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Anatomy > Final New Material > Flashcards

Final New Material Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Superior: First rib to Sternal angle (T4/5), Great vessels, thymus, Trachea, esophagus

Inferior: Sternal Angle to diaphragm. Heart, thoracic aorta, esophagus, trachea

Anterior: Front of heart to sternum. Connective tissue and ligaments

Middle: Heart, aortic arch, root of lung.

Posterior: Back of heart to spine. Aorta, VC, azygos, thoracic duct, esophagus

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

-fibrous sac around heart
-Serous layers: Parietal (outer), visceral (on heart)
-Innervated by Phrenic Nerve (sensory)
-Pericardiacophrenic BVs

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3
Q

Pericarditis

A

-inflammation of pericardium
-viral or bacterial infections, illnesses, or after MI
-pain in UE, but relieved when sitting forward

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4
Q

Constrictive Pericarditis

A

-excessive thickening of pericardial sac (parietal)
-compresses heart leading to heart failure and scarring

Dx: Jugular venous pulse, drops with inspiration

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5
Q

Sulcus

A

depression

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6
Q

Sinus

A

hollow cavity

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7
Q

Auricle

A

enlargements of heart to hold excess blood above atria

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8
Q

Where does the heart rest?

A

Diaphragm central tendon

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9
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

-blood to heart tissue, come off of aorta and first to get blood
-LCA: more branches than R
-Anterior Interventricular (LAD): widdowmaker

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10
Q

Myocardia Infarction

A

-embolus that stops blood to heart and causes damage
1. LAD (40-50%)
2. RCA (30-40%)
3. Circumflex of LCA (15-20%)

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11
Q

Lub, Dub

A

LUB: 1st, closing of AV valves
DUB: 2nd, closing of Pul and aortic valves

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12
Q

Papillary muscle actions

A

isometric contraction to keep closed and prevent backflow

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13
Q

Diastole

A

atrial filling and contraction

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14
Q

Systole

A

ventricular filling and contraction

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15
Q

Right Atrium

A

Sinus Venarum: receives IVC and SVC and coronary sinus

Coronary Sinus: venous return from heart. Btwn AV orifice and IVC orifice

Atrial septum: separates r and l atria

AV septum: houses AV valves

Oval Fossa: interatrial septal wall. Remnant of foramen ovalis

-SA node
-AV node

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16
Q

Trabeculae Carnae

A

irregular muscular ridges in ventricles

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17
Q

Infundibulum

A

smooth outflow tract

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18
Q

Left Auricle

A

receives blood from 4 pulm veins

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19
Q

Aortic Vestibule

A

fibrous ring thatt aortic valve atttaches

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20
Q

Aortic Sinuses

A

dilations of aortic l and r walls

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21
Q

Borders of Heart

A

Superior: 2 atria, rib 2 and 3 cartilage

Right: 3rd to 6th R costal cartilage

Inferior: RV, 6th rib to midclavicular line

Left: LV

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22
Q

Cardiac Auscultation

A

-listening of the heart

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23
Q

Cardia Referred Pain

A

-angina
Male: chest and left arm
Female: back, chest, neck, jaw, left arm

-T1-T4 levels of pain

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24
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

-CN X (10)
-longest CN, posterior
-larynx, pharynx, esophagus, heart (symp and para) (motor)
-pierces diaphragm

25
Q

Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

A

-branch of left vagus
-when compressed causes hoarseness

26
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

-C3, C4, C5
-exits neck anterior btwn A and M scalene
-splits to innervate l and r diaphragm
-innervates Diaphragm (refers pain to top of shoulder) and central tendon (motor) and pericardium (sensory)
-anterior to vagus nerve

Right: travels along IVC
Left: travels over pericardium

27
Q

Thymus

A

-most anterior structure of superior mediastinum

28
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

-principal channel of lymph from LE
-feeds into venous system

29
Q

Cardiac Innervation

A

-heart rate, force, CO
-Para, Symp, and visceral afferents from cardia plexus

-Para: decrease and constrict
Sym: increase and dilate
Visceral: symp and vagus to send cardiac pain

30
Q

Intercostal Spaces

A

-VAN, Intercostal vein, artery, nerve
-Collateral branches
-between internal and innermost intercostals
-named for rib above
-9 spaces

31
Q

Movement of thoracic wall

A

-Posterior to anterior: small pendulum movement, smaller superiorly and larger inferiorly

-Medial to lateral: lateral motion, bucket handle (out and up)

-less movement due to ribs, all DOF, facet orientation allows rotation and sidebending

32
Q

Thoracic Wall Musculature

A

-intercostals, serratus, tansversus thoracis, subcostales, levatores costae, Accessory muscle (pecs, scalenes, SCM, platysma)

33
Q

External Intercostals

A

Exernal
-Draws ribs superiorly during inhalation
-Thoracic Intercostal N (T1-T11)

Internal and Innermost
-Draws ribs inferiorly during exhalation
-Thoracic Intercostal N (T1-T11)
-contains intercostal spaces

34
Q

Serratus Pos, sup and inf

A

Superior
-Elevates ribs during inhalation

Inferior
-depresses ribs with exhalation

35
Q

Transversus Thoracis

A

-3rd to 6th ribs internal surfaces and body of sternum
-depressed costal cartilages

36
Q

Subcostales

A

-may depress ribs

37
Q

Levator Costarum

A

-deep back
-elevate ribs
-go lateral to TP (opposite of others)
-Posterior Rami C8-T11

38
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

-above rib 1 and costal margin
-parietal and visceral
-not innervated
-serous fluid

39
Q

Lingula of Lung

A

-left lung only
-covers heart
-aortic impression
-1st pulmonary artery

40
Q

Root of Lung

A

-collection of great vessels

41
Q

Hilum of lung

A

-opening for great vessels

42
Q

Carina Split

A

T4/T5
-at sternal angle

43
Q

External Airways

A

-outside of thorax
-Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, superior trachea

-stable against atmospheric pressure
-filter, warm, humidify, and sterilize air

44
Q

Internal Airways

A

-conducting airways, respiratory airways, lower trachea, bronchioles, alveoli
-22-25 divisions

  1. Main Bronchus (Primary)
  2. Lobar Bronchi (secondary)
  3. Segmental Bronchi (tertiary)
  4. Conducting Bronchiole
  5. Terminal Bronchiole
  6. Respiratory Bronchiole
  7. Alveolus
  8. Alveolar ducts
  9. Alveolar sacs
45
Q

COPD

A

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-airways loose elasticity, destroy air sacs, airways become thick and inflammed, mucus clogged

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

46
Q

Cranial Bones

A

-22

47
Q

Calvria

A

-frontal and parietal bones

48
Q

Anterior Face Bones

A

-frontal, zygomatic, nasal, maxilla, mandible bones

49
Q

Pterion

A

-temple
-weakest area of skull, where all things come together

50
Q

Temporal bone

A

-squamous, pteromastoid, styloid process, tympanic, Zygomatic process

51
Q

Layers of Head

A

-scalp
-skill
-Periosteal dura
-meningeal dura
-arachnoid mater
-subarachnoid space
-pia mater
-Brain

52
Q

Face Muscles: Orbital Group

A

-Orbicularis Oculi
Palpebral Part: Gently shuts eye
Orbital Part: Forcefully shut eye

-Corrugator Supercilii: Draws eyebrows medially and downward, vertical wrinkle

-Occipitofrontalis: wrinkles forehead and lifts eyebrows

-Facial Nerve CN VII (12)

53
Q

Face Muscles: Nasal Group

A

-Nasalis
Transverse Part: Comprises nasal apeture
Alar part: flares nostril

-Procerus: draws down middle of eyebrow, horizontal wrinkles

-Depressor Septi: pulls nose inferiorly

-Facial Nerve CN VII (12)

54
Q

Face Muscles: Oral Group

A

-Depressor Anguli oris: frown

-Depressor labii inferioris: Draws lower lip downward and laterally

-Mentalis: Pouting lip

-Risorius: Retracts corners of mouth, grin

-Orbicularis Oris: Closes lips, protrodues lips; duckface

-Zygomaticus
Major: Smile
Minor: Retract upper lip; shows teeth

-Buccinator: retracts cheeks, pulls cheeks in

-Facial Nerve CN VII (12)

55
Q

Mandibular Condyle

A

-mandibular fossa on temporalis
-fibrocartilage lining due to high use (1,500-2,000 /day)
-only connect to head from jaw

56
Q

TMJ Disc

A

-increases congruency, increases mobility, reduces friction, decreases stress
-Lower Part: allows depression and elevation
-Upper Part: Allows protrusion and retraction

Anterior Attachment: joint capsule and Superior lateral pterygoid

Posterior Attachment: Superior and inferior laminae

Medial and Lateral: ligamentous capsule complex

57
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A

-Masseter: Elevate mandible
(Masseter N. from anterior Mandibular N.)

-Temporalis: Elevate and retract mandile (Deep Temporal N from anterior Mandibular N.)

-Medial Pterygoid (Nerve to medial pterygoid from Mandibular N.): elevate and contralaterally deviarte mandible
Deep head: more anterior
Superficial Head: more posterior

-Lateral Pterygoid (Nerve to lateral pterygoid from anterior Mandibular N): prorusion and contrallateral deviation of mandible
Upper Head: attaches to disc
Lower head: attaches to neck on condyle

58
Q

Trigeminal CN V

A

-Opthalmic (1; sensory)
-Maxillary (2; sensory)
-Mandibular (3; Motor and sensory)

59
Q

UE Arterial Division

A

Aorta
Brachiocephalic artery —> Subclavian artery and right common carotid
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery (after first rib)
Brachial artery (after Teres major)
Radial and ulnar artery (after bicipital aponeurosis)

Anatomy (9 decks)

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