Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

mgt 300 > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the forces from within individuals that stimulate and drive them to achieve goals

A

motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Needs motivation theories are generally divided into two categories:

  • content theories
  • process theories
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____ theories explain why people have different needs at different times and how these needs motivate behavior

A

content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There are four main content theories:

  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
  • Alderfer’s ERG theory
  • McClelland’s need theory
  • Herzberg’s two-factor theory
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

____ theories describe the cognitive processes through which needs are translated into behavior

A

process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

There are three main process theories:

  1. equity theory
  2. goal-setting theory
  3. expectancy theory
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

____ theory holds that motivation is based on our perception of how fairly we are being treated in comparison with others

A

Equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ theory holds that individuals are more likely to be motivated and perform well if they expect to receive desired rewards

A

expectancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ justice describes how people perceive fairness in workplace practices

A

organizational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____ justice is the degree to which people perceive outcomes to be fairly allocated

A

distributive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____ justice is the degree to which people perceive the implementation of company policies and procedures to be fair

A

procedural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ justice refers to the level of dignity, politeness, and respect employees receive by supervisors during change implementation

A

interpersonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____ justice refers to the degree of access people are given to information and the explanations provided to convey that information regarding why certain decisions are being made

A

informational justice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____ ____ theory holds that people will choose certain behaviors over others with the expectation of a certain outcome

A

Vroom’s expectancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vroom’s expectancy theory describes motivation as a function of an individual’s beliefs concerning effort-to-performance relationships (e____), work-outcome relationships (i____), and the desirability of various work outcomes (v____)

A

expectancy, instrumentality, valence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____ ____ is the performance of tasks for our own innate satisfaction

A

intrinsic motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intrinsic motivation consists of two main mechanisms:

  • need for competence
  • need for self-determination
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____ rewards are external awards to employees such as salary, bonuses, benefits, and paid vacations

A

extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____ ____ is a method of setting forth the duties and responsibilities of a job within the intention of improving productivity and performance

A

job design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

There are three main approaches to job design:

  • job enlargement
  • job rotation
  • job enrichment
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Job ____ increases the range of tasks and duties associated with a job

A

enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Job ____ is a process of periodically moving employees from one job to another

A

rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Job ____ means increasing the scope of a job to make it more complex, stimulating, and satisfying for employees

A

enrichment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Job enrichment can be further explained through the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model that identifies five core dimensions of jobs:

  • skill variety
  • task identity
  • task significance
  • autonomy
  • feedback
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

____ is the application of consequences for the purpose of establishing patterns of behavior

A

reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

____ reinforcement is the use of positive consequences to reinforce positive behaviors to make the employee more likely to behave in similar ways in the same or similar situations

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

____ reinforcement is the removal of a particular item or stimulus following the demonstration of a certain behavior in order to strengthen that behavior

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

____ is the administration of unpleasant consequences or removal of positive ones for the purpose of discouraging undesirable behavior

A

punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

____ is the absence of any consequences, which reduces the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations

A

extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

____ have changed whole industries, economies, and societies by transforming the way we live, communicate, and interact with each other

A

entrepreneurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

There are five types of entrepreneurial managers in practice today:

  1. corporate entrepreneurship
  2. entrepreneurs inside
  3. social entrepreneurship
  4. family enterprise
  5. serial entrepreneurs
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

____ entrepreneurship is the process of creating new products, ventures, processes, or renewal within large corporations

A

corporate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

____ ____ are people who think and act entrepreneurially within different types of organizations

A

entrepreneurs inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

____ entrepreneurship is the process of sourcing innovative solutions to social and environmental problems

A

social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

A ____ ___ is a business owned and managed by multiple family members typically for more than one generation

A

family enterprise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

____ ____ are people who start several businesses, whether simultaneously or one after another

A

serial entrepreneurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

There are 8 components of the entrepreneurship method:

  1. identify the desired impact on the world
  2. start with the means at hand
  3. describe the idea today
  4. calculate affordable loss
  5. take small action
  6. network and enroll others in the journey
  7. build on what has been learned
  8. reflect and be honest
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Many growth accelerants affect the performance of new ventures:

  • market opportunity/customers/competitors
  • human capital/workforce
  • product/services/after-sales
  • marketing/branding
  • research and development/new product development
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Many challenges affect the performance of new ventures

  • market opportunity/customers/competitors
  • human capital/workforce
  • company financing and revenue
  • operations management/systems
  • top management/board
  • market size
  • market value creation and customer adoption
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

____ ____ are the type that end in bankruptcy or even severe legal implications

A

big failures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

There are several coping strategies to deal with fear of failure at work:

  • reframe failure
  • set goals with positive outcomes
  • create a “fear list”
  • focus on learning
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

____ is the quality that enables people to work hard and sustain interest in their long-term goals

A

grit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

____ ____ today are most likely to be people who lead from a position of influence rather than power and who use their decision-making, motivational, and communication skills to inspire others with their vision to generate results

A

effective leaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Most people associate leadership with ____, which is the ability to influence

A

power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The powers that are given are called ____ powers, which are powers granted because of a manager’s position and ability to affect someone positively or negatively through resource allocation or disciplinary measures

A

positional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Managers also have ____ powers, which are obtained by being perceived as likeable and well informed

A

personal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The four basic types of leaders:

  1. Directive leadership
  2. Transactional leadership
  3. Visionary leadership
  4. Empowering leadership
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

____ leadership is characterized by implementing guidelines, providing information on what is expected, setting definite performance standards, and ensuring that individuals follow rules

A

directive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

____ leadership is a behavioral type of leadership that proposes that employees are motivated by goals and equitable rewards

A

transactional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

____ leadership uses charisma to encourage followers to share in the mission and commit to and work toward the desired goal

A

visionary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

____ leadership shifts the focus from the leader to the follower through the idea of self-leadership

A

empowering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The ____ leadership perspective explores the relationship between leaders and personal qualities and characteristics, and how we differentiate leaders from nonleaders

A

trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The dark triad is composed of three negative personality attributes:

  • narcissism
  • Machiavellianism
  • psychopathy
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The ____ leadership perspective proposes that specific behaviors distinguish leaders from nonleaders

A

behavioral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The ____ leadership perspective suggests the effectiveness of the leader relates to the interaction of the leader’s traits or behaviors and situational factors

A

contingency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The ____ leadership model proposes that leaders should adapt their leadership style based on the types of people they are leading and the requirements of the task

A

situational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The ____-____ leadership theory suggests that leadership effectiveness is the degree to which the leader enhances the performance of followers by guiding them on a defined track toward achieving their goals

A

path-goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Contemporary and emerging leadership perspectives

  • transformational leadership
  • Laissez-faire leadership
  • charismatic leadership
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

____ leadership is where leaders work with people inside and outside the organization to identify opportunities for change and in the process create a higher-level vision that elicits an emotional response and commitment from followers

A

transformational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

____-____ leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders fully delegate responsibility to others

A

Laissez-faire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

____ leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders use personality or charm to inspire, motivate, and acquire loyalty and commitment from employees

A

charismatic

62
Q

Power-distributing leadership perspectives

  • empowering leadership
  • shared leadership
  • self-leadership
A
63
Q

____ leadership gives or delegates power to employees that motivates and inspires them to achieve goals

A

empowering

64
Q

____ leadership distributes influence among groups and individuals to achieve organizational or team goals, or both

A

shared

65
Q

____-____ is a process through which people intentionally influence their thinking and behavior to achieve their objectives, using behavior-focused strategies, natural reward strategies, and constructive thought pattern strategies

A

self-leadership

66
Q

Value-based leadership perspectives

  • authentic leadership
  • servant leadership
  • ethical leadership
A
67
Q

____ leadership is a pattern of leadership behavior based on honesty, practicality, and ethicality

A

authentic

68
Q

____ leadership emphasizes employees and the community rather than the leader

A

servant

69
Q

____ leadership is the influence of others through personal values, morals, and beliefs

A

ethical

70
Q

____ ____ ____ is an organizational function that deals with the effective management of people in an organization

A

human resource management

71
Q

Many companies have adopted the process of ____ ____, a strategic, deliberate approach to attracting new, highly skilled workers and developing the abilities of existing employees to meet current and future organizational objectives

A

talent management

72
Q

Once HR has defined and planned the organization’s needs, it begins the ____ ____

A

recruitment process

73
Q

To hire the right candidate for the role, managers use a ____ ____ to screen job applicants

A

selection process

74
Q

The selection process involves using three types of selection tools:

  • application forms
  • selection tests
  • interviews
A
75
Q

____ is the process of equipping workers with the skills, knowledge, and behaviors to transition into an organization

A

onboarding

76
Q

There are 7 ways managers can help integrate new hires:

  1. understand their challenges
  2. accelerate their learning
  3. make them part of a team
  4. connect them with key stakeholders
  5. give them direction
  6. help them succeed early
  7. coach them for success
A
77
Q

To continue the integration, new hires will be provided with a degree of ____ ____, which is the process of teaching new or existing employees the skills necessary to carry out their roles and improve current job performance

A

formal training

78
Q

Organizations use 8 common training strategies:

  1. training by an instructor
  2. interactive training
  3. hands-on training
  4. e-learning training
  5. video training
  6. coaching and mentoring
  7. cross-training
  8. peer-to-peer learning
A
79
Q

The ____ training model is an instructional design model (ISD) used to support instructors when designing and building their training and learning programs

A

ADDIE

80
Q

____ ____ is a process that provides feedback to employees to maintain and improve performance in line with organizational objectives

A

performance management

81
Q

There are four stages of a traditional performance management process:

  1. planning
  2. acting
  3. tracking
  4. reviewing
A
82
Q

There are several types of performance reviews used in organizations, such as:

  • annual reviews
  • self-appraisals
  • 360-degree appraisals
  • BARS method
A
83
Q

Many organizations have replaced the traditional annual review process with a more ____ approach to performance management

A

agile

84
Q

A ____ is a tool that helps managers use information to influence behavior and affect operational performance through greater efficiencies and effective decision-making

A

control

85
Q

There are 4 main steps in the control process:

  1. set standards
  2. measure performance
  3. compare performance to standards
  4. take corrective action where necessary
A
86
Q

____ ____ involves the development, maintenance, and use of computer system, software, and networks for the processing and distribution of data

A

information technology

87
Q

Information technology services include:

  • cloud computing
  • IaaS
  • ERP
  • PaaS
  • SaaS
  • data analytics
  • artificial intelligence
  • machine learning
A
88
Q

There are several types of information systems, including:

  • management information systems (MIS)
  • transaction processing systems (TPS)
  • enterprise resource planning (ERP)
  • executive support systems (ESS)
  • decision support systems (DSS)
  • learning management systems (LMS)
A
89
Q

A ____ ____ system is a tool that aids organizations to run more efficiently by incorporating people, technology, and information systematically

A

management information (MIS)

90
Q

A ____ ____ system is an information processing system that records the daily business transactions of an organization at the operational level

A

transaction processing (TPS)

91
Q

A ____ ____ ____ is a process used by organizations to integrate important parts of the business

A

enterprise resource planning (ERP)

92
Q

A ____ ____ system is a management information system that uses internal and external data to aid the executive staff with their decision-making process with regard to organizational performance

A

executive support (ESS)

93
Q

A ____ ____ system is a computer-based information system that helps organizations with their decision-making process

A

decision support (DSS)

94
Q

A ____ ____ system is a software application that facilitates educational courses, training programs, or learning and development programs

A

learning management (LMS)

95
Q

____ ____ are processes, policies, and procedures implemented by managers to meet the organization’s financial goals

A

financial controls

96
Q

There are many types of financial controls, including:

  • budgeting
  • financial statements
  • audits
A
97
Q

Due to the rise of cybersecurity threats, organizations need to carry out a ____ ____, or a formal assessment of an organization’s cybersecurity policies and procedures together with the identification of any deficiencies that could leave the organization open to risk

A

cybersecurity audit

98
Q

There are a variety of cybersecurity threats that pose significant risks for organizations:

  • ransomware
  • malware
  • social engineering
  • phishing
A
99
Q

____ is used by an attacker to gain access to a victim’s computer files, lock them, and then demand a ransom to unlock them

A

ransomware

100
Q

____ is any file or program used for harms, such as worms, viruses, Trojan horses, and spyware

A

malware

101
Q

____ ____ is the act of tricking users into divulging sensitive information

A

social engineering

102
Q

____ is a cybercrime in which fraudulent e-mails to resemble legitimate institutions are sent to users to extract sensitive information such as banking and credit card details, passwords, or log-in information

A

phishing

103
Q

Some performance development management practices include:

  • lean manufacturing
  • JIT method
  • supply chain management
  • TQM
  • SQC
  • Deming management
  • Six Sigma
  • lean Six Sigma
  • ISO 9000
  • ISO 14000
  • kaizen
A
104
Q

____ ____ is the implementation of best practices to eliminate inefficiencies and waste while increasing profit

A

lean manufacturing

105
Q

____-____-____ ____ is an inventory system that provides an item as needed rather than keeping inventory in stock

A

just-in-time method (JIT)

106
Q

____ ____ ____ is a long-range, big-pictures process that assists companies in better overall management for the entire organization

A

total quality management (TQM)

107
Q

____ ____ ____ is the use of statistics taken from samples from production runs for the sole purpose of determining production quality

A

statistical quality control (SQC)

108
Q

____ ____ is a business management strategy designed to analyze the causes of defects, using statistical methods

A

six sigma

109
Q

The ____ ____ series provides an exact measure of quality globally over a platform of systems

A

ISO 9000

110
Q

The ____ ____ series broadens the concept by focusing on the organization’s environmental impact and quality

A

ISO 14000

111
Q

____ is a Japanese strategy where managers and employees work together to identify opportunities and find solutions

A

Kaizen

112
Q

____ ____ refers to the characteristics that make people different from one another

  • personality traits
  • gender
  • age
  • cultural background
  • education
  • work experience
A

individual differences

113
Q

____ is the relatively stable pattern of traits and characteristics that help shape a person’s behavior and make the person unique

A

personality

114
Q

Our ____ ____ play a large role in determining whether we are predisposed to be natural self-leaders or will have to learn, practice, and work a little harder to develop our self-leadership skills

A

personality characteristics

115
Q

The ____-____ ____ ____ is used to assess the ways in which individuals perceive their environments, make decisions, and process information

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

116
Q

The MBTI determines a person’s orientation on four sets of preference dyads:

  • extraversion-introversion
  • sensing-intuition
  • thinking-feeling
  • judging-perceiving
A
117
Q

People with a preference for ____ gather information with their five senses

A

sensing

118
Q

____ people look for patterns with possibilities as they interpret the world around them

A

intuitive

119
Q

____ tend to make decisions with rationality, facts, and objective principles

A

thinkers

120
Q

____ tend to decide things with a greater concern for people and values

A

feelers

121
Q

People with a ____ orientation prefer and ordered, structured, and resolved situation

A

judging

122
Q

____ types tend to be more flexible, adaptable, and open-ended when approaching the world around them

A

perceiving

123
Q

In one study, all eight judging MBTI types scored ____ on a measure of the self-leadership strategies than all eight of the perceiving MBTI types

A

higher

124
Q

The ____ ____ ____ is based on the lexical hypothesis, which states that all meaningful differences in personality are encoded in language

A

Big Five Model

125
Q

Studies show that people low in conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional stability are ____ likely than people high in these characteristics to engage in self-leadership effectively

A

less

126
Q

Younger people may tend to engage in self-leadership ____ than older people

A

more

127
Q

Some studies suggest that women are ____ likely than men to engage in rumination or negative, obstacle-type thinking in response to negative emotions

A

more

128
Q

Women tended to choose ____ performance tasks than did men

A

easier

129
Q

Five cultural dimensions

  1. power distance
  2. individualism
  3. masculinity
  4. uncertainty avoidance
  5. long-term orientation
A
130
Q

____ ____ is the degree of equality or inequality between people in a country’s society

A

power distance

131
Q

____ is the extent to which a society values individual or collective achievement

A

individualism

132
Q

____ is the degree to which a society reinforces traditional masculine roles, including male achievement, control, and power

A

masculinity

133
Q

____ ____ is the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity in a society

A

uncertainty avoidance

134
Q

____-____ ____ is the extent to which a society embraces long-term devotion to traditional or forward-thinking values

A

long-term orientation

135
Q

The ____ career path is self-directed rather than organization-directed and requires occasional reshaping and reformulation as changing situations dictate

A

protean

136
Q

In her song “Shake It Off”, ____ ____ reminds us that we create our own psychological worlds and that we have the power to dismiss the negativity of others

A

Taylor Swift

137
Q

Taylor Swift advocates being aware of and comfortable with who you are, reflecting the self-leadership concepts of ____-____ and ____

A

self-observation, purpose

138
Q

Taylor Swift also embraces the self-leadership concepts of ____ ____ and leading oneself to do necessary but unattractive tasks

A

hard work

139
Q

____-____-____ can provide athletes with direction for their efforts

A

self-goal-setting

140
Q

A review of sixty different sports studies across a wide range of activities and ages of performers found a consistent positive relationship between ____ ____ ____ and performance

A

constructive mental imagery

141
Q

Those in ____ ____ jobs need to play a critical role in their own development, motivation, and systematic self-leadership

A

uniquely autonomous

142
Q

“Mind and Body”

  • individual behaviors
  • individual thoughts
  • team behaviors
  • team thoughts
A
143
Q

World-altering strategies

  • reminders and attention focusers
  • removing negative cues
  • increasing positive cues
A
144
Q

Self-imposed strategies

  • self-observation
  • purpose examination
  • self-goal setting
  • self-reward
  • self-punishment
  • practice
A
145
Q

Natural reward strategies

  • discover your natural rewards
  • build natural rewards into your life’s activities
  • focus on the natural rewards
A
146
Q

____ ____ can be described as being able to deal with life’s many challenges and enjoy the successful handling of them

A

personal effectiveness

147
Q

____-____ is our level of effectiveness in dealing with our world, or our perception of our own ability to overcome the situations and challenges we face in life

A

self-efficacy

148
Q

____ is the process of helping others develop and practice systematic effective self-leadership

A

superleadership

149
Q

SuperLeadership consists of three primary components:

  • setting a good example
  • guidance
  • reinforcement of self-leadership
A
150
Q

Barbara Brown argues that the ____ and ____ are two distinct parts

A

brain, mind

mgt 300 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions