A

C7, C8, T1 paravertebral ganglia

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25
which paravertebral ganglia fuse to form the ganglion impar
both sacrococcygeal ganglia fuse in the midline, S5 and Co1 paravertebral ganglia on both sides fuse in the midline
26
what are the names of teh most consistent prevertebral ganglia
celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesentertic ganglion
27
which of the prevertebral nerve plexuses are more likely to contain secondary sympathetic neuron cell bodies
cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, celiac plexus and inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
28
based on hte target cell innervated, what are the classifications given to postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers
vasomotor fiber, pilomotor fiber, sudomotor fiber and secretomotor fiber
29
which paravertebral ganglia give rise to pelvic splanchnic nerves
none... these are parasympathetic efferent nerves
30
what rami will communicate with the paravertebral ganglia
white rami communicans, gray rami communicans, interganglionic rami communicans and splanchnic nerves
31
what is the termination of hte horizontal sympathetic neuronal pathway
smooth muscle or glandular tissure in the parietal wall of hte thorax and upper abdomen; territory roughly corresponding to the T1-12, L1-2 dermatomes
32
what is hte termination of hte ascending sympathetic neuronal pathway
smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the head, neck, and upper extremity
33
in the descending pathway, what is the location of they preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber
in a paravertebral ganglion lower than the paravertebral ganglion of origin
34
in the splanchnic pathway, what is the location of synapse of hte preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber
in a prevertebral ganglion or prevertebral plexus
35
where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the vertebral artery
inferior cervical ganglion
36
postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers will become incorporated in what neuronal structure in the pathway to the eye
internal carotid artery nerve plexus
37
where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in teh pathway to the head
superior cervical ganglion
38
where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the heart
1. paravertebral ganglia of origin from T1-4, T5 2. any cervical paravertebral ganglion 3. cardiac plexus
39
where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the adrenal gland pathway
chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
40
which splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers
nervi erigentes or pelvic splanchnic nerves
41
what is the name of hte largest medullary feeder artery
the artery of Adamkiewicz or hte arteria radicalis magna anterior
42
what are the characteristics of hte Artery of Adamkiewicz
it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
43
what will the intervertebral veins drain into
the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus
44
what is a unique histological feature of hte veins of the vertebral column
they lack valves
45
what is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics
the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of hte nerve root decreases
46
what are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve
teh sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotranserse bar & the vertebral artery
47
what forms the lumbosacral tunnel
the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala
48
what condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve
far out syndrome
49
what are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body
tuberculosis, hemangiomas, osteoporosis
50
what are examples of acquired alterations of hte spinal curves identified in class
obesity, pregnancy and the use of backpacks
51
what is unusual about hte cervical annulus fibrosus
it lack any lamellar or layered organgization
52
what is hte organization of collagen fibers between lamellae
collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral-- counterspiral organization is observed
53
what is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration
changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate
54
what are the sources of innervation of hte intervertebral disc
the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve), fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans, fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans
55
what is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrousus of hte intervertebral disc
the paradiscal ramus communicans
56
what does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner become
the perichordal disc
57
what is the earliest indicator of hte position of hte adult intervertebral disc
the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner
58
what is hte ossification of hte anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as
diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or DISH
59
what is hte clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine
a loss of hand and finger dexterity
60
what is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and history
it is a yellow elastic ligament
61
what is the name given to the superficial layer of hte ligamentum nuchae
the funicular layer or part
62
what forms the ventral sip of hte intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine
a membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. It is penetrated by the contents of hte intervertebral foramen
63
what is ADI
teh atlanto-dental interspace, a radiographic distance between teh surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
64
what is the ADI of children
about 4.5 mm
65
what are the attachment sites for teh accessory ligament of the lateral atlanto-axial joint
the base of the odontoid proces and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament of atlas
66
what are the degrees of one side axial rotation facilitated at teh atlanto-axial joint
about 40 degrees one side axial roation
67
teh occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial roation
about 60%
68
what is the embryonic dervative of hte apical ligament of hte dens or teh apicodental ligament
the notochord
69
what are the attachement sites for the atnerior atlanto-dental ligament
the alar ligament and ipsilateral lateral mass of C1
70
what are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C3 to the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint and cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa
71
which vertebral couples of hte thoracic spine have the greatest motion
T11/T12 and T12/L1
72
which of hte current ligaments from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions
teh superior iliolumbar ligament
73
which vertebral couple of hte lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion
L5/S1
74
list in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of hte spinal canal
membrana tectoria, posterior longitudinal ligament and deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament
75
list in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the posterior boundary of the spinal canal
posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum and the superifical dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament
76
what is the auricular surface of hte ilium composed of
articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage
77
what does ankylosis mean
a condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint
78
what passes between the layers of eh interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
dorsal rami from teh sacral spinal nerves
79
which of he sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint
the intra-articular ligament
80
what is the classification of he sixth thru ninth interchondral joints
diarthrosis arthrodia
81
what points on the skull are used to measure the skull size
the nasion, vertex, inion and gnathion
82
what is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins
unlike other artery-vein combos they will not share the same opening the ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal, ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure
83
what are the contents of the foramen spinosum
the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery
84
what forms the roof of hte posterior cranial fossa
tentorium cerbelli
85
what can the five layers of the scalp spell
``` Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Periosteum SCALP ```
86
what are the major constituents of the five layers of the scalp
skin, neurovascular, muscular, loose connective tisssue, periosteum
87
which muscles lack any attachment to bone
orbicularis oris, procerus, risorius
88
what is the name given to the medial wall of hte orbit
lamina papyracea
89
identify the opening(s) found along each wall of the orbit
superior wall: optic canal medial wall: anterior ethmoid & posterior ethmoid foramia lateral wall: superior orbital fissure inferior wall: inferior orbital fissure
90
what are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of teh palperbra
tarsal gland or Meibomian gland and ciliary gland
91
what are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball
iris, ciliary body, choroid & pupil
92
what is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball
aqueous humor
93
what fills the vitreous chamber
vitreous body
94
what is the common characteristic regarding eh insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles
both insert onto sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the equator
95
what is the common characterstic concerning the insertion of hte superior and inferior rectus extraocular muscles
they insert onto the sclera of the eyeball in front of the equator and are displaced slightly medially
96
what is the name of the palpable posterior projection of the eminentia concha of hte auricle
ponticulus
97
skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceous glands
ceruminous glands
98
what branch of the facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but is not given off within it
chorda tympani nerve
99
describe the result of sympathetic innervation in the parotid gland
vasoconstriction of arteries reduces available water to form saliva and results in a thick, mucous like product
100
what action will parasympathetic innervation have on the parotid gland
vasodilation of arteries resulting in a thinner, watery, or whey-like saliva
101
the otic ganglion will be located in what region of the head
infratemporal region
102
what are teh attachment sites of the lateral/temporomandibular ligament
zygomatic process and articular tubercle of the temporal bone to neck of hte mandible
103
what are the attachment sites of teh stylomandibular ligament
styloid process of hte temporal bone to the angle of the mandible
104
what are the attachment sites of hte sphenomandibular ligament
the spine of hte sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible

Spinal 2 (4 decks)

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