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PB 200 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Plant Biotech

A

Utilization of plant products and processes
-Tissue Culture-growing whole plants from cells
-gene/genome sequencing
-biofuel production

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2
Q

Importance of Genome Projects

A

-Helps us understand the ancestry of species.
-Provides information about what genes are responsible for conferring specific traits.
- Used agronomically

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3
Q

Transgenic Plants

A

Plants in which DNA from another species (with which the plant could not cross) has been integrated.
-These plants are generated through transformation: the genetic manipulation of a cell resulting from delivery and incorporation of DNA into the recipient genome.

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4
Q

Agrobacterium

A

inserts a fragment of its own DNA into plant cells. Cells form a tumor like growth called crown gall.
-Agro effectively transformed dicots, but was not initially effective for monocots/some dicots.

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5
Q

The two major plant transformation methods

A

Agrobacterium, Biolistics (Microprojectile bombardment)

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6
Q

Biolistics

A

1.Gene gun
2. DNA of interest is coated in non reactive metal particles (gold or tungsten) and physically forced inside of plant cells at high velocity pressure.
(This has the potential to damage plant tissue).

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7
Q

input traits for better yields

A

insect resistance (BT)
Herbicidal Tolerance
Pathogen Resistance
Drought, cold, salt tolerance
Disease resistance

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8
Q

Output traits

A

improved nutritional content
-production of novel compounds
-reduced oxidation

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9
Q

Taq Polymerase

A

Enzyme capable of synthesizing new DNA strands, isolated from heat loving bacterium

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10
Q

Camv35s

A

promoter

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11
Q

NOS

A

Terminator

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12
Q

PCR Reaction

A

process in which a specific DNA region can be copied continuously, under a particular set of conditions.

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13
Q

Electrophoresis

A

technique used to separate DNA by size.

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14
Q

Plant hormones

A

organic compounds produced in small quantities that have variable impacts on growth, development, and life cycle events,

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15
Q

A plant growth regulator or PGR is…

A

any substance, natural, or synthetic thing applied to plants to modulate their growth and development.
eg. root hormones

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16
Q

The darwins

A

cut tips of plants to find if they react to light

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17
Q

The discovery of plant hormones

A

The observation of how plants move and grow in response to light direction, called phototropism, initiated a series of experiments over 50 years that led to the discovery of auxin.

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18
Q

Peter Boysen Jansen

A

established that a water-soluble chemical is responsible for moving thru the stem to induce the bending effect.

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19
Q

Frits Went

A

Isolated chemical and found that growth effects were inducible even without light.

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20
Q

Auxin

A

“to increase”
-Produced in seed embryos, buds, young flowers, SAMs
Major functions include:
1. Stimulate cell expansion all over the plant
2. Induces root growth + branching from pericycle
3. Promotes differentiation/specialization of vascular tissues.
4. Prevents axillary bud growth/branching near stem tips
(apical dominance)

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21
Q

Synthetic auxins

A

2-4-0,
stimulate growth in low concentrations but herbicidal in high concentrations.

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22
Q

How were gibberellins discovered

A

Foolish seedling disease of rice

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22
Q

Cytokinins

A

Produced in roots and germinating seeds
-transported to shoots via xylem
1. Promote cell division all over the plant
2. Delay aging and death of vegetative organs
3. Stimulate branching and shoot growth (negatively effected by auxin)

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22
Q

Giberellins

A

110 natural forms
1. Promote cell division and elongation in shoots especially at internodes
2. Stimulates flower and cone development
3. Application during flowering and young fruit development leads to larger fruits that are further apart (grapes)

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23
Q

senescence

A

aging and death

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24
Q

Abscisic acid

A

(ABA) The conservation hormone.
- found or produced in mature leaves, roots, fruits, seeds, BEFORE Germination
1. Induces and maintains seed dormancy (Blocks gibberellin activity)
2. Induce guard cells to close during periods of drought and heat.
3. Influences rate and amount of h2o and sugar transported to fruits and seeds.

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25
Q

Ethelyne

A

c2H4
-Single molecule (gaseous)
-Stress from damage and ripening causes Ethelyne to be released.
Produced in potentially all living tissues/cells
1. Can be applied to induce ripening
2. Injury/disturbance/stress results in production
3. stimulates senescence
4. Accumulates when plants encounter a physical barrier

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26
Q

How does water move upward through a plant against gravity?

A

loss of h2o leads to more absorption. The cohesive nature of water causes transpiration.

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27
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water vapor via stomata
-This cools the plant as water is released
-Maintains water movement and absorption in the plant.

28
Q

What conditions result in higher transpiration rates?

A

heat, dryness, air movement over leaf surface

29
Q

Water potential

A

Potential energy of water
1. Calculated by accounting for physical pressure of h2o concentration of solutes in cells.

30
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Pressure that results from water absorption and accumulation in cells.
1. usually positive in living cells, where pressure is exerted against cell walls.
2. Negative pressure in dead cells

31
Q

Tropisms

A

Growth response to directional stimulus

32
Q

Phototropisms

A

Light, caused by differential cell elongation/expansion (induced by auxin) eg. plants bending towards light

33
Q

Gravitropisms

A

shoots are negatively gravitropic(grow upwards)

34
Q

etiolation

A

grown in the dark

35
Q

Turgor movements

A

Chganges in water potential that dramatically increase or decrease turgor in specific tissues are responsible for a number of plant porgan movements.
eg. (venus flytrap)
eg. Mimosa leaves folding at touch)

36
Q

Sleep movements

A

changes in turgor responsible for these
1. Shamrock fold their leaves at night
2. Mimosa leaves

37
Q

ecology

A

study of organisms and interactions w/ their environment.

38
Q

Biological communities

A

group of species w populations living in one area that have potential to interact chemically and or physically

39
Q

the scope of ecology

A

1.population
species
ecosystem
landscape
***Communities

40
Q

Basic properties of biological communities

A
  1. Diversity (organisms or species that compose it)
  2. Characteristic species (oak hickory forest)
  3. Trophic structure (feeding relationships)
  4. When disturbed will return to a similar composition over time.
41
Q

Richness

A

number of different species present
sp1+sp2+sp3=sp(n)

42
Q

density

A

number of individuals within a given area accounting for their physical footprint.

43
Q

Relative abundance

A

number of individuals of a species compared to others present.

number of individuals in sp1/ #sp1+#sp2+#spn

44
Q

diversity

A

unusually high richness with high relative abundance

45
Q

sample plots

A

representative snapshots of composition that are indicative of the larger area

46
Q

abiotic factors

A

wind
temp
precip.
soil
topography
elevation
light/radiation

47
Q

ecosystems

A

communities plus abiotic factors

48
Q

Biomes

A

largest in scale, based on climate plant composition and topopgraphy.

49
Q

We live in what biome

A

temperate deciduous forest.

50
Q

Threatened species

A

has the potential to become endangered within its growth range.

51
Q

Endangered species

A

has potential to become extinct

52
Q

Trophic Structure

A

feeding relationships

53
Q

Producers

A

Photosynthesizers
Autotrophs, convert light to chemical energy

54
Q

Consumers

A

obtain chemical energy through Heterotrophy

55
Q

Calories

A

How we measure chemical energy

56
Q

Biomass

A

Amount of living matter in an ecosystem.

57
Q

primary productivity

A

The rate at which producers build biomass

58
Q

Primary productivity is highest in

A

Algal beds/tropical rainforests

59
Q

primary productivity is lowest in

A

desert, open ocean

60
Q

Disturbance

A

damage to communities or ecosystems, at least temporarily, that may hinder or destroy organisms.

61
Q

examples of disturbances

A

human activity
invasive species
disease
nat. disaster
pollution

62
Q

Primary succession

A

occurs where there is no soil/ no previous plants/ no organic matter

63
Q

ecological succession

A

ordered progression of change in a communities composition.
- progression from colonization to a climax community.
-

64
Q

examples of primary succession

A

receding glaciers expose a rock face
-volcanic rock
-moss establishing on gardener hall roof

65
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs where there is soil/previous plant communities that were disturbed.

66
Q

examples of secondary succession

A

abandoned crop field
hurricane flood areas

67
Q

climax communities

A

terminal group of species that dominate a community… end of succession.

68
Q
A

PB 200 (3 decks)

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