Final Exam Flashcards
(328 cards)
1
Q
Pre embryonic stage
A
First two weeks
2
Q
Embryo
A
3 to 8 weeks
3
Q
Fetus
A
9 weeks to the end of pregnancy
4
Q
Gastrulation
A
Third week. Two layers differentiate into ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.
5
Q
Ectoderm
A
Epidermis, eyes, nervous system
6
Q
Mesoderm
A
Notochord, muscular, skeletal system, circulatory system
7
Q
Endoderm
A
Lining of organs, liver and pancreas
8
Q
Dermatomyotomes
A
Mesoderm differentiate into 44 pairs of somites
9
Q
Somites
A
Ventral side: ribs and vertebrae
Dorsal side: dermis and segmental innervation
10
Q
Myotomes
A
He used to make skeletal muscle and segmented innervation
11
Q
Upper limb growth fourth week location
A
Form from C5 to T1.
12
Q
Lower limb growth at 7 weeks
A
Form from L2 to s2. Flexures develop, big toe points upward
13
Q
Limb development at seven weeks
A
Limbs rotate 90°, but in opposite directions
14
Q
Digit abnormalities
A
Syndactyly: fused
Adactyly: missing
Ectrodactyly: missing middle digits
15
Q
Limb abnormalities
A
Amelia: missing, limb
Meromelia: partial absence
Phocomelia: shortened lower extremities
Radial longitudinal deficiency: missing, or malformed radius
16
Q
Spina bifida
A
Two sides of vertebrae failed to fuse, due to folic acid deficiency.
Oculta: bump, asymptomatic
Meningocele: contain cerebral spinal fluid
Myelomeningocele: spinal cord
17
Q
Bony landmarks of the vertebrae
A
Body,pedicle, transverse process, pars Interarticularis, lamina, spinous process, inferior, facet, superior, facet, vertebral foramen
18
Q
Lateral and medial adduction and abduction
A
Movement of middle finger
19
Q
Vertebral sections
A
Cervical: secondary, seven
Thoracic: primary, 12
Lumbar: secondary, five
Sacral: primary, five
Coccyx: four
20
Q
Atlas: C1
A
Forms atlanto occipital joint (OA). Yes, action lax spinous process.
21
Q
Axis: C2
A
Forms atlantoaxial joint (AA). No action possesses. “dens”
22
Q
Cervical vertebrae
A
Seven, bifid spinous process, flat facet joints.
23
Q
Thoracic vertebrae
A
- Long spinous process, stop sign, facet joints
24
Q
Lumbar vertebrae
A
Five. Short stubby, spinous process
25
Intervertebral discs
Outer: annulus fibrous
Inner: nucleus pulposus
26
Spondylosis
Degeneration of the spine
27
Spondylolysis
Fracture of pars interarticularis
28
Spondylolisthesis
Separation of the fracture
29
Extrinsic muscles
Surface, innervated by ventral rami, moves upper extremities
30
Intrinsic muscles Back
Deep, innervated by dorsal rami, move vertebral column
31
Synovial joints
Capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid. Freely, movable, and reinforced by ligaments.
32
Six types of synovial joints
Plane joints.
Hinge joints
Saddle joints
Condyloid joint
Ball and socket joints
Pivot joint
33
Plane joints
Gliding and sliding on flat surfaces. Acromioclavicular joint.
34
Hinge joints
Flexion and extension only. Movement In one plane. Contain collateral ligaments on either side. Elbow and knee joints.
35
Saddle joints
Ab and adduction and flexion and extension. Movement in two planes. Carpometacarpal joint.
36
Condyloid joint
AB and adduction and flexion and extension. Movement into plans with one plain freer than the other. Metacarpophalangeal joint.
37
Ball and socket joint
Multiple axes of movement. Hip joint.
38
Pivot joint
Rotation around a central axis. Atlantoaxial joint.
39
Fibrous joints
Made a fibrous tissue, partially movable, used for proprioception
40
Cartilaginous joints
Hyaline or fibrocartilage. Slightly movable. Strength and shock absorption.
41
Cauda equina
Horse tail and spinal cord
42
Coccyx spinal nerve number
One
43
Shoulder abduction, myotomes patterns
C5
44
Shoulder adduction, myotomes patterns
C6, C7, C8
45
Elbow flexion, myotomes patterns
C-5, C6
46
Elbow extension, myotomes patterns
C6, C7
47
Wrist flexion and extension, myotomes patterns
C6, C7
48
Wrist, supination, myotomes patterns
C6
49
Wrist pronation, myotomes patterns
C7, C8
50
Digital flexion and extension myotome
C7. C8
51
Finger adduction and abduction and finger lateral and medial abduction and adduction myotome patterns
T1
52
C4 Dermatome landmarks
Shoulders
53
C6 Dermatome landmarks
Thumb
54
C7 Dermatome landmarks
Middle finger
55
C8 Dermatome landmarks
Pinky
56
T2 Dermatome landmarks
axillary
57
T4 Dermatome landmarks
Nipples
58
T10 Dermatome landmarks
Belly button
59
L4 Dermatome landmarks
Inner ankle
60
L5 Dermatome landmarks
Outer calf, and first three toes
61
S1 Dermatome landmarks
Ankle, heel and last two toes
62
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Runs anteriorly to vertebral body
63
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Runs posteriorly to vertebral body. In spinal column.
64
Ligamentous flava
Provide stability to facet joints. When hypertrophy occurs can cause spinal stenosis.
65
Muscles that elevate the scapula
Levator scapula, upper trapezius
66
Muscles that depress the scapula
Lower trapezius, latissimus dorsi
67
Muscles that protract the scapula
Pectoralis,
major, and minor
Serratus anterior
68
Muscles that retract the scapula
rhomboid major in minor
69
Muscles that downwardly rotate the scapula
Levator scapula, rhomboid, major, and minor
70
Muscles that upwardly rotate the scapula
Upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior
71
Interspinous ligament
Runs through bifid of spinal processes in the cervical region
72
Nerves of posterior cervical region
1. Suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of C1)
2. Greater occipital nerves (posterior ramus of C2).
3. Lesser occipital nerve (anterior Rami of C2 and C3.).
4. Posterior rami nerves, C3 to C7 (posterior rami spinal nerves)
73
Suboccipital nerve
Posterior ramus of C1, runs between cranium and C1 to reach suboccipital’s
74
Greater occipital nerve
Pinferior to oblique capitus, inferior and posterior to scalp, innervates skin on neck and occipital bone; C2
75
Lesser occipital nerve
Anterior rami of C2 to C3, passes directly to skin, innervates skin on neck and scalp behind ear
76
Posterior rami nerves, C3 to C7
Goes to muscles and skin, innervates, intrinsic muscles of back and skin
77
Order of back muscles from superior to deep
Trapezius, splenius capitus, splenius cervicis, erector spinae, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotatores
78
4 muscles that attach to Mastoid process
Sternocleidomastoid, digastric posterior belly, longissimus capitis, splenius capitis
79
True and false pelvis
False pelvis: wings of iliac crest
True pelvis: pelvic symphysis
80
Innervation of pelvic floor
Pudental nerves S2 to S4 for keeps the poop off the floor
81
Which muscles form the back and side walls of the pelvic floor
piriformis and obturator internus
82
Most mobile joint of the pelvis
Sacrococcygeal joint, 25° of movement
83
Pelvic inlet and outlet
Inlet: S1
Outlet: coccyx
84
Three layers of the pelvic floor
1. Urogenital triangle.
2. Deep, urogenital muscles.
3. Levator ani and coccygeus.
85
Urogenital triangle of the pelvic floor
1. Bulbospongiosus (ballet)
2. Ischiocavernosus. (Triangle.)
3. Superficial transversed, peroneal muscle (side to side).
86
Deep, urogenital muscles
1. External urethral sphincter.
2. Deep transverse peroneal.
3. Compressor urethrae
87
levator ani and coccygeus
1. Levator Ani: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus
2. Coccygeus.
3. obturator internis
4. Piriformis.
88
Supraspinous ligament
Runs along the posterior edge of the nuchal ligament
89
Common carotid
Splits into two at C3 to C4 level. Carotid sinus, contains baroreceptors for pressure and turns into the internal carotid artery.
Carotid body with chemoreceptors for chemicals and turns into the external carotid artery.
90
Important arteries of the lateral neck
Common carotid, vertebral artery, subclavian artery, brachiocephalic trunk, end of aorta
91
Veins in the lateral neck
External jugular vein
92
Nerves in the neck
Spinal accessory nerve, suprascapular nerve, phrenic nerve, brachial plexus, recurrent laryngeal nerve, vagus nerve
93
Anterior Rami
C1 through C5, forms roots of cervical plexus
94
Ansa cervicalis
Loop of nerves
95
Rule of threes, four thoracic vertebrae
1. T1 to T3: SP in the same plane as body. TP in the same plane as body.
2. T4 to T6: SP even with inferior disc. TP half an inch superiorly.
3. T7toT9: SP far down from body. TP an inch superiorly.
4. T 10 to T 12: SP in the same plane as body. TP in the same plane as body.
96
Three openings of diaphragm
inferior vena cava (T8), esophagus and Vagus N (T10), aorta, azygos v, thoracic duct (T12)
97
Glenohumeral joint
Lax, most loose one arm is by the side. Capsule tightens with 90° abduction and 90° external rotation.
98
Acromioclavicular joint
Stabilize clavicle, 3° of freedom, made up of three ligaments. Acromioclavicular, coracoacromial, and Coracoclavicular (2)
99
Sternoclavicular joint
1. Only bony attachment of the arm to the body
2. resists, posterior rotation of the clavicle,
3. 3° of freedom for elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, posterior/anterior rotation.
4. Three ligaments: anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, costoclavicular, interclavicular.
100
Scapulothoracic joint
Functional joint, upward rotation, between the ribs and anterior scapula
101
Synovial joint
Bones meet cartilage, has articular cartilage, synovial membrane
102
Functional joint
No joint cavity, held by soft tissues
103
Glenoid labrum
O, ring of fibrocartilage, with glenoid that deepens pocket. Connects to the long head of the bicep, pear-shaped with the tip of the pair facing anteriorly. Use his clock analogy.
104
Bursa
Synovial membrane protrude through fibrous membrane to form bursa between two tendons
105
Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligament
Resists, excessive anterior and posterior motion of clavicle
106
Costoclavicular ligament
Assist with clavicular, elevation, and superior glide
107
Interclavicular ligament
Assists with Depression, in downward glide of sternum and clavicle
108
Acromioclavicular ligament
Stabilizes AC joint
109
Coracoacromial ligament
Roof of subacromial space
110
Coracoclavicular ligament
Guides clavicular rotation.
Made up of trapezoid and conoid.
Trapezoid: guides clavicle during rotation
Conoid: piano key, triangular shaped, prevents vertical displacement
111
Scapulohumeral rhythm
ST: upward rotation
GH: externally rotate for greater tubercle to clear acromion
Clavicle: elevates and rotates backwards
1. Initial phase: 30° of abduction with no ST motion only humerus
2. Mid phase: 30 to 120°, GH & SC move 1:1. First 30° of ST movement needs clavicular elevation, second 30° of ST movement needs 50° of clavicular posterior rotation.
3. Last phase: 120 to 180°. GH 2-3:1 ST.
112
Suprascapular nerve entrapment
Flows through suprascapular notch under Transversus ligament (suprascapular artery does not). Leads to weakness and atrophy to supraspinatus and infraspinatus, in the order.
Can lead to hypertrophy or athletic.
113
Subacromial space entrapment
Under acromion, possible entrapment site for suprascapular nerve
114
Scalene block
Ultrasound, scalene and brachial plexus to give anesthesia to upper extremity during surgery
115
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Not common, presents as upper extremity signs and symptoms
1. Between anterior and posterior scalene
2. Underneath pec minor
3. Between clavicle, and first rib.
4. Upper extremity and hyper abduction.
5. Cervical rib.
116
Radial tunnel syndrome
Radial nerve entrapment, supinator entrapment
117
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Numbness of fourth and fifth digits due to pressure on ulnar nerve in cubital tunnel, requires ulnar nerve reassignment
118
Acromion types
Flat, curved, hooked: can cause damage to muscle, or entrapment, shaved during rotator cuff surgery
119
Order of rotator cuff tear
Sits
120
Supraspinatus tendon tear types
1. Articular side tear: underside of tendon
2. Bursal side tear: top side of tendon.
3. Full thickness, tear.
121
Slap injury
Superior labrum, peel back injury of the long head of the bicep tendon due to excessive external rotation. 12 to 1 o’clock.
122
Shoulder instability
Most mobile joint, can be born, loose or torn loose. Bilateral if congenital. Unilateral is injury.
123
Acromioclavicular dislocation
Can occur with (upwardly totated clavicle) or without rupture of the Coracoclavicular ligament
124
Clavicular fracture
Usually in children, Central 1/3 region
125
Shoulder dislocation
Anterior dislocation, most common, axillary nerve can get injured.
Bankhart injury: front of capsule stretches, or tears.
126
Quadrangular space
Side: Lateral margin of long head of tricep
Bottom: superior margin of teres major,
Top: inferior margin of teres minor, Side: surgical neck of humerus
Contents: axillary nerve, posterior circumflex humoral artery, and vein
127
Triangular space
Superior.
Side: medial margin of long head of tricep
Top: superior margin of teres major
Bottom: inferior margin of teres minor
Contents: circumflex scapular artery, and vein
128
Triangular interval
Inferior.
Top: inferior margin of teres major
Side: shaft of humerus
Side: lateral margin of long head of tricep
Contents: deep Brachii artery and radial nerve
129
Proximal bicep tendon rupture
Long head of bicep. Popeye sign, can still use a short head of bicep, typical an older population.
130
Carrying angle
Normal: 10 to 15°
Cubital Valgus: greater than 15°
Cubital Varus: less than 5°
131
Annular ligament
Ligament that wraps around radius by attaching to both sides of the ulna. Contains articular cartilage. Resists excessive radial movement at the head.
132
Collateral ligaments
Supportive on sides, reinforce AB and adduction.
Radio collateral ligament, and ulnar collateral ligament
133
Tommy John surgery
Torn UCL, found in athletes (pitching javelin and water polo), replaced with an autograph from palmaris longus
134
Monteggia
Proximal Ulna fracture with dislocated radial head
135
Galeazzi
Distal radial fracture with dislocated distal radioulnar joint
136
Humeroulnar joint
Main joint of flexion and extension. Trochlear groove, elbow proper.
Hourglass
137
Humeroradial joint
Capitulum and radial head. Flexion and extension.
138
Proximal radioulnar joint
Radial head and radial notch of ulna. Supination and pronation.
139
Cubital fossa
Lateral border: brachioradialis
Medial border: pronator teres
Floor: brachialis and supinator
Roof: line between lateral and medial epicondyle’s
Contents: TAN
Biceps brachii tendon
Brachial artery
Median nerve
140
Interosseous membrane
Hold radius and ulna together, transfer forces from radius to ulna
141
Distal radioulnar joint
Rounded head of ulna articulates with ulnar notch. Articular disc.
142
Quadrate ligament
Radial notch of ulna to neck of radius, inside annular ligament
143
Oblique cord
Below notch of ulna to radial tuberosity. Limits distal motion of the radius or pulled elbow.
144
Triangular, fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)
Triangular disc that binds ends of radius and ulna at the distal radioulnar joint, connects, anterior and posterior radioulnar ligaments
145
Volar
Ventral surface of antebrachium
146
Listers tubercle
Small and rounded on distal radius, pulley of extensor pollicis longus tendon
147
Radiocarpal joint
Flexion and extension of wrist, radial and ulnar deviation
148
Midcarpal joint
Flexion and extension, radial and ulnar deviation, circumduction with radiocarpal joint
149
Carpometacarpal joint’s
Gliding joint
Thumb: basilar joint, AB, and adduction of thumb (site of osteoarthritis)
150
Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)
Knuckle, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
151
Interphalangeal joints (IP)
Between phalanges, flexion and extension
152
Extrinsic muscles
Originate, proximal to the wrist with greater force
153
Intrinsic muscles
Only in the hand, precise movements
154
Extrinsic, extensor muscles: superficial
5
Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi
155
Extrinsic, extensor muscles: deep
2
Extensor indicis, supinator
156
Extrinsic, extensor muscles: outcropping of the deep
3
Abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus
157
Tennis elbow
Lateral epicondylitis: inflammation
Lateral epicondylosis: Degeneration
Inflammation of lateral epicondyle. Extensor carpi radialis longus, and brevis.
158
Anatomical snuffbox
Thumb.
Extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis, longus
159
Extensor compartments
1. Apple peanut butter.
Abductor pollicis longus, and extensor pollicis brevis
2. Tennis elbow. Extensor carpi radialis longus, and brevis.
3. Listers tubercle. Extensor pollicis longus
4. Extensor digitorum and extensor indicis.
5. Tea with the queen. Extensor digiti minimi
6. Extensor carpi ulnaris
160
De Quervain’s tenosynovitis
Texting thumb, inflammation in trauma of the first dorsal tendons. Apple peanut butter. Common with new mothers.
161
Tenodesis
Fingers flex with wrist extension, when wrist extension is lost. C6
162
Smith’s fracture
Fall on flexion, Distel radius fracture, volar displacement of the radius
163
Colles Fracture
Fall on extension, distal, radius fracture, dorsal displacement of radius
164
Scaphoid fracture
-posterior most common
Fall on outstretched hand injury, can compress radial artery
165
Hand arches
Proximal transverse arch, distal transverse arch, longitudinal arch
166
Movements of the thumb
Abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, opposition, reposition
167
Extrinsic, flexor muscles: superficial
4
Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus
168
Extrinsic, flexor muscles: intermediate
1
Flexor digitorum superficialis
169
Extrinsic, flexor muscles: deep
3
Flexor digitorum profunda, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus
170
Trigger finger
Stenosing tenosynovitis. Inflammation of A1 pulley leads to locking of finger, typically fourth.
171
Mallet finger deformity
DIP flexed position, issues with active range of motion, ruptured, long-term damage, can lead to avulsion: pulls off bone when torn
172
Boxers fracture
Fracture of neck of metacarpal usually fifth
173
Game keepers thumb
Ski thumb, ruptures ulnar collateral ligament of thumb
174
Dupuytren’s contracture
Abnormal thickening of Palmer aponneurosis, contraction of fourth and fifth fingers
175
Intrinsic hand muscles
10
Thenar muscles, hypothenar muscles, adductor pollicis, short muscles
176
Palmer aponeurosis
facia over palm, lubricates tendons
177
Thenar muscles
3
Flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis
178
Hypothenar muscles
3
Flexor digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, opponents, digiti minimi
179
Short muscles
Palmar interossei, dorsal interossei, lumbricals
180
Elbow flexion
4
Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis, brachioradialis
181
Elbow extension
2
Triceps brachii, Anconeus
182
Wrist flexion
4
Flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus
183
Wrist extension
4
Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor indicis
184
Forearm supination
3
Biceps brachii, brachioradialis, supinator
185
Forearm pronation
4
Brachioradialis, Anconeus, pronator teres, pronator quadratus
186
Radial deviation
3
Flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis
187
Ulnar deviation
2
Flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris
188
Finger flexion Muscles
8
Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis brevis, flexor digit minimi, palmar interossei, dorsal interossei, lumbricals
189
Finger extension
6
Extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor indices, Palmar interossei, dorsal interossei, lumbricals
190
Thumb abduction
2
Abductor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis brevis
191
Thumb adduction
Adductor pollicis
192
Thumb extension
3
Abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus
193
Thumb flexion
2
Flexor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis longus
194
Thumb opposition
3
Flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis
195
Median nerve
Superficial layer of anterior forearm (except FCU) , intermediate layer of anterior forearm, Deep layer of flexors (AIN), thenar muscles (recurrent branch), lumbricals (digital Branch)
196
Median nerve brachial plexus
Parents structure: lateral and medial chords
All levels of brachial plexus
197
Radial nerve muscles
Brachialis, triceps brachii, Anconeus, brachioradialis, superficial layer of posterior forearm, outcropping of the deep layer of posterior forearm (PIN),
198
Ulnar nerve muscles
Medial part of fDP (regular), FCU
hypothenar muscles, adductor pollicis, Palmsr interossei, dorsal interossei, 4th and 5th lumbricals (deep branch)
199
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Entrapment of median nerve. Contents: FDP, FDS, FPL, median nerve.
Sensory issues with digits one through three and atrophy of thenar muscles
200
Ape hand
Median nerve palsy, relaxed position. Thumb rests in adductor pollicis is ulnar nerve.
201
Hand of benediction
- median n palsy
Ape hand becomes this when active range of motion. HyperExtension of digits one through three, thumb adduction, only last two fingers flex
202
Wrist drop
Radial nerve palsy, wrist or fingers cannot extend
203
Claw hand
Ulnar nerve palsy. MCP joints are hyperextended, and IP are flexed, loss of intrinsic muscles, lose ability to extend and last two fingers (lateral 2 have lumbrical median nerve)
204
Donor activated, focused rehab approach (DARFA)
Strengthen new neural pathways to increase function of re-innervated atrophied muscles after nerve transfer
205
Extensor hood
Extends IP joints, counterbalances, flexor forces.
Sagittal band: prevents bow strings, transverse fibers
Central tendon: extends, PIP, extensor digitorum becomes central tendon
Lateral band: extends DIP
Oblique retinacular ligament: coordinates, PIP and DIP movements. Extension of PIP causes GIP extension, flexion of the IP causes PIP flexion
206
Terminal tendon
Extends DIP joint
207
Swan neck deformity
Damage to terminal tendon causes DIPs to be flexed and PIP hyperextends
208
Boutonniere deformity
Damage to Central tendon causes PIP to stay flexed while DIPs hyperextended
209
Pulley system
FDS and FDP pass-through, prevents bowstringing, five annular, five oblique. A2 and A4 are most important.
210
Guyon’s canal
Ulnar nerve and artery compression, between pisiform and hook of hamate, similar to carpal tunnel
211
Superior trunk injury
Neck injury to brachial plexus, waders tip, no, C6 or C5
212
Inferior trunk injury
Arm injury from upper extremity being pulled superiorly, klumpke palsy
213
Intrinsic plus
Sock puppet, MCP flex and IP extend
214
Intrinsic minus
MCP hyperextends, IP flexion, clawed fingers
215
Hook grasp pattern
Simultaneous, PIP and DIP flexion and mcp extension, carrying a bucket
216
Composite grasp patterns
Maximum flexion of all digits
217
Three jaw chuck pinch pattern
Three fingers, no motion in ASL
218
Lateral pinch pattern
-Car key
-adduction of thumb
219
Heart shaped pelvis
Men
220
Women Urethras
- Decrease in elasticity with low estrogen
-Shorter: can cause stress incontinence
221
Inguinal Canal
-Under inguinal ligament
-External oblique
Contents:
-Spermatic cord/Round ligament
-Blood and lymphatic vessels
222
Internal Iliac Artery
-PF
Anterior Trunk:
-Obturator A, inferior Gluteal A, Internal pudendal A
Posterior Trunk:
-Superior Gluteal A
223
Outlet Constipation
Can get out (puborectalis)
224
Slow Transit
Moves slowly
225
Diastasis Recti
Splitting of Rectus abdominus from thining Linea Alba
226
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus
227
Femoral Nerve
L2-L4
-Quads, sartorious, iliacus, pectineus
228
Superior Gluteal Nerve
L4-S1
-GLut min and med, TFL
229
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
L5-S2
-Glut max
230
Tibial Nerve
L4-S3
-Back of calf
-Some hamstrings
231
Common Fibular Nerve
L4-S2
-Front of calf and foot
232
External Iliac A. becomes Femoral A.
Inguinal Ligament
233
Femoral neck Fracture
-Osteoporotic neck of femur breaks or high impact or a fall
-Leg positioned externally rotated and shorter
234
Greater Sciatic Foramen
Passageway for structures leaving/entering pelvis
-Sciatic N
235
Lesser Sciatic Foramen
Passageway for structures leaving/entering perineum
-Pudendal N.
236
Posterior Sacroiliac ligaments
Inferior of sacrum
Stabilizes SI joint
237
Femoral Triangle
Lateral Border: Sartorius
Medial border: Adductor Longus
Superior Border: Inguinal ligament
Floor: Pectinous and Iliopsoas
Contents: Femoral V, A, N
238
Adductor Hiatus
-Femoral VAN and Saphenous nerve travel in a sheath
-Only Femoral VA exit at Adductor Hiatus
239
Obturator Nerve
L2-L4
-adductors
240
Compartment Syndrome
-leg muscles are injured and compartments contain swelling and compress nerves/arteries/inflammation
241
Fovea
Artery to head of femur that provides blood supply internally
242
Femoral Angles
Angle of inclination: 128 degrees
Torsion Angle: 12 degrees
-determines boleggedness and knock kneedness
243
Patella
-Rests on distal femur with articular cartilage
-Sesamoid bone
-Provides mechanical advantage to quads
244
Hip ER Myotomes
S1
245
Hip IR Myotomes
L5
246
Hip Abduction Myotomes
L5
247
Hip Adduction Myotomes
L3
248
Hip Flexion Myotomes
L2
249
Hip Extension Myotomes
S2
250
Knee Flexion Myotomes
S2
251
Knee Extension Myotomes
L3
252
Dorsiflexion Myotomes
L4
253
Plantarflexion
S1
254
Eversion
S1
255
Inversion
L4
256
Toe Extension
L5
257
Toe Flexion
S2
258
Iliofemoral Ligament
-Y shaped
-strongest
-resists hip extension
-ilium to femur
-anterior
259
Ischiofemoral Ligament
-Posterior
-resists hip flexion
-Hip dislocator
260
Pubofemoral Ligament
-Anterior
-Resists hip abduction
261
Avascular Necrosis
-Dislocation causes lig on the fovea of head of femur and sever acetabular branch of Obturator artery
-Leads to tissue death
262
Pes Anserine
-medial proximal tibia
-Sartorius, Semitendinosus, Gracilis
263
IT Band
-Bi-articulate
-TFL and Glut max
264
Popliteal Fossa
-Medial: semimembranosus
-Lateral: Biceps Femoris
-Floor: Gastrocnemius
Contents: AVN
-Popliteal Artery
-Popliteal Vein
-Tibial Nerve
265
Sciatic Nerve Travel Buddy
Posterior Cutaneous N of thigh
266
Genu Varum
-Bolegged
-Small Q angle
-Medial wear and tear
-stretch LCL
267
Genu Valgum
-Knock kneed
-Larger Q angle
-lateral wear tear
-Stretch MCL
268
Extracapsular Knee Ligaments
-Patellar lig
-Fibular collateral lig
-Oblique Popliteal lig
-Tibial collateral lig
-Arcuate Popliteal
269
Patellar Ligament
-Distal portion of quad tendon
-apex of patella to tibial tuberosity
270
Fibular Collateral Lig (FCL or LCL)
Lateral epicondyle of femur to fibular head
-resists genu varum
271
Oblique Popliteal Lig
Expansion of Semimembranosus tendon
272
Tibial Collateral Lig (TCL or MCL)y
-Medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia
-Attached to medical meniscus
-Resists genu valgum
273
Arcuate Popliteal Lig
-Fibular head to popliteus to posterior knee joint
-Strengthens knee joint posterior laterally
274
Intrarticular Ligaments
-Cruciates
-ACL
-PCL
275
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
-ACL
-Top back, low front
-Posterior medial side of lateral condyle of femur to anterior intercondylar tibia
-Lateral to PCL
-Prevents anterior displacement of tibia
276
Bundles of ACL
Anteromedial and Posterolateral
277
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
-PCL
-Top front, low back
-Posterior lateral side of medial condyle of femur to posterior intercondylar tibia
-medial to ACL
-Prevents anterior displacement of femur, hyperflexion and posterior displacement of tiba
278
Menisci
-Shock absorption
-fibrocartilage
-blood supply on outer 1/3
279
Medial Meniscus
-c shaped
-wider
-less mobile
-attaches to MCL/TCL
280
Lateral Meniscus
-o shaped
-smaller
-more mobile
281
Unhappy triad
MCL, ACL, and Medial meniscus tears
282
Hip dislocation
-posterior more often
-anterior force
-ischiofemoral ligament injured
283
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Pectineus and Sartorius
284
Superficial Gluteal Muscles
-Glutes Max, Min, Med
-Tfl
285
Deep External rotators
-Piriformis
-obturator internus
-superior and inferior gemellis
-quadrate femoris
286
Quad Muscles
-Rectus Femoris
-Vastus medialis
-Vastus lateralis
-Vastus intermedius
287
Medial Thigh/ Adductors
-Gracilis
-Adductor longus
-Adductor brevis
-adductor magnus
-Obturator externus
288
Posterior thigh/Hanmstrings
-Biceps Femoris (short and long head)
-Semitendinosus
-Semimembranosus
289
Triceps Surae
-Gastrocnemius
-Soleus
-Plantaris
290
Deep Posterior Leg
-Popliteus
-Tibialis Posterior
-Flexor Digitorum Longus
-Flexor Hallucis Longus
291
Lateral Lower Leg
Fibular Longus and Brevis
292
Anterior Lower Leg
-Tibial anterior
-Extensor hallucis Longus
-Extensor Digitorum Longus
-Fiburlaris Tertius
293
Talar Beak
-Talus and calcaneal fusion form beak projection
-Os Trigonum
294
Talocrual Joint
-Talus and lower leg
-Narrow posterior surface
-Wide anterior Surface
295
Subtalar Joint
-Under talus
-Inversion and eversion
-hindfoot
296
Intertarsal Joint
-Supination and pronate
-Transverse tarsal joint
297
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint
-Head of talus and posterior navicular and anterior calcaneus
-Spring Ligament
-Short Plantar Ligament
-Long Plantar Ligament
298
Metatarsophalangeal Joint
-MTP
-Metatarsals and phalanges
299
Deltoid Lig
-medial rolled ankle ligaments
-limit eversion
300
Lateral Ankle
-more commonly injured
-resist inversion
-3 ligs
-Anterior Talofibular lig (most common)
-calcaneofibular lig
-Posterior talofibular lig
301
Tarsal Tunnel
-TDAVNH
-medial ankle
-under deltoid lig and flexor retinaculum
302
Ottawa Ankle and foot Fracture rules
Midfoot zone Rules:
-Inability to bear weight
-tenderness to base of 5th MT
-Tenderness to navivular
Malleolar zone rules:
-inability to bear weight
-tenderness to lateral malleolus
-tenderness to medial malleolus
303
Bunion
-hallux valgus
-great toe adduction to 2nd toe
-lower medial longitudinal arch
304
Extensor retinaculum
-superior and inferior (y shaped)
-hold tendons of dorsal foot down
305
Flexor Retinaculum
-medial
-hold in tarsal tunnel
306
Fibular Retinaculum
-superior and inferior
-prevent tendon subluxation
307
Jones Fracture
Fracture of 5th metatarsal between base and midshaft
308
Avulsion fracture
Fracture of 5th metatarsal at base, bone pulls off
309
Medial Longitudinal Arch
Dynamic support (under foot medially):
-TP, TA, FHL, intrinsic plantars
Pasive support (Ligaments):
-plantar aponeurosis
-spring lig, long plantar lig, short, plantar lig
310
Transverse Arch
-midfoot
-TP and FL form stirrup that supports it
311
Flow of arterial supply
-Abdominal Aorta
-Common iliac
-External iliac-----------Internal iliac (to PF)
-(@inguinal lig) Femoral A.--Deep Femoral (circumflex)
-(@hiatus) Popliteal A.
-(@soleal line) Pos. Tib A. ------ Fibular A.
-Ant. Tib A.
-Dorsalis Pedis
312
Piriformis Syndrome
-Sciatic is compressed or disturbed by piriformis
-12.2%: common fibular through piriformis
-or on top
313
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Entrapment
-Meralgia paresthetica
-brittany spears
-under inguinal lig
314
Sciatic Nerve Pathways
-travel buddy: posterior cutaneous
-Tibial----------------------Common Fibular
-med & lat plantar---- Superficial & deep
315
Femoral entrapment
-under iliopsoas
-under inguinal lig
-femoral triangle
-adductor canal
316
Waddling gait
-trendelenburg sign
-drop of pelvis of opposite side to weak glute med
317
Foot Drop
-Common fibular nerve injury (stretched or torn)
-flaccid anterior and lateral compartments
-loss of dorsiflexion
-inability to clear foot when walking
-Steppage gait: loud walking
318
Ski Boot Syndrome
-Deep fibular entrapment
-excessive muscle use
-EHB and extensor retinaculum
-loss of sensation at web space
319
Superficial nerve entrapment
-chronic ankle sprains
-stretching of nerve
-pain and tingling of lateral leg
320
Pudendal Nerve entrapment
-Pudendal neuralgia (pain with sititng)
- bwtn SS and ST ligs
-under SS
-pudendal canal
-pubic bone
321
Sural Nerve Entrapment
-lateral gastroc achy area
-check DF and inversion
-bakers cyst
-gastroc strain
-jones fx
322
Tarsal Tunnel Entrapment
-tumor/cyst
-over pronation
Double Crush: 2x entrapment sites
-toe weakness
-flat foot
323
Baxter's Neuropathy
-Jogger's foot
-medial plantar entrapment
-under f. retinaculum and AbH
-repetitive eversion
324
High Ankle Sprain
- at Tibiofibular syndesmosis
-interosseous membrane
-anterior talofibular lig
-during ER and DF
325
Hammer Toe
tiny shoes
-boutinneire of toes
-pip flexed others extended
326
Claw toe
lateral plantar nerve
-inability to straighten out
-pip flexed others limp
327
Mallet Toe
Arthritis, trauma, metabolic syndromes, neuromuscular
-dip flexed
328
Lisfranc Injury
-midfoot dislocation or fracture of metatarsals form distal bones
-crush or stirrup
