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PB 200 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Major functions of the root are?

A

Anchor the plant, prevent erosion, could potentially be used for storage, absorbing water and minerals and transporting them to the stem.

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2
Q

Fibrous Root

A

Smaller individual roots, more branching, more spread out, grow closer to soil surface. Many Monocots

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3
Q

Tap root

A

Larger, less branching, go deeper, many dicots and gymnosperms

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4
Q

Xylem of roots

A

Located in the center of roots, X in dicots and outside the pith in monocots.

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5
Q

Phloem of roots

A

Surrounds the xylem in both. Inside the endodermis

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6
Q

Pericycle

A

Vascular tissue that is the origin of a branch or lateral root. Type of primary growth

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7
Q

Pith

A

Monocots have this parenchyma in the center of the root

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8
Q

Root hairs

A

Unicellular extensions of epidermal cells that increase surface area for absorption.

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9
Q

Endodermis

A

A ground tissue that has a waxy, hydrophobic Casparian strip/layer around almost all of its cells. This strip prevents water and nutrients from being transported between cells.

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10
Q

What are the two major transport pathways from the soil to the stem.

A

Apoplastic and Symplastic.

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11
Q

Apoplastic

A

Transport between plant cells along cell walls or intercellular spaces. Cytoplasm

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12
Q

Symplastic

A

Transfer between cells via plasmodesmata. This type of transport is required at the endodermis.

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13
Q

Nitrogen Fixating bacteria are…

A

The rhizobia species. Bacteria infect root hair cells and migrate to the cortex but no further. Stimulate root cell division and enlargement. Results in the formation of nonharmful nodules. Plant receives fixed nitrogen (ammonia, NHsub3)

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14
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of the root. Lies below the epidermis but outside of the Vascular bundles.

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15
Q

Nitrogenase

A

The enzyme produced by bacteria that makes conversion possible. The bacteria receives sugar from plant and plant receives ammonia.

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16
Q

Mycorrhizae (Fungus Root)

A

Occur in or on around 80% of land plants. facilitate phosphorous and absorb H2O. Evidence suggests that they can connect or network the nearby root systems of nearby plants.

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17
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizae

A

Ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.

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18
Q

Endomycorrizae

A

Fungal cells penetrate epidermis and cortex and grow inside of plant cells.

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19
Q

Ectomycorrhiza

A

Fungal cells occur outside/between epidermis and cortex cells.

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20
Q

Major functions of stems include…

A

Conduct water/minerals from roots to leaves. Provide support for leaves. Some can be photosynthetic. Conducting nutrients via phloem to roots flowers and leaves. Some are modified for storage (Potato or Ginger). Some are horizontal and can grow above ground.

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21
Q

Lenticels

A

small perforations in the periderm of woody stems through which limited gas exchange may occur.

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22
Q

Opposite leaf arrangement

A

Two leaves per node

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23
Q

Alternate leaf arrangement

A

One leaf per node

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24
Q

Whorled leaf arrangement

A

3 or more leaves per node.

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25
Vascular Cambium in dicots
Contributes to secondary grown (girth)
26
Dicot stems have a ____?
Pith and cortex, xylem lies under the phloem
27
Dicot stems vascular tissue arrangement?
In a ring
28
Monocot stems
No pith, some have a cortex, xylem and phloem are irregular in shape (refer to textbook).
29
What are the differences between sweet potatoes, yams, and potatoes.
Sweet Potato- Root, Dicot, Subtropical Potato- Stem, Dicot, Temperate Yam- Stem, monocot, Tropical
30
Who is the number one sweet potato producer in the US?
NC
31
Petiole
The area between the blade of the leaf and the stem.
32
Functions of the leaf
Photosynthesis, storage, protection, transpiration, climbing(tendrils), prey capture(carnivorous plants).
33
Transpiration
The loss of h2o via stomata
34
Stipules
leaf like appendages at the base of the leaf
35
Parallel leaf venation is most common in...
monocots (grasses)
36
Pinnate and palmate are most common in
dicots
37
Pinnate venation
strong central midrib w/ secondary veins off to the side.
38
Palmate venation
Veins that run from one central point
39
Simple complexity of leaves
one intact blade
40
Compound complexity of leaves
Blades separate into leaflets
41
Pinnately compound
Not all blades coming from the same point
42
Palmately compound
all blades ARE coming from the same point.
43
Cuticle
Prevents h20 loss from epidermis. Waxy and hydrophobic, provides protection.
44
Epidermis (lower and upper) of leaves
Produces cuticle, numerous stomata regulated by guard cells.
45
Palisade mesophyll
Column-like cells of leaves
46
Spongy Mesophyll
air spaces between cells of leaves
47
Mesophyll
Spongy or palisade, Ground tissue
48
Vascular bundles of leaves
xylem and phloem are surrounded by sheath cells
49
Monocot leaves
may be spongy, typically not palisade. Both upper and lower epidermis. Stomata per cm squared is relatively even.
50
dicot leaves
Often have palisade and spongy mesophyll. Mostly upper epidermis. Much more stomata per cm on lower epidermis
51
Spines
modified leaves, have vascular tissue, axillary bud
52
Thorns
Modified stem branches, subtended by leaves, vascular tissue.
53
Prickles
Epidermis and cortex of stems or leaves. No vascular tissue, "shark fin"
54
Stinging (utricating) hairs
modified trichomes (stinging nettle)
55
Carnivorous plants absorb mostly macronutrients such as
N,P,C,Mg
56
Bracts
Specialized leaves usually below flowers that are different from other leaves in form or color... To attract pollinators. (poinsettias, dogwoods)
57
Tendrils
There can be tendrilating stems and leaves. For mechanical support and direct growth.
58
Reproductive leaves
Asexual propogation. Plantlets produced on leaf margins. (Mother of Thousands).
59
Xerophytes
Water conserving succulents. Some have extremely deep root systems. Thickened stems and roots for h2o storage.
60
hydrophytes
Live in water such as water lily or lotus.
61
Sun/Shade leaves
Dimorphous. Two forms of leaves on the same plant in order to maximize light capture.
62
Rhizome
Horizontal underground stems. Have short internodes, are thickened for storage, (Ginger, Tumeric).
63
Stolon
Horizontal stem above or below ground. Longer internodes. Smaller in diameter. Some produce plantlets (asexual reproduction).
64
Tuber
Part of stolon that is modified for storage (potato)
65
Corm
Storage stem covered by thin or scaly leaves
66
Bulb
fleshy storage leaves covering a small stem
67
What happens when leaves change color and drop during the fall?
Chlorophyll is broken down and some minerals are transported to stems and roots. "Reclamation of nutrients" Pigments develop or are unmasked. Leaf drop occurs
68
Specialized metabolytes
Anthocyanins and Tannins
69
Red pigment
anthocyanins
70
Brown pigment
tannins (cell death)
71
Yellows or golds
Carotenoids (plastids)
72
Other hues such as oranges
Combination of pigments
73
Leaf drop is called
Abscission.
74
Enviornmental factors that cause abscission
Decreases in water, temp, day length
75
Metabolic reactions
Biochemical reactions carried out to maintain homeostasis.
76
Adenosine Triphosphate
"energy currency" in cells
77
NADPH
used in calvin cycle.
78
NADPH --->
NADP^+ + H^+ + 2e^-
79
Photosynthesis bulk reaxtion equation
(6)h2o+(6)co2---->(6)o2+c6h12o16 (glucose)
80
Sunlight is...
electromagnetic energy that travels thru space in waves
81
Grow lamps
Portions of the visible light spectrum. Optimized for photosynthesis or for red light
82
Chlorophyll A
Primary pigment. Absorption spectra is blue/violet + red. Convert light energy into chemical energy through the loss or donation of electrons.
83
Chlorophyll B
absorbs more blue+orange. Expands on the spectrum of chlorophyll a.
84
Accessory Pigments
multiple and variable. Most absorb in the UV spectrum and some green. Carotenoids transfer light energy to chlorophylls. Also dissipate excess or harmful light energy.
85
How did we first find out that photosynthesis was most active in the blue and red light spectrum
TW Egelmann
86
Light dependant reactions
Light dependent reactions happen in or across thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. h20 is split. o2 byproduct. ATP and NADPH produced
87
Light independent reactions
"Carbon reactions" in chloroplast and stroma. CO2 input, ATP and NADPH are used. 3 carbon compounds are produced.
88
Photosystems
Primarily chlorophylls a and b come together to form these. Chloroplast pigments are anchored to and occur throughout the thylakoid membranes.
89
Photosystem 2(occurs first in the cycle)
h20splits, excites chlorophyll a, 2e^- are transported to the electron transport chain
90
electron transport chain
Provides chemical energy needed to drive ATP production
91
Photosystem 1(occurs second)
2 electrons transferred to NADPH. The electron transport chain connecting them provides the energy required to synthesize ATP. So the primary products of light reactions are o2, NADPH, and ATP
92
Factors that influence light dependant reactions
h2o availability, light quantity, light quality, temperature.
93
Light independent reactions(Carbon fixing reactions)
Inputs are co2 ATP and NADPH. Products are 3 carbon compounds used to produce glucose.
94
Calvin-benson-bassham cycle occurs in 3 phases
1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction of 3-carbon compounds 3. Regeneration of 5-Carbon Compounds
95
Rubisco
Enzyme of the Calvin Cycle. usually reacts w carbon
96
Factors that influence light independent reactions
co2 quantity, temperature, energy from light reactions (ATP,NADPH). Type of plant (C3,C4,CAM).
97
Photorespiration
A metabolic phenomenon that can occur when environmental conditions are hot/ and or dry.
98
What happens during photorespiration?
Stomata close to conserve water, thereby not allowing co2 for the Calvin cycle. Rubisco reacts w/ oxygen instead of co2, Yields (2) 3 carbon compounds instead of (6). Maintains some carbon productivity during times of stress (heat or drought).
99
Drawbacks of photorespiration
Takes more time, more energy input as ATP, other organelles needed, so it is not energy efficient.
100
c3 plants
94 percent of all planetary biomass. Only have a Calvin cycle. Co2 from air diffuses into plant cells thru stomata and are fixed directly into 3 carbon compounds in the Calvin cycle. Climates are temperate to subtropical, and the potential for these plants to undergo photorespiration during stressful conditions is high.
101
C4 plants
4 carbon pathway, 5% of all biomass. Adapted to carry out photosynthesis in more stressful conditions. 1/2 of all grasses. Potential for photorespiration in stressful conditions is LOW
102
CAM Plants
Adapted to carry out photosynthesis more efficiently under extremely hot and tropical conditions. Adaptation comes in the form of a separation in time for carbon fixation and cycling. Stomata only open at night to conserve h2o loss. Potential for photorespiration is zero to none.
103

PB 200 (3 decks)

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