Final :D !! Flashcards by Ashley Burke

All of the following are essential functions of carbs in the body expect one. Which one is the exception?
A- spare body protein from degradation 
B- provide an energy source 
C- ensure proper fat metabolism 
D- form essential amino acids

D- form essential amino acids

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All of the following are disaccharides expect one. Which on is the exception?
A- glucose
B- lactose
C- sucrose
D- maltose

A- glucose

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Glycogen can be stored in which of the following structures 
A- kidney 
B- liver 
C- muscle 
D- both muscle and liver

D- both muscle and liver

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Sucrose is the sweetest carbohydrate. Sucrose is the same as table sugar.
A- both statements are true
B- both statement are false
C- the first statement is true and the second statement is false
D- the first statement is false and the second statement is true

D- the first statement is false and the second statement is true

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If blood glucose levels become too low:
A- epinephrine an corticosteroids act to help transport glucose into cells for use as energy
B- insulin is released from the pancreas stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver
C- the body has no compensation mechanisms and will go into hypo metabolic shock if more carbohydrate is not consumed
D- glucagon is released from the pancreas, stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver

D- glucagon is released from the pancreas stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver

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Lactose intolerance:
A- is an enzyme deficiency that develops only during childhood
B- causes symptoms such as bloating gas and stomach pain
C- is a milk allergy
D- occurs predominately in Caucasian females

B- causes symptoms such as bloating, gas, and stomach pain

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Type 2 diabetes:
A- is caused by the over consumption of sugar
B- is termed synonymously with type 1 diabetes
C- accounts for 90-95% of all diagnosed diabetes cases
D- occurs only in children

C- accounts for 90-95% of all diagnosed diabetes cases

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The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage is known as glycogenesis. T or F

True

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The most important monosaccharide physiologically is 
A- sucrose 
B- triose
C- hexose
D-pentose

C- hexose

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Complex carbohydrates such as starch and fiber consist of long glucose. T or F

True

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Glucose is also know as dextrose. T or F

True

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_________ can hydrolyze starch in the mouth to more cariogenic sugars

Salivary amylase

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____________ is the body’s process of using noncarbohydrates as a source of blood glucose

Gluconeogenesis

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_______ is the body’s process of oxidizing glucose for energy and the aerobic end product is acetyl-CoA or pyruvate

Glycolysis

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________ is a hormone that raises the blood glucose level

Glucagon

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Carbohydrates are made of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are metabolized like a fat and yield 7 kcal/gram.
A- both statements are true
B-both statements are false
C- the first statement is true and the second statement is false
D- the first statement is false and the second statement is true

C- the first statement is true and the second statement is false

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The chemical structure of sugar alcohols resembles part sugar and part alcohol. T or F

True

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The term carbohydrate only refers to simple sugars. T or F

False

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The sugar found in milk is
A- sucrose
B- lactose 
C-maltose
D- none of the above

B- lactose

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Which of the following is/are common nutrient deficiency of concern in persons who are lactose intolerant?
A- vitamin c
B- calcium 
C- vitamin D
D- b and c

D- b and c

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All of the following are true regarding food labels expect one. Which one is the exception?
A- the grams of fat and percentage of calories from fat must be stated on the label
B- coffee, tea, and restaurant foods are required to have nutrition labels by law
C- the use of health claims and terms such as “low” or “high” regarding foods must meet legally specific criteria
D- the contents of the product must be listed in order of weight from the most to the least

B- coffee, tea, and restaurant foods are required to have nutrition labels by law

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A poppy seed bagel with cream cheese contains 32 g of carbohydrate, 9 g of fat, and 2 g of protein. Calculate the amount of calories from carbohydrate, fat and protein present in this food 
A- 32, 36, 8
B- 32, 9, 2
C- 128, 36, 18
D- 128, 81, 8

D- 128, 81, 8

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A nutrition facts panel is required on food labels and provides specific nutrient data based on a mean of the DRI’s for adults with calorie requirements of 2,800 cals per day. T or F

False

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The \_\_\_\_\_\_ requires detailed food labels on foods and beverages and maintains strict guidelines over the use of health claims and terms such as " light", "natural", and "fat free" 
A- CDC
B- OSHA
C- FDA
D- OSAP

C- FDA

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``` Energy requirements increase during which of the following physiological periods? A-lactation B- pregnancy C- adolescence D- all of these ```

D- all of these

Weight loss can cause dentures to no longer fit properly. T or F

True

``` All of the following increase a persons resting energy expenditure (REE) except one. Which one is the exception? A- pregnancy B- shivering C- high amount of lean body tissue D- old age ```

D- old age

The total mount of energy needed is the sum of an individuals A- Thermic effect of food B- resting energy expenditure C- energy expenditure for physical activity and arousal D- all of the above

D- all of the above

A calorie if the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water at a specified temperature by 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degree F). Foods provide energy needed for the body A- both statements are true B- the first statement is true and the second statement is false C- the first statement is false and the second statement is true D- both statements are false

A- both statements are true

Physical activity level A- should be included in a persons total energy expenditure using a factor that is characteristic of his or her activity level B- is higher for females than males C- is basically the same for all people D- should be factored into ones total energy expenditure only if he or she is a professional or highly trained athlete

A- should be included in a persons total energy expenditure using a factor that is characteristic of his or her activity level

Resting energy expenditure (REE), also known as resting metabolic rate (RMR) or basal metabolic rate (BMR), it is the major component of energy output for about 7-13% of daily energy expenditure

False

The thermal effect of food is the minimal amount of energy needed to sleep each night. It accounts for 7-13% of the daily energy consumed and is directly proportional to the size of the meal ingested. A- both statements are true B- both statements are false C- the first statement is true, the second is false D- the first statement is false, the second is true

D- the first statement is false, the second is true

How does fat distribution affect disease risk? A- distribution of body fat does not affect disease risk B- weight gain in the upper body has an increased risk C- weight gain in the lower body has an increased risk D- none of the above

B- weight gain in the upper body has an increases risk

A pear (gynoid) shape fat pattern is associated with a greater risk of developing chronic disease. T or F

False

BMI is a single number, useful in expressing the relationship between body weight and height. A normal BMI is 25.0-29.9. A- both sentences are true B- the first sentence is true and the second is false C- the fury sentence is false, the second sentence is true D- both sentences are false

B- the first sentence is true and the second sentence is false

``` More precise body complication measurements uses to obtain estimates of body fatness include ___ A- bioelectrical impedance analysis B- dual energy X-ray absorptiometry C- hydrodensiometry D- plethysmography E- all of the above F- none of the above ```

E- all of the above

``` ______ provides 9 calories/ gram A- protein B- carbohydrates C- alcohol D- fat E- water ```

D- fat

Obesity increases ones risk for diabetes mellitus, which in turn may increase ones risk for periodontal disease. T or F

True

The dietary guidelines for Americans 2010 provide key recommendations for weight management and physical activity. T or F

True

``` What is the storage form of iron A- transferrin B- ferritin C- heme iron D- hemochromatosis ```

B- ferritin

Magnesium is classified as a micro mineral. T or F

False

Iodine exists mainly as the iodide ion. In the body, most iodine is located in the thyroid gland with lesser amounts in skin, skeleton, and salivary and stomach and other endocrine glands. A- both statements are true B- both statements are false C- the first statement is true and the second statement is false D- the first statement is false and the second statement is true

A- both statements are true

``` _______ is essential for the normal proliferation of epithelial cells A- vitamin A B- vitamin B C- vitamin D D- vitamin K ```

A- vitamin A

Vitamin K's only function in the body is blood clotting. Anticoagulants such as coumarin can counteract vitamin K activity A- both statements are true B- the first statement is true and the second is false C- the first statement is false and the second statement is true D- both statements are false

C- the first statement is false and the second statement is true

Rickets, the vitamin D deficiency disorder of infants and children results in defective bone mineralization. T or F

True

All of the following statements about vitamin A are true expect one. Which on is false? A- toxicity is rare and has no known effects B- night blindness is a sign of deficiency C- deficiency is rare in developed countries D- deficiency can cause failure of tissues to develop or regenerate properly, resulting in impaired healing

A- toxicity is rare and has no known effects

``` What element is present in all vitamins? A- carbon B- nitrogen C- sulfur D- oxygen ```

A- carbon

Vitamin E is a group of compounds generally organized into retinoids and carotenoids. T or F

False

A variety of factors can affect vitamin D requirement which include A- periods of rapid growth B- older people in whom slowing down of body processes may impede vitamin absorption and activation C- active use of sun screen D- use of Dilantin E- all of the above

E- all of the above

``` In general one can survive _____ days without water A- 25 B- 2-3 C- 1 D- 30 ```

B- 2-3

``` About two thirds of body water is: A- not located within a membrane B- extra cellular C- found in the lower body D- intercellular ```

D- intracellular

``` Extra cellular fluid consists of A- blood B- lymph C- interstitial fluid D- all of the above ```

D- all of the above

``` The DRI for water is A- 1 ml/kcal of food eaten B- there is no specific DRI for water C- 10 cups/ day D- 8 cups/ day ```

B- there is no specific DRI for water

``` Acute dehydration may occur in association with A- excessive use of diuretics B- intense exercise C- depressed thirst recognition D- all of the above ```

D- all of the above

Water serves as the basis for saliva and digestive juices. T or F

True

Recently, the US department of health and human services and the US environmental protection agency proposed that the recommended amount of fluoride in drinking water that confers optimum protection against dental caries be adjusted to contain from 0.7 to 1.2 mg per liter. T or F

False

Effects of too much fluoride are called _______

Fluorosis

``` The functions of fluoride include: A- integrity of bone and teeth B- reduces the risk and prevalence of dental caries C-increases bone density D- all of the above ```

D- all of the above

``` Fluoride is a mineral that enhances tooth and bone health when provides in optimal amounts through the life span. Fluoride increases tooth resistance to dental caries primarily through systemic effects. A- both sentences true B- both sentences false C- first sentence true, second false D- first sentence false, second true ```

C- the first sentence is true, second is false

``` Amino acids are building blocks for _____ A- minerals B- vitamins C- proteins D- carbs E- none of the above ```

C- proteins

The protein digestibility corrected amino acid score has become the standard for determining protein quality. T or F

True

``` Nine amino acids cannot be synthesized in adequate amounts in the human body an are therefore considered: A- essential (indispensable) B- dispensable (nonessential) C- D-form amino acids D- unnecessary ```

A- essential

``` The end result of the digestion of dietary protein is A- small peptides B- oligopeptides C- amino acids D- none of the above ```

C- amino acids

``` The product transcription is A- tRNA B- codons C- mRNA D- DNA ```

C- mRNA

Which of the following is not a primary function of protein? A- energy source B- enzyme synthesis C- buffering to many in acid/ base balance D- tissue synthesis

A- energy source

``` The term "protein" means: A- macromolecule B- the first of the rank C- structure D- strength ```

B- the first of the rank

Each amino acid contains the same four elements- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and some contain a fifth element, sulfur. T or F

True

``` Which of the following is considered an indispensable amino acid? A- alanine B- argenine C- histidine D- tyrosine ```

C- histidine

When two amino acids are joined, water is eliminated and a peptide bond is formed. T or F

True

Protein conplementation refers to eating more than one type of protein from a variety of sources to obtain the necessary indispensable amino acids missing from a food. T or F

True

When there is a net loss of body protein the individual is in negative nitrogen balance. It occurs during periods of growth, pregnancy, and healing. A- both statements are true B- both statements are false C- the first is true, the second is false D- the first is false, the second is true

C- the first statement is true, the second statement is false

``` Hemoglobin is an example of what class of protein? A- structural B- enzymatic C- transport D- pH regulator ```

C- transport

``` ________ is a hormone that lowers the blood glucose level A- insulin B- catabolic hormones C- glucagon D- none of the above ```

A- insulin

An amino acid is derived from the presence of an amino group and an acid group attached to the central carbon of the molecule. T or F

True

``` If you have a patient that consumes a 60 g Danish pastry that is 59% carbohydrate, how many kilocalories came from the carbohydrate alone? A- 200 kcal B- 120 kcal C- 139 kcal D- not enough information ```

C- 139 k cal

``` ______ is the body's process of using non carbs as a source of blood glucose: A- glycolysis B- gluconeogenesis C- glycogenolysis D- glycogenesis ```

B- gluconeogenesis

Sucrose is the most important monosaccharide. T or F

False

``` __________ are carbs that can be metabolized by bacteria in plaque biofilm to decrease the ph to a level where demineralization occurs A- glutens B- fermentable carbs C- erythemia D- xylitol ```

B- fermebtable carbs

Highly acidic foods may cause enamel erosion T or F

True

``` Minerals comprise _____% of our total body weight A- 1 B- 2 C- 4 D- 0.1 ```

C- 4

``` How many of the 92 naturally occurring minerals are considered to be essential? A- 5 B- 15 C- 52 D- 92 ```

B- 15

The best way to obtain all of the essential minerals is to consume a: A- lot of meat B- lot of vegetables C- lot of diary D- variety of foods from choose my plate . Com

D- variety of foods from choosemyplate.com

``` Mineral bioavailability varies among minerals and is influenced by A- processing B- body nutrient status C- food and meal composition D- all of the above ```

D- all of the above

``` Bone is built by which of the following cells? A-amorphous B- remodeling C- osteoblasts D- osteoclasts ```

C- osteoblasts

Micro minerals are those needed in larger amount (100mg/ day or more)

False

``` People at risk for insufficient calcium intake include those with A- milk allergies B- malabsorptive conditions C- lactose intolerance D- all of these ```

D- all of these

``` Peak bone mass production maybe reaches up to what age A- 15 B- 30 C- 45 D- 70 ```

B- 30

``` Salt substitutes use this mineral to replace sodium A- potassium B- chloride C- iodine D- phosphorus ```

A- potassium

``` Minerals are organic compounds. Minerals do not contain carbon. A- both sentences true B- both sentences false C- first true, second false D- first false, second true ```

D- first false, second true

``` An example of a macro mineral includes A- fluoride B- manganese C- iron D- magnesium ```

D- magnesium

The ________ are minerals that dissociate into charges particles when dissolved in water or other solvents and conduct electrical currents

Electrolytes

The mineral ______ is very important in compounds such as ATP and ADP which function in energy metabolism A- calcium B- phosphorus C- fluoride D- all of the above

B- phosphorus

``` How much of the total tooth enamel is mineralized? A- 12% B- 50% C- 65% D- 95% ```

D- 95%

Which of the following is true about Calcium? A- low fat skim milk is significantly lower in calcium than whole milk B- high calcium intakes via supplements do not pose health risks C- factors such as very high protein diets and immobility can increase calcium excretion D- calcium absorption is not affected by other dietary factors such as fibers or phytic acid

C- factors such as very high protein diets and immobility can increase calcium excretion

``` Minerals are a group of elements that A- are made in the body B- are no necessary for normal health and function C- are needed in large quantities D- must be supplies by the diet ```

D- must be supplies by the diet

Arrange the following steps in the mineralization of teeth in the appropriate order A- ameloblasts release calcium and phosphate and form an amorphous mass B- fluid is displaced as the crystals grow C- ribbons coalesce to crystals D- calcium and phosphate are organized by the matrix and nuclear ion occurs E- crystallites grow into ribbons

A, d, e, c , b

Magnesium is the most abundant mineral in the body T or F

False

The mineral sodium is the major intracellular electrolyte and the mineral potassium is the major extra cellular electrolyte T or F

False

Manganese deficiency has been related to increases fragility of alveolar bone and gingival hypertrophy T or F

False

``` By definition a dietary supplement may include A- a mineral B- a vitamin C- an amino acid D- all of the above ```

D- all of the above

``` Folate has been proven to be an effective therapy for preventing neural tube defeats therefore it is considered A- alternative therapy B- an herb C- conventional medicine D- complementary medicine ```

C- conventional medicine

The FDA will initiate an investigation of a dietary supplement A- never B- after an adverse event has occurred C- only before the product is marketed D- only after the product has exceeded one hundred thousand dollars in sales

B- after an adverse event has occurred

According to DSHEA, a health claim describes A- a relationship between a food, food component or dietary supplement, ingredient, and reducing risk of a disease or health related condition B- how a product may affect the organs or organ systems of the body C- the relative amount of nutrient or dietary substance in a product D- how a particular product will help to cure or prevent a specific so ease

A- a relationship between a food, food component or dietary supplement, ingredient and reducing risk of a disease or health related condition

``` Herbal supplements like garlic, ginger, ginseng, and ginkgo biloba must be discontinued two weeks before surgery because they A- are strong coagulaters B- interact with anesthesia C- slow down the healing process D- May cause excessive bleeding ```

D- May cause excessive bleeding

A supplement label may not claim to diagnose, mitigate, treat or prevent a disease T or F

True

A multivitamin supplement allows consumers to obtain all of the requires vitamins and minerals without having to rely on food sources T or F

False

A _____ is a type of botanical defined as "a plant or plant part valued for it's medicinal or therapeutic properties, flavor and scent

Herb

Dietary supplements do not require FDA approval, unlike drugs. Also the manufacturer is responsible for determine the safety of the product, but they do not have to provide evidence of this safety to the FDA A- both statements are true B- the first statement true, the second statement false C- the first statement false, the second statement true D- both statements false

A- both statements are true

``` What is often the first clinical manifestation of vitamin C deficiency? A- sore joints B- gingivitis C- dental caries D- loose teeth ```

B- gingivitis

Poor nutrition intimates periodontal disease T or F

False

``` The leading cause of mental retardation in the US is _____ during pregnancy A- caffeine use B- alcohol use C- drug use D- neural tube defect ```

B- alcohol use

``` Any woman of childbearing age should be sure to get at least _____ micro grams of Folic acid per day A- 500 B- 100 C- 400 D- 250 ```

C- 400

If the water supply is not fluoridated fluoride should be provided to all infants from birth T or F

False

Since 1998, flour produced in the US is fortified with folate T or F

True

Untreated periodontal disease during pregnancy may increase the risk of a woman delivering a low birth weight baby T or F

True

``` Neural tube defects include A- encephalocele B- anencephaly C- brain malformations D- all of these ```

D- all of these

``` _____ is a thick, yellow fluid secreted in breast milk during the first few days after birth that contains protective immune factors A- colostrum B- fetal alcohol syndrome C- carotenoids D- all of the above ```

A- colostrum

``` Collagen breakdown and syntheses of tooth movement are slowed during which nutritional deficiency? A- vitamin C B- vitamin A C- calcium D- protein ```

A- vitamin C

Place the following stages of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing in the correct order A- as the food is being pushed to the back of the mouth, the larynx rises the vocal folds close and the soft a palate rises to close off the nasal passage B- the tongue squeezes the food or liquid to the back of the mouth and the swallow reflex is triggered C- throat wall muscles facilitate the downward movement of food and drink through peristalsis D- the bolus is moved by muscles through the pharynx, past the closed larynx and into the esophagus

B, a, d, c

Helps wounds heal faster

Zinc

What is in our scope of practice? - diet assessment - nutrition assessment - none - both

-dietary assessment

``` Which is considered a normal BMI? A- less than 18.5 B- 18.5- 24.9 C- 25-29.9 D- 30 & above ```

B- 18.5- 24.9

The process by which mRNA is made from DNA

Transcription

The process by which mRNA moves out of the cells nucleus attaches to a ribosome and synthesizes a protein

Translation

____ nitrogen balance occurs when there is a net loss of body protein Ex. Starvation, severe illness

Negative

_______ nitrogen balance occurs when there is a net gain in body protein Ex. Growing child, pregnancy, lactation

Positive

``` Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophane Valine ```

The 9 essential amino acids

Necessary for the growth and the continued maintenance of systemic and oral health

Protein

Chronic, resulting from long term PEM - represents inadequate protein, calorie, essential fatty acids, vitamins and mineral intake - leads to muscle weakening, impairment of brain and we jus system development reduction in cognitive ability

Marasmus

Acute form of PEM - develops from a sudden and recent food deprivation - most common in children ages 18-24 months - develops when a child is weaned from breast milk to a low nutrient diet - deficiency of indispensable amino acids

Kwashiorkor

Glucose + fructose =

Sucrose

Glucose + galactose =

Lactose

What is the sweetest form of sugar?

Fructose

Insoluble fiber that absorbs water and increases fecal bulk | -May help to prevent or control colon cancer, ibs or ulcerative colitis

Cellulose

Decreases cholesterol reabsorption, may help prevent or control heart disease

Soluble fiber

Developed to help explain general preventive health behavior -states that people's beliefs about health determine their readiness to take action

The health belief model

1) physiological 2) safety 3) love and belonging 4) esteem and recognition 5) self actualization

Maslow hierarchy of needs

Provides essential fatty acids - major source of energy (after carbs) - facilitate fat soluble vitamin absorption - cushion vital body organs - help maintain body insulation and temperature - provides a sense of fullness

Lipids

Enhance the palatability of foods by absorbing and retaining flavors -provide moisture, texture and tenderness to food

Lipids

Transport fatty acid - major constituent of cell membranes - contains a phosphorus molecule and a choline segment * not an easter oak nutrient

Lecithin

Contain only one double bond - most common type found in food is oleic acid - found primarily in: Olive oil, canola oil, avocados, pecans, almonds, peanuts and peanut oil - increase HDL (good cholesterol) and decrease plasma triglyceride and VLDL

Monounsaturated fatty acid

The amount of a nutrient needed for healthy people

Recommended dietary allowance

The nutrient intake that is estimated to meet specific acceptability requirements in 50% of people within a specific Age or gender group

Estimated average requirements

Applies to nutrients for which insufficient data exist to support a specific RDA

Adequate intake

Sets a level of intake above which there is evidence of dangerous health effects

Tolerable upper levels

The absorption of consumed nutrients by the body

Bioavailability

What causes a diminished taste, diminished smell, altered taste of saltiness, sweetness, bitterness, lessens appetite

Zinc deficiency - increase risk of perio disease, candidiasis, and dental caries. - delayed wound healing xerostomia

50-60% of magnesium is located in

Bones and teeth | -40% in muscles

Ensures proper DNA and RNA formation and function - facilitates blood clotting - activates enzymes

Magnesium

Neuromuscular hyper excitability

First sign of magnesium deficiency

Been related to increased fragility of alveolar bone and gingival hypertrophy

Magnesium deficiency

_____ is the most abundant mineral in the body

Calcium

Responsible for bone mineralization - regulation of ion transport across cell membranes - normal muscle and nerve activity, such as heart contraction - cofactor to activate enzymes such as pancreatic lipase and alkaline phosphate

Calcium

Incomplete calcification of teeth, tooth and bone malformations, increased susceptibility to dental caries, excessive periodontal bone resorption, increased tooth mobility and premature tooth loss

Oral implications of inadequate calcium

About 85% of phosphorus is located in _____ and _____

Bones and teeth

Major buffer for the body is a component of many engines and is necessary for muscle contraction and nerve activity

Phosphorus | -helps with ATP

Half of the total body sodium is in the _______ fluid

Extra cellular fluid

Cell permeability maintenance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission and acid base balance

Functions of sodium

___ % of total body potassium is intracellular

98%

C27 H46 O

Structure of cholesterol