Final Exam Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
what are the bony articulations of the hyoid bone?
A
the hyoid bone does not have any body articulations
2
Q
Which ligaments attach to the hyoid bone?
A
stylohyoid ligaments: attach to lesser horns and suspend hyoid from styloid process
Thyrohyoid membrane (ligament) attaches hyoid to thyroid cartilage
3
Q
What are the bones of the neck?
A
manibrium of sternum
clavicle
4
Q
what is the platysma?
A
thin layer of muscle covering the enck
5
Q
what are the three layers of the deep neck fascia?
A
investing cervical fascia: provides sheath for trapezius and SCM muscles (continuous with nuchal lig)
Pretracheal fascia: encases infrahyoid muscles, blends with carotid sheath, slings for the digastric and omohyoid m.
Prevertebral fascia: encases the deep muscles anterior to vertebral bodies, scalenes, deep cervical muscles
6
Q
What are the 2 triangles in the anterior cervical region?
A
Submandibular triangle
Carotid triangle
7
Q
What are the 4 regions of the neck?
A
anterior cervical region
SCM
Lateral cervical region
posterior cervical region
8
Q
What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?
A
inferior border of mandible
anterior/posterior bellies of diagastric
9
Q
what is the floor of the submandibular triangle?
A
mylohyoid, hypoglossus, middle constrictor of the pharynx
10
Q
What is contained within the submandibular triangle?
A
Submandibular gland
submandibular lymph nodes
Hypoglossal n
n. to mylohyoid
fascial a.
Submental a.
11
Q
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
A
Superior: posterior belly of digastric
lateral: ant border of scm
Medial: superior belly of omohyoid
12
Q
What is found within carotid triangle?
A
common carotid
carotid body
Carotid sinus
13
Q
Where does the common carotid bifurcate?
A
superior border of thyroid cartilage
14
Q
What is the function of the carotid body and carotid sinus? innervation?
A
sense oxygen content and blood pressure
IX, X
15
Q
What does the carotid sheath incase?
A
common carotid
internal jugular v.
vagus n.
16
Q
what connects the L and R carotid sheaths?
A
alar fascia
17
Q
Where does the ansa cervicalis lie?
A
superficial to carotid sheath
18
Q
What are the borders of the muscular triangle?
A
superior: superior belly of omohyoid
medial: median plane
Inferior: anterior border of the scm
19
Q
what are the contents of the muscular triangle?
A
infrahyoid m.
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
20
Q
what are the borders of the submental triangle?
A
inferior: body of hyoid bone
lateral: anterior bellies of digastric
21
Q
what are the contents of the submental triangle?
A
mylohyoid m.
small lymph nodes
22
Q
function of the suprahyoid muscles?
A
for floor of the oral cavity
anchor the hyoid (muscles attach)
elevate hyoid and larynx (swallowing)
23
Q
what is the clinical significance of the lesser supraclavicular fossa?
A
internal jugular v. in this space
24
Q
attachments of the SCM?
A
superior: lateral surface of mastoid and nuchal line
inferior: ant manibrium, medial clavicle
25
Actions of the SCM?
ipsilateral lateral bend
contralateral rotation
Flex neck downward
extend superior cervical
flex inferior
26
what nerves arise from Erb's point, and what type of nerves are they?
transverse cervical n.
great auricular n
afferent n.
27
What is contained within occipital triangle?
spinal accessory n.
28
what is contained within omoclavicular triangle?
supraclavicular fossa
29
what muscles are within the lateral triangle?
floor: splenius, levator scapulae, posterior + middle scalene
omohyoid
30
what vasculature is located in lateral triangle?
Transverse cervicle
suprascpaular a.
occipital a.
subclavian v. and a.
external jugular v.
31
What nerves are within the lateral triangle?
accessory n.
brachial plexus
suprascapular n.
erbs point
cervical plexus
lesser occipital
greater auricular
transverse cervical n.
supraclavicular n.
phrenic n.
32
what is the cervical plexus composed of?
anterior rami from C1-C4
emerge superior to brachial plexus
33
what does the lesser occipital n. supply?
skin of neck and scalp
34
What does the great auricular n. supply?
skin over parotid gland, angle of mandible + ear
35
what does the transverse cervical n supply?
skin of anterior neck
36
what does the supraclavicular n supply?
skin over clavicle
37
what does the phrenic n supply?
motor innervation of diaphragm
sensation to central part
38
what is the ansa cervicalis?
loop of motor fibers off cervical plexus
emerges from hypoglossal n.
NOT PART Of cervical plexus
39
what does the ansa cervicalis innervate?
infrahyoid
40
what does the ansa cervicalis innervate?
infrahyoid
41
what is found in posterior cervical region?
posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
42
what are the terminal branches of the external carotid?
maxillary a.
superficial temporal
43
what are the branches of the external carotid a.
Ascending pharyngeal
Ociipital a. --> posterior auricular
superior thyroid--> lingual + facial + submental a.
44
what vein drains the external skull?
external jugular v.
45
what vein drains the internal skull?
internal jugular v.
46
what is the benefit of sublingual medication?
medication goes from retromandibular-> facial v. -> internal jugular v. -> brachiocephalic-> vena cava
47
what is the venous angles of the neck?
where internal jugular meets subclavian v.
48
which brachialcephalic v. is longer and why?
Left is longer because it crosses superior mediastinum
49
what does constriction of the pharynx allow?
food to pass into the esophagus--> alimentary canal
50
what are the three divisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Layngopharynx
51
what are chonae?
openings of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx
52
what is the primary role of the oropharynx?
swallowing
Food is pushed into the oropharynx
involuntarily the soft palate elevates and the suprahyoid muscles contract to elevate the larynx
short + wide pharynx receive bolus
53
are the constrictor muscles of the pharyngeal wall voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
54
are the constrictor muscles of the pharyngeal wall smooth or striated?
striated
55
what are the gaps in the pharynx for?
passage of various structures to get to the internal part of the pharynx/larynx
56
what are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
57
what is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
elevate the pharynx
needed in 2nd phase of swallowing
+ speech
58
how may cartilages are in the laryngeal skeleton?
9 cartilages
3 unpaired
3 paired
59
what are the 3 unpaired cartilages in the laryngeal skeleton?
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage (largest)
cricoid
60
what does the thryohyoid membrane connect?
thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
61
what does the circothyroid joint connect?
thyroid and cricoid lol
62
what movements change the length of the vocal folds?
gliding and rotation
63
what does the cricoid attach to?
thyroid via cricothyroid lig
1st tracheal ring via cricotracheal ligament
64
What are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?
arytenoid cartilage
cricoarytenoid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
65
Boundaries of the larynx?
superior: laryngeal inlet
posterior: arytenoid/corniculate cartilage
lateral: aryepiglottic folds
66
What are the vocal folds made up of?
vocal lig
vocalis muscle
67
what is the glottis?
vocal apparatus consiting of vocal fold and rima glottidis
68
what are the vestibular folds?
false vocal cords
69
what is the ventricle of the larynx?
space between vestibular folds and glottis
70
what are the two deep neck flexor muscles?
longus capitis
Longus colli
71
action of the scalene muscles? anterior, middle, posterior?
anterior: neck flexion
middle + posterior: lateral flexors
72
what do scalenes do during increased breathing?
elevate ribs
73
List the neck fascias in order?
platysma
investing fascia
pretracheal fascia (muscular)
pretracheal fascia (visceral)
prevertebral fascia
Carotid sheath
74
what are the three layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?
dura mater, arachnoid, pia
75
which two layers of the meninges are considered leptomeninges?
arachnoid and pia
lepto=slender
76
What are the dural folds?
cerebral falx (sickle)
cerebellar tentorium (stretched)
cerebellar falx
sellar
diaphragm
77
where are the dural sinuses?
between the periosteal and meningeal layers of dura
78
the majority of venous blood from brain is drained from where?
internal jugular veins
79
what are arachnoid granulation?
arachnoid that protrudes through meningeal layer that transfer CSF to venous blood
80
The cerebrum of the brain includes?
cerebral hemispheres
deeper basal ganglia
81
What is the diecephalon composed of?
diencephalon and thalamus
82
What is the brainstem composed of?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
83
The ventricles of the brain are connected by what structure?
cerebral aqueduct
84
all ventricles of the brain contain?
choroid pleuxs
secretes CSF
85
What arteries supply the brain?
internal carotid
vertebral
86
What arteries make up the circle of willis?
interal carotid
posterior communication
Posterior cerebral
anterior cerebral anterior communicating
87
What is somatic motor supply?
voluntary control
embryotic somites developed posteriorly
88
what is brachial motor supply?
voluntary control
embryotic somites developed anteriorly
89
what is visceral motor supply?
involuntary control
parasympathetic
90
What is visceral sensory supply?
involuntary
not common
homeostasis, stretch, pH
91
what is general sensory supply?
cell bodies within trigeminal nucles
sense pain, temperature, touch
92
what does special sense supply?
smell, vision, taste, balance
93
where does CN 1 exit?
cribiform plate
94
where does CN 2 exit?
optic canal
95
where does CN 3 exit?
superior orbital fissure
96
where does CN 4 exit?
superior orbital fissure
97
Where does cranial nerve 5 exit?
opthalamic: superior orbital fissure
maxillary: foramen rotundum
mandibular: foramen ovale
98
Where does cranial nerve 6 exit?
superior orbital fissure
99
where does CN 7 exit?
internal acoustic meatus, facial canal
styomastoid foramen
100
where does cranial nerve 8 exit?
internal acoustic meatus
101
where does CN 9 exit?
jugular foramen
102
where does CN 10 exit?
jugular foramen
103
Where does cranial nerve 11 exit?
jugular foramen
104
where does cranial nerve 10 exit?
hypoglossal canal
105
what are the muscle targets of the 12th cranial n.
genioglossus
hypoglossus
styloglossus
all intrinsic bundles
106
what is the function of the extrinsic tongue muscles?
alter its position
107
what is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?
alter shape of tongue
108
what is the viscerocranium?
facial bones that surround the orbit, nasal cavity, mouth
109
which facial bone is part of the neurocranium instead of the viscerocranium?
ethmoid bone
110
which nerve innervates the muscles of the face?
facial n.
111
how many branches does the facial n. have and what are they?
7
posterior auricular
preparotid branch
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical
112
What muscles are innervated by the facial n.
occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
posterior belly digastric + stylohyoid
113
what nerve innervates cutaneous sensation of the face?
trigeminal
114
list the branches of V1?
supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, lacrimal
115
list the branches of V2?
infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal, palatine
116
List the branches of V3
auriculotemporal, buccal, mental, inferior alveolar, lingual
117
what nerve innervates skin of the posterior scalp?
posterior primary rami
118
what innervates superior neck?
anterior primary rami (Erb's pt nerves)
119
what artery supplies the face and head?
external carotid
120
where does the internal carotid travel through?
carotid canal
through petrous part of temporal bone
121
the internal carotid is continuous with which artery?
middle cerebral artery
122
what are the posterior branches of the internal carotid?
posterior occipital
posterior auricular
123
what is the anterior blood supply to the face?
facial a.
124
where does the facial artery emerge?
deep to submandibular gland
125
What are the terminal branches of the external carotid?
maxillary: supplies infratemporal + nasal
superficial temporal a.: supplies lateral + external scalp
126
what is the first branch of internal carotid a. and what does it give off?
opthalamic a.
supraorbital + supratrochlear (supply skin)
127
list the contents of the eye and orbit region
eyeball
eyelid
extraocular mm
nerves/a/veins
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
fat
128
what are the boundaries of the temporal fossa?
posterio/superior: temporal lines
anterior: frontal + zygomatic bone
lateral: zygomatic arch
inferior: infratemporal crest
129
what is the pterion?
connection of frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bone
130
Contents of the infratemporal fossa?
inferior temporal muscle
lateral and medial pterygoid
maxillary a.
venous plexus
V3
corda tympani (merging with lingual)
131
what type of joint is the temporomandibular?
hinge joint
132
what are the surfaces of the temperomandibular joint?
condyle of mandible _ mandibular fossa_ tubercle of temporal bone
133
The loose tempormandibular capsule thickens laterally to form?
lateral ligament
134
what does the articular disc of the temporamandibular joint seperate?
superior and inferior
135
what movement occurs between temporal bone and disc?
gliding
136
what movement occurs at inferior tempormandibular joint?
hinge type movements
137
What are the two extrinsic ligaments that connect the mandible to the skull?
stylomandibular ligament
138
what is the stylomandibular ligament?
thickened fibrous capsule of parotid gland
does not provide a lot of support
runs from styloid process- mandible
139
what is the sphenomandibular ligament?
primary passive support to mandible
runs from spine of sphenoid to lingula on mandible
140
the 4 muscles of mastication are innervation by what nerve?
mandibular branch of trigeminal
141
what movements of the manidble are considered hinge?
elevation and depression
142
Anterior movement of the mandible is considered?
protrusion
143
posterior movement of the mandible is considered?
retrusion
144
When the teeth are touching where is the mandibular condyle?
within the mandibular fossa
145
With elevation of the mouth where does the condyle move?
leaves the fossa anteriorly and articulates with articular tubercle
146
What does the articular disc of the mandible articulate with?
condyle of the mandible NOT the temporal bone
147
lateral movement of the mandible involves what motion of the condyle?
stationary condyle retract and articulates with fossa, other side protrudes
148
Action of the temporal m .
elevates mandible
horizontal fibers can retract mandible
149
attachments of the temporal m
temporal fossa
coronoid of mandible
150
Action of masseter?
elevates
superior fibers protrude
151
attachments of the masseter m.
maxillary process of zygomatic bone
zygomatic arch
152
Action of the lateral pterygoid muscles?
unilateral: contralateral slide
bilateral: protract and depress
153
action of the medial pterygoid muscle?
elevate mandible
protrude + grind
154
what muscles perform depression of mandible?
gravity mainly
suprahyoid can but only when hyoid is fixed
155
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
genioglossus
hypoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
156
What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
longitudinal
vertical
horizontal
157
What nerve innervates muscles of the tongue?
hypoglossal
exception (palatoglossus is innervated by vagus)
158
what nerves provide general sensation to the tongue?
V3 (lingual branch)
glossopharengeal
159
What nerves provide taste to the tongue?
facial/chordi tympani (anterior 2/3)
glossopharyngeal (posterior 1/3)
