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Physiology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue separates the internal from the external environment?

A

Epithelial Tissue

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2
Q
  1. Referring to a membrane as “selectively permeable” describes its ability to _________.
A

Permeable to some things but not others

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3
Q
  1. The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called __________.
A

Interstial fluid

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4
Q
  1. Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body _____________.
A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant conditions of the internal environment

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5
Q
  1. What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?
A

Feedback loops; Negative feedback is the primary mechanism

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6
Q
  1. Which of the following is found in greater concentration inside the cell than outside?
A

K+

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7
Q
  1. Of the gradients listed below, which is the most accurate description of the force that ultimately determines the movement of ions across the membrane?
A

Electrochemical gradient (the chemical equilibrium is reached and then the electrical equilibrium adjusts accordingly so that a stabilized voltage is reached)

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8
Q
  1. Molecules tend to move spontaneously _________ their chemical gradient.
A

DOWN

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9
Q
  1. Based solely upon its electrical charge, the inside of a typical cell will tend to attract extracellular ______ to move inward.
A

Positive Ions (or cations)

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10
Q
  1. Which of the following cells would have a greater electrical attraction for sodium ions to enter the cell?
A

The cell that is the most negative

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11
Q
  1. The potassium equilibrium potential is -94mV. What does this mean?
A

This means that they have reached a point when the same number of ions entering is the same number leaving.

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12
Q
  1. The equilibrium potential describes the membrane potential where what two forces are balanced?
A

Electrical gradient and chemical gradient

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13
Q

What are factors that directly determine the rate at which an ion will move passively across a membrane? (5)

A
  1. The lipid solubility of the diffusing substance (nonpolar molecules can pass readily through the phospholipid membrane of a cell. Polar molecules cannot)
  2. Size and shape of the diffusing molecules – very small molecules are able to pass through the membrane whereas large molecules cannot.
  3. Temperature
  4. Membrane thickness
  5. Magnitude of driving force: the greater the driving, the faster the rate of diffusion
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14
Q

In facilitated diffusion, ______________.

What are factors affected facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of molecules across a membrane with the assistance of carrier molecules.
  • Occurs when molecules are too large to pass through the membrane directly
  • Requires no energy
  • Still moves from high to low concentration until it reaches chemical equilibrium
  • Acts like a revolving door

Factors affecting facilitated diffusion include: Transport rate (the speed at which individual carriers move molecules across the membrane) and the Number of carriers

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15
Q

Which transport mechanisms requires energy?

Which do not?

A

The ones that do require energy is active transport (primary active transport has direct expenditure of energy and secondary active transport has indirect expenditure of energy)

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16
Q

The flow of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient is called __________.

A

Osmosis

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17
Q
  1. A membrane permeable to water separates a chamber into two compartments: A and B. Compartment A contains a 10mM solution of non-permeable solute, whereas compartment B contains a 40mM solution of non-permeable solute. Which of the following statements is true?
A

Water will move from higher concentration to lower concentration

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18
Q
  1. Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will
A

shrivel

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19
Q
  1. Which of the following correctly lists the components of the central nervous system?
A

Brain and spinal cord

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20
Q
  1. Which of the following is located in the autonomic nervous system?
A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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21
Q
  1. On what portion of the neuron do action potentials propagate?
A
  • Axon, Axon hillock, axon terminal region (voltage side)

- Action potential originate at the axon hillock

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22
Q
  1. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across the chemical synapse via a(n) ________.
A

Neurotransmitter

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23
Q
  1. An action potential originates at the __________ and travels along the axon until it reaches the ________.
A

Axon hillock and axon terminal

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24
Q
  1. What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons open or close in response to a neurotransmitter binding to its receptor?
A

Chemical or ligand gated channel (ionotropic, metatropic, and 2nd messenger)

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25
Q
  1. In a neuron, where are voltage-gated calcium channels located?
A

Axon terminal (also known as synaptic terminal)

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26
Q
  1. Which of the following cells is NOT classified as a glial cell?
A

Glial cells include: Astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglial, ependeymal cells, schwann cells, satellite cells

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27
Q
  1. What type of cell enhances the velocity of electrical transmission of an action potential along an axon in the central nervous system?
A

Oligodendrocyte

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28
Q
  1. Which of the following best describes the function of the myelin sheath?
A

Provides insulation along the axon to make the signals travel down the axon faster

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29
Q
  1. A change in a cell’s membrane potential, such that it becomes more positive, is referred to as a _____________.
A

Depolarization

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30
Q
  1. A change in a cell’s membrane potential, such that it becomes more negative, is referred to as a _____________.
A

Hyperpolarization

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31
Q
  1. A _______ is a subthreshold change in membrane potential within the cell body that decays as it travels away from its point of origin.
A

Graded potential

32
Q
  1. Which of the following does NOT produce graded potentials?
A

Axon and axon hillock and axon terminal

Voltage side of the cell

33
Q

The three characteristics of graded potentials include:

A
  1. The magnitude of depolarizatoin is proportional to the strength of the stimulus
  2. Summation
  3. Localized: the strength of stimulus (how much sodium enters) determines how far the stimulus moves

Also, the direction of the potential depends on the gate that is activated, not the neurotransmitter

34
Q
  1. If the graded potential remains above threshold once it reaches the _________, an action potential will be generated.
A

Axon hillock (voltage gated channels)

35
Q

What are characteristics of an Action Potential?

A
  1. All or nothing
  2. Self propagating
  3. no summation

Also, unidirectional (signal does in one direction)

36
Q
  1. The opening of sodium channels causes a rapid __________ of sodium that _________ the neuron’s membrane.
A

Influx, depolarizes

37
Q
  1. The depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid ______________.
A

Influx of sodium

38
Q
  1. The repolarization phase of the action potential in a neuron is driven by the _____________.
A

Potassium gates opening causing potassium to leave the cell

39
Q
  1. For the sodium channel to open and allow sodium in to the cell, _____________.
A
  • The cell must reach threshold and trigger an action potential
  • Specific voltage must be reached
40
Q
  1. Which of the structures below lacks voltage-gated ion channels responsible for the production of action potentials?
A

The chemical side of a neuron (dendrite and cell body)

41
Q
  1. The all-or-none principle, associated with the action potential, states that ______________.
A

If the threshold is reached, an action potential occurs. If the threshold isn’t reached there will be no action potential.

42
Q
  1. The chemical synapse is bounded by the ________ neuron, from which neurotransmitters are release across the synaptic cleft, to the ________ neuron, where the receptors for the neurotransmitter are located.
A

Presynaptic

Postsynaptic

43
Q
  1. What type of ion channels are necessary for the function of the axon and the axon terminal?
A

Sodium and Potassium and maybe calcium too

44
Q
  1. Neurotransmitter release occurs by what mechanism?
A

Action potentials open gated calcium channels, leading to the release of neurotransmitters

45
Q
  1. Voltage-gated calcium channels in the axon terminal open in response to which of the following?
A

When the action potential gets to the end of the axon terminal, or depolarization

46
Q
  1. The influx of calcium in to the axon terminal of a chemical synapse responsible for which of the following?
A

Docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles

47
Q
  1. Neurotransmitters can be reused through the process of __________, where neurotransmitters are transported across the presynaptic membrane.
A

Reuptake

48
Q
  1. The opening of ion channels that is stimulated by the binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor on a neighboring neuron, and the subsequent movement of ions across that membrane, describes the development of which of the following ?
A

Signal transduction mechanism

49
Q
  1. Metabotropic receptor-induced gating of ion channels requires more time to occur because of which of the following?
A

G-protein slides over and activates the channel to open and close

50
Q
  1. What is a change in the postsynaptic potential that brings membrane potential closer to threshold called?
A

Excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)

51
Q
  1. What type of glial cell is necessary for normal development of the blood-brain barrier?
A

Astrocyte

52
Q
  1. What type of glial cell is a phagocyte?
A

Microglial

53
Q
  1. Which cerebral lobe contains the visual cortex?
A

Occipital

54
Q
  1. Which cerebral lobe contains the auditory cortex?
A

Temporal

55
Q
  1. Which cerebral lobe contains the primary motor cortex?
A

Frontal

56
Q
  1. What area of the brain controls language comprehension
A

Wernicke’s area

57
Q
  1. A person with Broca’s aphasia has what type of symptom?
A

It affects the motor area. You can understand what people are saying but you can’t speak

58
Q
  1. What nourishes the lens and cornea?
A

Aqueous humor

59
Q
  1. Light waves refract as they pass through what structures of the eye?
A

Cornea, Lens, Vitreous humor

60
Q
  1. In order to focus light coming from a near source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive power through what process?
A

Accommodation

61
Q
  1. When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens is relatively ___________, allowing the eye to focus on objects that are __________.
A

Thin

Far Away

62
Q
  1. The ciliary muscle is innervated by what branch of the nervous system?
A

Automatic Nervous System

63
Q
  1. The radial muscles of the iris are innervated by the ___________ nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary ______________.
A

Sympathetic

Dilation

64
Q
  1. The circular muscles of the iris are innervated by the ___________ nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary ______________.
A

Parasympathetic

Constriction

65
Q
  1. Which of the following occurs during accommodation for near vision?
A
  • The lens is more spherical
  • Ciliary muscle fibers are relaxed
  • Suspensory ligament is relaxed
66
Q

What are the 5 types of cells in the retina?

A
  1. Ganglion cells
  2. Amacrine cells
  3. Bipolar cells
  4. Horizontal cells
  5. Photoreceptor cells
67
Q
  1. The presence of cGMP in the cytosol of a photoreceptor will directly stimulate the ___________.
A

Sodium Channels

68
Q
  1. In the absence of light, the membrane potential of a photoreceptor is relatively ________ by the presence of open __________ channels.
A

Depolarized

Sodium

69
Q
  1. The closure of sodium channels is mediated by a decrease in the cytosolic concentration of ____________, which is degraded by ____________.
A

cGNP (cyclic GNP)

Phosodiasperase

70
Q
  1. Which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina?
A

photoreceptor; bipolar cell; ganglion cell

photoceptor, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, fibers of the optic nerve

71
Q
  1. Bending of the stereocilia on the hair cell can induce either a closure or an opening of a potassium channel based upon the ______________.
A

Movement toward or away the kinocilium
- Movement toward the kinocilium increases the firing of AP (stimulated), movement away of the kinocilium results in less frequent AP (inhibited)

72
Q
  1. Frequency of sound is coded for by _____________.
A

Vibrations in the cochlea

73
Q
  1. In comparison to low pitched sounds, high pitched sounds will activate hair cells in the cochlea _______________.
A

Closer to the round window

74
Q

What are the primary tastes?

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

75
Q
  1. Which of the following conditions describes changes in the crystalline structure of the lens resulting in a loss of transparency?
A

Cataracts

76
Q

For the auditory sense, wavelength (frequency) is a measure of ______ and amplitude is a measure of ______.

A

pitch; loudness

Physiology (4 decks)

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