unit 2 exam Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
A ____ is a specific commitment to achieve a desired result within a certain period of time
A
goal
2
Q
To maximize effectiveness and efficiency, goals must be set within a strategic framework consisting of m____, v____, and v____
A
mission, vision, and values
3
Q
Managers setting goals must follow the organization’s ____, have a clear ____ of what they want to achieve, and ensure that the team embraces core ____ of what the organization represents
A
mission, vision, values
4
Q
Fostering a strong corporate ____ within this framework is the first step toward goal success
A
culture
5
Q
Examples of goals
- short-term goals
- long-term goals
- stretch goals
- distal goals
- proximal goals
A
6
Q
A ____-____ goal is a target to achieve a goal within a short period of time, usually within 1 year; also known as a tactical or operational goal
A
short-term
7
Q
A ____-____ goal is a strategic target that aims to achieve goals set out in a company’s strategic plan within 1 to 5 years
A
long-term
8
Q
A ____ goal is a goal that is almost unattainable and requires the full capacity of an individual, manager, team, or organization to accomplish
A
stretch
9
Q
A ____ goal includes primary or long-term goals
A
distal
10
Q
A ____ goal is a short-term goal that increases individuals’ ability to reach distal goals by providing motivation and feedback
A
proximal
11
Q
An important part of goal setting is to turn short-term and long-term goals into actionable ____ ____
A
goal plans
12
Q
Types of plans include operational plans composed of ____ plans and ____-____ plans
A
standing, single-use
13
Q
A ____ plan is designed for repeated use in response to commonly occurring events
A
standing
14
Q
A ____-____ plan is developed to achieve a particular goal or in response to an event that is not expected to be repeated
A
single-use
15
Q
Examples of standing plans
- policies
- procedures
- rules
A
16
Q
There are two main types of single-use plans: p____ and p____
A
programs, projects
17
Q
A ____ is a single-use plan that sets out objectives to accomplish a variety of projects and activities
A
program
18
Q
A ____ is a single-use plan that sets out objectives to achieve a single activity; it has less scope, making it less complex
A
project
19
Q
Other types of plans include:
- tactical plans
- directional plans
- business plans
- action plans
A
20
Q
A ____ plan covers an intermediate time scale and enacts divisional strategies by allocating people and resources
A
tactical
21
Q
A ____ plan is a general, flexible plan that provides guidelines for an organization’s long-term goals
A
directional
22
Q
A ____ plan is a written document that describes the actions and goals needed to support organizational strategy
A
business
23
Q
A ____ plan consists of the specific actions, people, and resources needed to accomplish a goal
A
action
24
Q
____ ____ ____ developed by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham in the 1960s suggests that human performance is directed by conscious goals and intentions
A
goal setting theory
25
The core principles of effective goal setting to motivate workers are presented in five dimensions:
- clarity
- challenge
- commitment
- feedback
- task complexity
.
26
SMART goals must be s____, m____, a____, r____, and t____-____
smart, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound
27
____ goals tend to work when applied to predictable business environments where the future is similar to the past, and the products or services are relatively the same
SMART
28
Results-centered approaches to goal setting include ____ goals and ____ ____ ____
SMART, management by objectives
29
____ ____ ____ is a method in which management and employees agree to specific goals that are then used to evaluate individual performance
management by objectives
30
The main purpose of the MBO approach is to ____ employees rather than control
motivate
31
There are five steps to the MBO process:
1. manager sets employee objectives
2. manager develops action plans
3. manager monitors and reviews progress
4. manager evaluates performance
5. manager rewards performance according to results
32
An example of a process-centered approach to goal setting is ____ ____ ____
total quality management (TQM)
33
____ ____ ____ is a long-range, big-picture process that assists companies in better overall management for the entire organization
total quality management
34
The main aspects of TQM include:
- striving for long-term solutions rather than short-term gains
- rectifying errors and delays as quickly as possible
- focusing on the customer as the main priority
- continually improving systems and people performance
- investing in ongoing training programs and workshops
- building teams motivated to be innovative and creative
- creating an environment where all employees are involved in providing ideas and feedback
35
A ____ ____ of goal setting considers tasks in terms of straightforwardness, ambiguity, and flexibility and how managers and employees can change the nature of the goal-setting process to better fit the type of task required
contingency model
36
____ ____ provide a visual representation of an organization's strategies and goals, which allows managers to easily track progress toward metrics and goals in real time
performance dashboards
37
Performance dashboards provide managers access to ____ ____ ____, measurements that managers identify as vital to the company's performance with regard to financials, internal processes, customers, learning/growth
key performance indicators
38
A ____ ____ focuses on three key non-financial areas:
1. relationships with customers
2. key internal processes
3. learning and growth
balanced scorecard
39
____ are the moral principles, values, and beliefs that govern group or individual behavior according to what is right or wrong and what contributes to the balanced good of all stakeholders
ethics
40
As described by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, ____ go through "stages of moral development" in their lives
individuals
41
____ that carry out unethical business practices have a negative impact on their ____
organizations, stakeholders
42
In addition, ____ play an important role in establishing rules and regulations to guide business ethics
governments
43
The ____ ____ must adhere to the ethical principles outlined by the United Nations
global community
44
When there is no clearly course of action, managers are required to make decisions based on one or more of the following principles:
- legal
- individual
- virtuous
- long-term self interest
- community
- utilitarian
- distributed justice
45
To assist with ethical decision-making, many organizations publish ethical guidelines called ____ ____ ____
codes of conduct
46
The ____ principle is making decisions that follow both the letter and the spirit of the law
legal
47
The ____ ____ principle is making decisions that do not infringe upon the rights of other people
individual rights
48
The ____ principle is making decisions you would be publicly proud of
virtuous
49
The ____-____ principle is making decisions that support the long-term interests of you and your organization
long-term
50
The ____ principle is making decisions that contribute to the strength and well-being of the community
community
51
The ____ principle is making decisions that provide the greatest good to the greatest number (or the least harm to the lowest number)
utilitarian
52
The ____ ____ principle is making decisions that do not harm those who are already disadvantaged
distributed justice
53
Managing responsibly in today's business environment requires managers to make principle-based decisions informed by ____ and ____ standards
industry, societal
54
In some cases, organizations may decide to address a negative externality proactively by ____ it, thus benefiting stakeholders
internalizing
55
Managers define and foster ethical organizational cultures in two ways
1. applying a framework for ethical decision-making
2. ethics training
55
____ ____ is an ethical framework for outlining the duties managers need to perform to benefit both the organization and society
social responsibility
56
When social responsibility goes beyond managers to the organization itself, it is called ____ ____ ____,
corporate social responsibility (CSR)
57
____ ____ ____ is an ethical framework for describing the efforts made by corporations to drive positive environmental and societal change
corporate social responsibility
58
____ ____ is the process of sourcing innovative solutions to social and environmental problems
social entrepreneurship
59
Many of these social and environmental problems relate to:
- environment
- poverty
- sustainability
- equality
- education
- child mortality
- sanitation
- terrorism
- health and wellness
60
____ ____ are people who start a business for the dual purpose of profit and societal benefit
social entrepreneurs
61
There are several models of social entrepreneurship:
- social purpose ventures
- social consequence ventures
- enterprising nonprofits
62
____ ____ ____ are businesses that aim to resolve a social problem and make a profit
social purpose ventures
63
____ ____ ____ are for for-profit businesses with a primarily social impact
social consequence ventures
64
____ ____ are a form of social entrepreneurship in which both the venture mission and the market impact are for social purposes
enterprising nonprofits
65
____-____ is the action or process of identifying a strategy to resolve problems
decision-making
66
Managers make two types of decisions:
- programmed
- non-programmed
67
____ decisions are routine tasks based on preestablished rules and guidelines
programmed
68
____ decisions are based on reason and/or intuition in response to a unique situation that requires tailored actions
nonprogrammed
69
Managers often use a ____-____ model of decision-making to help them make good decisions and find solutions to complex problems
five-step
70
The Five-Step Model of Decision-Making
1. Define the Problem
2. Identify and Weight Decision Criteria
3. Generate Multiple Alternatives
4. Rate Alternatives Based on Decision Criteria
5. Choose, Implement, and Evaluate the Best Alternative
71
Research has shown that decision-making styles vary along two dimensions:
1. value orientation
2. tolerance for ambiguity
72
____ ____ is the degree to which people focus on tasks and technical concerns or people and social concerns
value orientation
73
____ ____ ____ is the extent to which people have a strong need for structure or control in their lives
tolerance for ambiguity
74
The two dimensions form the four styles of decision-making:
- d____
- a____
- c____
- b____
directive, analytical, conceptual, behavioral
75
People with a ____ style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and tend to focus more on tasks and technical concerns
directive
76
People with a ____ style have a high tolerance for ambiguity but prefer to consider a number of options and alternatives before reaching a conclusion
analytical
77
People with a ____ style have a high tolerance for ambiguity and tend to rely on their intuition or information from others to make decisions
conceptual
78
Managers with a ____ style have a low tolerance for ambiguity but have a strong focus on people and social concerns
behavioral
79
While making decisions requires being in the right mindset and following a series of important steps, other factors may influence the way in which we make decisions in the real world. These factors include:
- rationality
- satisficing
- intuition
- heuristics
- bias
80
____ ____ is decision-making that is limited by time, cognitive abilities, and available information
bounded rationality
81
____ is choosing an acceptable solution rather than an optimal solution
satisficing
82
____ is a decision based on feelings, previous experience, and existing knowledge
intuition
83
____ is a set of informal rules used to simplify and expedite the decision-making process
heuristics
84
____-____ bias is the tendency to place more importance on information held by the majority of people while failing to take into account views held by the minority
common-information
85
____ bias is the inclination to seek out information to support our views while disregarding information that does not
confirmation
86
____ ____ bias is when people continue a certain behavior because they have already invested too much money in it
sunk cost
87
____ bias is the propensity to overestimate an outcome that could not have possibly been predicted
hindsight
88
____ ____ ____ is when people increase their level of commitment to a decision despite receiving negative information about it
escalation of commitment
89
____ bias is a cognitive bias where decisions are influenced by the way information is presented rather than the facts themselves
framing
90
Nobel Prize-winning psychologists Kahneman and Tversky suggested three types of heuristics:
- a____ heuristics
- a____ heuristics
- a____ heuristics
availability, anchoring, adjustment
91
____ heuristics is making judgements on certain events based on how easily an example springs to mind
availability
92
____ and ____ heuristics is the tendency for people to base decisions on the first piece of information before adjusting it
anchoring, adjustment
93
____ heuristics is the tendency to make judgements based on our own mental models and stereotypes
representativeness
94
Our heuristics tend to lead to biases and errors relating to how we process information. These biases include:
- common-information bias
- confirmation bias
- sunk cost bias
- hindsight bias
- escalation of commitment
- framing bias
95
Our ____ tend to manifest themselves in our behavior, which stifles the creative process, causing barriers to decision-making
biases
96
People hesitate to make decisions for a number of reasons:
- fear they may not be right
- fear of what others might say or think
- fear of following through on a decision once it has been made
97
Several tools are available to help people organize their thoughts and resolve decision-making paralysis:
- the Ben Franklin balance sheet
- the report card method
- partner-in-absentia method
98
The ____ ____ ____ ____ is when one lists their pros and cons and looks at both to see which one wins
Ben Franklin balance sheet
99
The ____ ____ method is helpful for when you want to compare a few things against each other
report card
100
The ____-____-____ method involves finding out the amount of decision-making autonomy you have while your boss is away, who you need to consult when making decisions, and how you can access the information you need to make decisions
partner-in-absentia
101
____ and ____ ____-____ can interrupt the decision process
groupthink, sequential decision-making
102
____ is usually an unconscious mode of group decision-making in which individuals prioritize agreement over analysis
groupthink
103
____ ____-____ is where people are asked one after the other for their decisions
sequential decision-making
104
Several group decision-making techniques help to limit the effects of sequential decision-making and groupthink:
- brainstorming
- Delphi technique
- nominal group technique (NGT)
105
____ is creating as many alternatives as possible, without making value judgements about any idea
brainstorming
106
The ____ ____ is a method of decision-making in which a group of experts propose and question ideas until a consensus is reached
Delphi technique
107
A ____ ____ ____ is where individuals rate proposed solutions and the total tally determines the final decision
nominal group technique
108
____-____ theory suggests that people regulate their behavior through a process that is quite similar to the way a mechanical thermostat works
self-regulation
109
____ ____ theory proposes a self-regulatory involving self-monitoring and behavioral reactions
social cognitive
110
The ____ ____ ____ of behavior suggests that human behavior is best explained by external factors relating to the world in which we live, internal personal factors, and the behavior itself
triadic reciprocal model
111
____-____ is our level of effectiveness in dealing with our world
self-efficacy
112
Self-efficacy judgements come from o____, verbal p____, and p____ r____
observation, persuasion, physical reactions
113
The most important source of perceptions of self-efficacy is our own ____ ____
performance history
114
____-____ ____ describes extreme dysfunction or breakdown in self-regulatory processes
self-regulatory failure
115
____-____ is a process through which people apply a set of behavioral strategies in an effort to manage their behaviors in terms of reducing discrepancies from established standards
self-management
116
____-____ theory suggests that the need for competence and self-determination are primary mechanisms for enhancing intrinsic or natural motivation derived from a task or activity itself
self-determination
117
World-altering behavior focused strategies:
- using reminders and attention focusers
- removing negative cues
- increasing positive cues
118
____-____ involves determining when, why, and under what conditions we use certain behaviors
self-observation
119
____ are generally most effective for managing our immediate behavior if they are specific and challenging yet achievable
goals
120
Naturally rewarding activities tend to have two primary features:
- they make us feel more ____
- they help us feel ____-____
competent, self-controlling
121
The first step in the classical decision-making model is:
a. define the problem
b. identify and weight decision criteria
c. determine the mission
d. generate alternatives
e. rate alternatives
a. define the problem
122
In Chapter 4 of SELF-LEADERSHIP, it is argued that "naturally rewarding activities" have two primary features. These two features include
a. feelings of competence and self-control
b. feelings of motivation and drive
c. feelings of determination and self-leadership
d. feelings of love and passion
a. competence and self-control
123
Research has shown that decision making styles vary along which two dimensions?
a. value orientation and tolerance for ambiguity
b. complete rationality and bounded rationality
c. value orientation and bounded rationality
d. empowering and authoritative
a. value orientation and tolerance for ambiguity
124
GiGe makes decision based on the consequences involved with those decisions. She does things based on rewards and punishments that she may face. Given this information, GiGe is at which stage of moral development?
a. pre-conventional
b. conventional
c. post-conventional
d. show me the money stage
e. reward stage
a. pre-conventional
125
Which of the following is a group decision technique that helps to limit the effects of groupthink and sequential decision making?
a. brainstorming
b. delphi technique
c. nominal group technique
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
