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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Final- Deck 2 > Flashcards

Final- Deck 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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0
Q

In between ectoderm & endoderm

  • all of the musculoskeletal system, lymphatics system, and cardiovascular system
  • lining of body cavities
A

Mesoderm

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1
Q

Near amniotic cavity

  • integumentary system
  • all of the nervous system
A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Hypoblast

  • parts of the digestive, respiratory & reproductive tract
  • progesterone
A

Endoderm

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3
Q

What makes testosterone & androgen?

A

Interstitial cell of Leydig

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4
Q

Helps to promote spermatogenesis?

A

Sustentacular cells (nurse cells)

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5
Q

Prostatic glands, ejaculatory duct enter

A

Prostatic urethra

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6
Q

Passes through the urogenital diaphragm

A

Membranous urethra

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7
Q

To external urethral meatus, reciees secretions from mucous glands especially bulbourethral Cowper’s glands

A

Penile urethra

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8
Q

Contributes to 60% of the volume of semen

A

Seminal vesicle

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9
Q

Contributes to 30% of the volume of semen

A

Prostate gland

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10
Q

Source of sperm

A

Testes

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11
Q

Source of semen

A

Prostate & seminal vesicles

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12
Q

Which cells make estrogen?

A

Thecal cells & granulosa cells

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13
Q

LH spike in brain causes ovulation

A

Ovulation day 14

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14
Q

What makes progesterone?

A

Corpous iuteum

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15
Q

What causes a decline in progesterone?

A

Menses

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16
Q

1) renal sinus
2) renal cortex
3) renal pyramids
4) renal columns
5) renal lobe
6) renal papilla
7) major calyx
8) renal pelvis

A

Order

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17
Q

Produces urine

A

Kidney

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18
Q

Functional units of the kidney

A

Nephrons

-where urine production begins

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19
Q

1) Afferent arterioles
2) capillary (pushes out)
3) efferent arterioles
4) pertubular capillary (sucks in)
5) venules

A

Order

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20
Q

The amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute

A

The glomerular filtration rate

-directly related to cardiac output and venous return

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21
Q

Urine begins at the ______ duct and down

A

Collecting

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22
Q

Volume over 500 mL triggers

A

Micturition reflex

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23
Q

Decreases DRG and increase VRG with increases CO2

A

Snake bite and spider bite

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24
Respiratory/lung
Quick
25
Metabolic/kidney
Slow
26
18-20 cm
Male urethra
27
3-5 cm
Female urethra
28
There is no CO2 pick up at kidney filtrate T or F
True
29
What blocks albumin?
Podocytes
30
Function of the proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorb food, minerals and vitamins
31
Descending limb of henle water return to peritublar
Fluid flows toward renal pelvis
32
Ascending limb of henle
Bringing back sodium and chloride | -fluid flows toward renal cortex
33
Internal sphincter
Autonomic
34
External sphincter
Voluntary
35
Break down protein
Urea
36
Breakdown muscle
Creatine
37
Breakdown nucleic acid
Uric acid
38
Capillary endothelium Dense layer Filtration slits
Glomerular wall
39
One molecule of glucose =
36 ATPs
40
Break down glucose in cytosol into smaller molecules used by mitochondria -does not require oxygen
Glycolysis | Breaks 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon pyruvic acid (end product)
41
The product of one citric acid cycle =
One molecule of GTP
42
NADH generates ____ ATP
3 ATP
43
FADH2 generates ____ ATP
2 ATP
44
The formation of glycogen from glucose occurs slowly & requires high energy
Glycogenesis
45
The breakdown of glycogen, occurs quickly & involves a single enzymatic step
Glycogenolysis
46
End product of electron transport chain
Water and ATP
47
Beta oxidation yields ____ ATP for every breakdown of one 18 carbon fatty acid molecule
144 ATP
48
Removal of amino group by transamination & deamination requires coenzyme derivative of B6 T or F
True
49
Attaches amino group of amino acid to keto acid | -converts keto acid into amino acid
Transamination
50
``` Waste product (makes urea & prepares amino acid for break down in citric acid cycle) -removes amino group & hydrogen atom, reaction generates ammonium ion ```
Deamination
51
Where do fats get absorbed?
Lymphatic system
52
1) acetoacetate 2) acetone 3) betahydroxybutyrate
Ketone bodies
53
Liver cells do not catabolize ketone bodies | -peripheral cells absorb ketone bodies and reconvert to acetyl-CoA for citric acid cycle
Ketone bodies
54
Removal of waste products from body fluids
Defecation removes feces
55
About 7 liters produced & absorbed daily but very little in peritoneal fluid at one time
Peritoneal fluid
56
Narrow band of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria
Muscularis muscle
57
Inner layer of Muscularis muscle encircles lumen
Circular muscle
58
Outer layer of Muscularis muscle cells parallel to tract
Longitudinal layer
59
Muscular movement
Myenteric plexus (Auerbach)
60
Digestion
Submucosal plexus
61
Set rhythm of contraction rate - waves of muscular contractions - moves bolus along the length of the digestive tract
Peristalsis
62
Increases absorption by the action - churn & fragment the bolus - mix contents with intestinal secretions
Segmentation - does not follow set pattern - does not push materials in any direction
63
Secrete pepsinogen
Chief cells
64
Increases hydrochloric acid output by the stomach
Gastrine
65
Inhibits release of gastrin
Somatostatin
66
Excessive CO2 build up
Respiratory acidosis
67
Excessive CO 2 loss | Ex. Panic attack, emotional upset, ventilator control too high
Respiratory alkalosis
68
Too much bicarbonate in blood | -vomiting based syndrome
Metabolic alkalosis
69
Lactic acidosis build up | High blood glucose
Metabolic acidosis | -administer bicarbonate
70
When the pH drops below normal levels, more oxygen is released- the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the right -when the pH increases less oxygen is released, the curve shifts to the left
Effect of ph on hemoglobin saturation
71
When temperature rises more oxygen is released, the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the right
Effects of temperature on hemoglobin saturation
72
The physical movement of air in and out of respiratory tract -provides alveolar ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation
73
Only a part of respiratory minute volume reaches alveolar exchange surfaces - volume of air remaining is conducting passage is Anatomic dead space - the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute
Alveolar ventilation | tidal volume - Anatomic dead space X respiratory rate

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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