Final

Question 1

What hormone released by the posterior pituitary functions in uterine contraction and milk letdown in the breast?

Answer 1

oxytocin

Question 2

Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ released from the ________.

Answer 2

Releasing Hormone or hypothalmic hormone

Hypothalamus

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary?

Question 1: What are four hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary?

Question 2: What are 2 hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 3

Question 1: Human growth hormone, Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, and Leutinizing hormone

Question 2: Antidiuretic and oxytocin

Question 4

The thyroid gland secretes what hormone?

Answer 4

T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine)
Calcitonin
but not the Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 5

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads?

These hormones are secreted by the gonads:

Answer 5

Female hormones, estrogen and progesterone

Male hormones, testosterone and androsterone

Question 6

Which of the following hormones regulates plasma calcium levels?
A) Calcitonin
B) Oxytocin
C) Parathyroid hormone 
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Answer 6

D) Both A and C

Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone

Question 7

The primary effect of FSH on females is

Answer 7

Stimulates growth of the ovarian follicle

Question 8

The primary effect of FSH on males is

Answer 8

Stimulates sperm production in the testes

Question 9

Addison’s disease _______.

1. Addison’s disease is caused by:
2. Addison’s disease is a deficiency of which 2 hormones?
3. Addison’s disease is an example of what?
4. What are the key signs of Addison’s disease?

Answer 9

1. autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex
2. glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids
3. Addisons disease is an example of primary adrenal insufficiency
4. hyperpigmentation of the skin not exposed to the sun

Question 10

Cushing’s Syndrome _____________.

1. Cushings disease is when
   Or
2. When..
3. The common cause of Cushings sydrome is…

Answer 10

1. Cushings disease is when there is too much ACTH from the pituitary
2. Cushings syndrome is when there is too much steroids being released by the adrenal gland
3. The common cause of Cushings sydrome is Exogenous steroids

In Cushings syndrome cortisol is high while ACTH is low because its telling the pituitary to stop making ACTH

Question 11

When a B cell contacts a foreign or abnormal antigen, it develops into a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that releases \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) macrophage : histamine
B) plasma cell : histamine
C) macrophage : antibody
D) plasma cell : antibodies
E) natural killer cell : antibodies

Answer 11

D) plasma cell : antibodies

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the body's nonspecific defenses against pathogens?
A) interferons
B) immunoglobulins
C) histamine
D) neutrophils
OR 
A) intact skin
B) mucous membranes
C) bloodborne chemicals
D) antibodies
E) phagocytic cells

Answer 12

B) immunoglobulins

or

D) antibodies

Question 13

In the end, the complement system destroys invading bacteria by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) phagocytosis
B) forming a membrane attack complex
C) release of lytic enzymes
D) agglutination
E) neutralization

Answer 13

B) forming a membrane attack complex

Question 14

The complement cascade can be activated by binding to ________.

Answer 14

Binding of C1 to the Fc region of the antibody molecules TO IgM, IgG1, IgG3

OR the surface of a pathogen

Question 15

If bacteria are exposed to a B cell in the spleen, they will initiate a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) inflammatory response
B) nonspecific immune response
C) cell-mediated immune response
D) humoral immune response
E) response from the complement system

Answer 15

D) humoral immune response

Question 16

Why is a secondary immune response stronger?

Answer 16

Memory cells produced during the primary response, lead to a rapid proliferation of effector cells on subsequent exposure to the antigen.

Question 17

What secretes cytokines that enhance the activity of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, suppressor T cells, and helper T cells?
A) Macrophages
B) B cells
C) Helper T cells
D) Cytotoxic T cells
E) Suppressor T cells

Answer 17

D) Cytotoxic T cells

Question 18

Cells that leave the thymus with the ability to bind to class I major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules will develop into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) cytotoxic T cells
B) B cells
C) helper T cells
D) suppressor T cells
E) macrophages

Answer 18

A) cytotoxic T cells

Question 19

Cells that leave the thymus with the ability to bind to class II major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules will develop into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) cytotoxic T cells
B) B cells
C) helper T cells
D) suppressor T cells
E) macrophages

Answer 19

C) helper T cells

Question 20

The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ protein on the cytotoxic T cell binds to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule on the infected cell.
A) CD8 : class I
B) CD8 : class II
C) CD4 : class I
D) CD4 : class II
E) CD6 : class I

Answer 20

A) CD8 : class I

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
A) Producing the hormones melanin and oxytocin
B) Metabolizing vitamin D to its active form
C) Maintaining the proper balance between water and salts and between acids and bases
D) Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting

Answer 21

A) Producing the hormones melanin and oxytocin

Also, BILE PRODUCTION, Excretion of excess ions, Release of erythropoietin, Activation of vitamin D

Question 22

Blood leaves the ________ and enters the glomerulus.

Answer 22

afferent arteriole

Question 23

Where does blood leaving the glomerulus go to next?

Answer 23

Glomerular capillary

Question 24

After fluid passes through the entire proximal tubule, the fluid will enter the ________.

Answer 24

loop of Henle

Question 25

During what renal process are molecules selectively removed from the tubule lumen, moved into the interstitial space, and removed from the kidneys by the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta?

Answer 25

reabsorption

Question 26

``` What is the process whereby molecules are selectively transported from the peritubular fluid to the lumen of the renal tubules? A) absorption B) secretion C) excretion D) glomerular filtration E) reabsorption ```

Answer 26

B) secretion

Question 27

What is the process whereby protein-free plasma moves by bulk flow from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsules?

Answer 27

glomerular filtration

Question 28

Contraction of mesangial cells results in a ________, which decreases glomerular filtration.

Answer 28

Decrease in surface area of capillaries available for filtration.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism whereby glomerular filtration rate is regulated? These ARE mechanisms whereby glomerular filtration rate is regulated:

Answer 29

These ARE mechanisms whereby glomerular filtration rate is regulated: Tubuloglomerular feedback, renal autoregulation(?)

Question 30

The activity of the respiratory system can increase pH by ________.

Answer 30

a hyperventilation-induced decrease in PCO2

Question 31

``` Which of the following is NOT a metabolic disturbance that can result in a metabolic acidosis? A severe diarrhea B high protein diet C excessive vomiting D high fat diet E heavy exercise ```

Answer 31

C excessive vomiting

Question 32

What is the most rapid defense against changes in blood pH?

Answer 32

buffering of hydrogen ions

Question 33

How does severe diarrhea cause a metabolic acidosis? a. loss of bicarbonate b. production of bicarbonate c. loss of hydrogen ions d. production of hydrogen ions e. loss of phosphate

Answer 33

a. loss of bicarbonate

Question 34

How does severe vomiting cause a metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 34

you rid gastric acid, so your alkaline levels would rise

Question 35

A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid-base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.3, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?

Answer 35

metabolic acidosis with partial compensation

Question 36

A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid-base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.5, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?

Answer 36

respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation

Question 37

As the food is broken into smaller pieces in the mouth, it is combined with ________ that facilitates its movement down the esophagus.

Answer 37

Saliva

Question 38

What is a mixture of food particles with gastric juice called?

Answer 38

Chyme

Question 39

What cells secrete pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach?

Answer 39

Chief cells

Question 40

``` What cells function to secrete hydrogen ions into the lumen of the stomach? A) Goblet B) Parietal C) Chief D) Neck E) G ```

Answer 40

B) Parietal

Question 41

``` Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the liver? A. synthesis of blood proteins B. secretion of digestive enzyme C. detoxification of certain substances D. production of urea E. gluconeogenesis. ```

Answer 41

B. secretion of digestive enzyme

Question 42

``` The digestion of proteins begins in the ________ with the activation of ________. A) small intestine : chymotrypsinogen B) stomach : pepsinogen C) small intestine : trypsinogen D) stomach : procarboxypeptidase E) mouth : pepsinogen ```

Answer 42

B) stomach : pepsinogen

Question 43

In order to begin the process of fat digestion, the fat globules must be ________.

Answer 43

emulsified by bile salts

Question 44

Sex determination of a fetus is controlled by the production of ________, which is coded for by the ________ gene.

Answer 44

Testes determining factor (TDF); SrY (Y chromosome)

Question 45

The absence of ________ in the fetus will further the development of the ________ into the female reproductive tract.

Answer 45

Mullerian-inhibiting susbtance; Mullerian ducts

Question 46

The loss of reproductive capacity that occurs as females age is caused by ________. A) changes in hormone secretory patterns B) inability to release an ovum in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH) surge C) the release of incompetent ova D) the complete cessation of sex hormone release E) altered length of the menstrual cycle

Answer 46

A) changes in hormone secretory patterns

Question 47

In what region of the testes are sperm produced?

Answer 47

The seminiferous tubule

Question 48

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone stimulate the growth and development of sperm ________.

Answer 48

production

Question 49

Within the ovaries, each follicle contains ________.

Answer 49

one ovum

Question 50

Where does fertilization usually occur?

Answer 50

Fallopian tubes

Question 51

When does the second meiotic division in oogenesis occur?

Answer 51

After Ovulation After fertilization After sperm fertilizes the secondary oocyte Before production of the second polar body

Question 52

``` In the absence of the implantation of a fertilized embryo, the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is initiated by the degeneration of the ________. A) myometrium B) corpus albicans C) endometrium D) corpus luteum E) Graafian follicle ```

Answer 52

D) corpus luteum

Question 53

The hormonal trigger for menstruation involves a ________. A) drop in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) B) reduction of plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C) reduction of inhibin secretion D) loss of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum E) loss of estrogen secretion from the adrenal cortex

Answer 53

D) loss of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum

Question 54

The secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum is maintained during pregnancy by ________ until the corpus luteum degenerates and the ________ takes over secretion of these hormones.

Answer 54

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): placenta

Question 55

Compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal blood pressure until

Answer 55

until approximately 20% of the blood volume has been lost (?)

Question 56

The sympathetic response to hemorrhagic shock ______________.

Answer 56

increase heart rate

Question 57

Testosterone ______________.

Answer 57

Is the primary male sex hormone During adolescence, testosterone in boys rises about 20 times the prepubescent level. Spermatogensis is activated by this hormone will stimulate growth of male sex organs in the first trimester of pregnancy, and early infancy. will stimulate general male body growth and muscle mass. will stimulate axillary and pubic hair growth. will stimulate sebum (oil) secretion. will stimulate erythropoesis, matabolic rate, and appetite will increase libido; and stimulate erection and ejaculation. will inhibit FSH when levels are too high.