Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PB 200 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the root are?

A

Anchor the plant, prevent erosion, could potentially be used for storage, absorbing water and minerals and transporting them to the stem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fibrous Root

A

Smaller individual roots, more branching, more spread out, grow closer to soil surface. Many Monocots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tap root

A

Larger, less branching, go deeper, many dicots and gymnosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Xylem of roots

A

Located in the center of roots, X in dicots and outside the pith in monocots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phloem of roots

A

Surrounds the xylem in both. Inside the endodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pericycle

A

Vascular tissue that is the origin of a branch or lateral root. Type of primary growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pith

A

Monocots have this parenchyma in the center of the root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Root hairs

A

Unicellular extensions of epidermal cells that increase surface area for absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endodermis

A

A ground tissue that has a waxy, hydrophobic Casparian strip/layer around almost all of its cells. This strip prevents water and nutrients from being transported between cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two major transport pathways from the soil to the stem.

A

Apoplastic and Symplastic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Apoplastic

A

Transport between plant cells along cell walls or intercellular spaces. Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symplastic

A

Transfer between cells via plasmodesmata. This type of transport is required at the endodermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nitrogen Fixating bacteria are…

A

The rhizobia species. Bacteria infect root hair cells and migrate to the cortex but no further. Stimulate root cell division and enlargement. Results in the formation of nonharmful nodules. Plant receives fixed nitrogen (ammonia, NHsub3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of the root. Lies below the epidermis but outside of the Vascular bundles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nitrogenase

A

The enzyme produced by bacteria that makes conversion possible. The bacteria receives sugar from plant and plant receives ammonia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mycorrhizae (Fungus Root)

A

Occur in or on around 80% of land plants. facilitate phosphorous and absorb H2O. Evidence suggests that they can connect or network the nearby root systems of nearby plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizae

A

Ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endomycorrizae

A

Fungal cells penetrate epidermis and cortex and grow inside of plant cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ectomycorrhiza

A

Fungal cells occur outside/between epidermis and cortex cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Major functions of stems include…

A

Conduct water/minerals from roots to leaves. Provide support for leaves. Some can be photosynthetic. Conducting nutrients via phloem to roots flowers and leaves. Some are modified for storage (Potato or Ginger). Some are horizontal and can grow above ground.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lenticels

A

small perforations in the periderm of woody stems through which limited gas exchange may occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Opposite leaf arrangement

A

Two leaves per node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Alternate leaf arrangement

A

One leaf per node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Whorled leaf arrangement

A

3 or more leaves per node.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vascular Cambium in dicots

A

Contributes to secondary grown (girth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dicot stems have a ____?

A

Pith and cortex, xylem lies under the phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dicot stems vascular tissue arrangement?

A

In a ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Monocot stems

A

No pith, some have a cortex, xylem and phloem are irregular in shape (refer to textbook).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the differences between sweet potatoes, yams, and potatoes.

A

Sweet Potato- Root, Dicot, Subtropical
Potato- Stem, Dicot, Temperate
Yam- Stem, monocot, Tropical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Who is the number one sweet potato producer in the US?

A

NC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Petiole

A

The area between the blade of the leaf and the stem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Functions of the leaf

A

Photosynthesis, storage, protection, transpiration, climbing(tendrils), prey capture(carnivorous plants).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of h2o via stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stipules

A

leaf like appendages at the base of the leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Parallel leaf venation is most common in…

A

monocots (grasses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Pinnate and palmate are most common in

A

dicots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Pinnate venation

A

strong central midrib w/ secondary veins off to the side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Palmate venation

A

Veins that run from one central point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Simple complexity of leaves

A

one intact blade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Compound complexity of leaves

A

Blades separate into leaflets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pinnately compound

A

Not all blades coming from the same point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Palmately compound

A

all blades ARE coming from the same point.

43
Q

Cuticle

A

Prevents h20 loss from epidermis. Waxy and hydrophobic, provides protection.

44
Q

Epidermis (lower and upper) of leaves

A

Produces cuticle, numerous stomata regulated by guard cells.

45
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Column-like cells of leaves

46
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

air spaces between cells of leaves

47
Q

Mesophyll

A

Spongy or palisade, Ground tissue

48
Q

Vascular bundles of leaves

A

xylem and phloem are surrounded by sheath cells

49
Q

Monocot leaves

A

may be spongy, typically not palisade.
Both upper and lower epidermis.
Stomata per cm squared is relatively even.

50
Q

dicot leaves

A

Often have palisade and spongy mesophyll. Mostly upper epidermis. Much more stomata per cm on lower epidermis

51
Q

Spines

A

modified leaves, have vascular tissue, axillary bud

52
Q

Thorns

A

Modified stem branches, subtended by leaves, vascular tissue.

53
Q

Prickles

A

Epidermis and cortex of stems or leaves. No vascular tissue, “shark fin”

54
Q

Stinging (utricating) hairs

A

modified trichomes (stinging nettle)

55
Q

Carnivorous plants absorb mostly macronutrients such as

A

N,P,C,Mg

56
Q

Bracts

A

Specialized leaves usually below flowers that are different from other leaves in form or color… To attract pollinators. (poinsettias, dogwoods)

57
Q

Tendrils

A

There can be tendrilating stems and leaves. For mechanical support and direct growth.

58
Q

Reproductive leaves

A

Asexual propogation. Plantlets produced on leaf margins. (Mother of Thousands).

59
Q

Xerophytes

A

Water conserving succulents. Some have extremely deep root systems. Thickened stems and roots for h2o storage.

60
Q

hydrophytes

A

Live in water such as water lily or lotus.

61
Q

Sun/Shade leaves

A

Dimorphous. Two forms of leaves on the same plant in order to maximize light capture.

62
Q

Rhizome

A

Horizontal underground stems. Have short internodes, are thickened for storage, (Ginger, Tumeric).

63
Q

Stolon

A

Horizontal stem above or below ground. Longer internodes. Smaller in diameter. Some produce plantlets (asexual reproduction).

64
Q

Tuber

A

Part of stolon that is modified for storage (potato)

65
Q

Corm

A

Storage stem covered by thin or scaly leaves

66
Q

Bulb

A

fleshy storage leaves covering a small stem

67
Q

What happens when leaves change color and drop during the fall?

A

Chlorophyll is broken down and some minerals are transported to stems and roots. “Reclamation of nutrients” Pigments develop or are unmasked. Leaf drop occurs

68
Q

Specialized metabolytes

A

Anthocyanins and Tannins

69
Q

Red pigment

A

anthocyanins

70
Q

Brown pigment

A

tannins (cell death)

71
Q

Yellows or golds

A

Carotenoids (plastids)

72
Q

Other hues such as oranges

A

Combination of pigments

73
Q

Leaf drop is called

A

Abscission.

74
Q

Enviornmental factors that cause abscission

A

Decreases in water, temp, day length

75
Q

Metabolic reactions

A

Biochemical reactions carried out to maintain homeostasis.

76
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

“energy currency” in cells

77
Q

NADPH

A

used in calvin cycle.

78
Q

NADPH —>

A

NADP^+ + H^+ + 2e^-

79
Q

Photosynthesis bulk reaxtion equation

A

(6)h2o+(6)co2—->(6)o2+c6h12o16 (glucose)

80
Q

Sunlight is…

A

electromagnetic energy that travels thru space in waves

81
Q

Grow lamps

A

Portions of the visible light spectrum. Optimized for photosynthesis or for red light

82
Q

Chlorophyll A

A

Primary pigment. Absorption spectra is blue/violet + red.
Convert light energy into chemical energy through the loss or donation of electrons.

83
Q

Chlorophyll B

A

absorbs more blue+orange. Expands on the spectrum of chlorophyll a.

84
Q

Accessory Pigments

A

multiple and variable. Most absorb in the UV spectrum and some green. Carotenoids transfer light energy to chlorophylls. Also dissipate excess or harmful light energy.

85
Q

How did we first find out that photosynthesis was most active in the blue and red light spectrum

A

TW Egelmann

86
Q

Light dependant reactions

A

Light dependent reactions happen in or across thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. h20 is split. o2 byproduct. ATP and NADPH produced

87
Q

Light independent reactions

A

“Carbon reactions” in chloroplast and stroma. CO2 input, ATP and NADPH are used. 3 carbon compounds are produced.

88
Q

Photosystems

A

Primarily chlorophylls a and b come together to form these. Chloroplast pigments are anchored to and occur throughout the thylakoid membranes.

89
Q

Photosystem 2(occurs first in the cycle)

A

h20splits, excites chlorophyll a, 2e^- are transported to the electron transport chain

90
Q

electron transport chain

A

Provides chemical energy needed to drive ATP production

91
Q

Photosystem 1(occurs second)

A

2 electrons transferred to NADPH. The electron transport chain connecting them provides the energy required to synthesize ATP. So the primary products of light reactions are o2, NADPH, and ATP

92
Q

Factors that influence light dependant reactions

A

h2o availability, light quantity, light quality, temperature.

93
Q

Light independent reactions(Carbon fixing reactions)

A

Inputs are co2 ATP and NADPH. Products are 3 carbon compounds used to produce glucose.

94
Q

Calvin-benson-bassham cycle occurs in 3 phases

A
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. Reduction of 3-carbon compounds
  3. Regeneration of 5-Carbon Compounds
95
Q

Rubisco

A

Enzyme of the Calvin Cycle. usually reacts w carbon

96
Q

Factors that influence light independent reactions

A

co2 quantity, temperature, energy from light reactions (ATP,NADPH). Type of plant (C3,C4,CAM).

97
Q

Photorespiration

A

A metabolic phenomenon that can occur when environmental conditions are hot/ and or dry.

98
Q

What happens during photorespiration?

A

Stomata close to conserve water, thereby not allowing co2 for the Calvin cycle. Rubisco reacts w/ oxygen instead of co2, Yields (2) 3 carbon compounds instead of (6). Maintains some carbon productivity during times of stress (heat or drought).

99
Q

Drawbacks of photorespiration

A

Takes more time, more energy input as ATP, other organelles needed, so it is not energy efficient.

100
Q

c3 plants

A

94 percent of all planetary biomass. Only have a Calvin cycle. Co2 from air diffuses into plant cells thru stomata and are fixed directly into 3 carbon compounds in the Calvin cycle. Climates are temperate to subtropical, and the potential for these plants to undergo photorespiration during stressful conditions is high.

101
Q

C4 plants

A

4 carbon pathway, 5% of all biomass. Adapted to carry out photosynthesis in more stressful conditions. 1/2 of all grasses. Potential for photorespiration in stressful conditions is LOW

102
Q

CAM Plants

A

Adapted to carry out photosynthesis more efficiently under extremely hot and tropical conditions. Adaptation comes in the form of a separation in time for carbon fixation and cycling. Stomata only open at night to conserve h2o loss. Potential for photorespiration is zero to none.

103
Q
A

PB 200 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions