final exam Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
any substance that makes up all observable physical objects; anything that has mass and occupies space
A
matter
2
Q
the branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes that matter undergoes
A
chemistry
3
Q
studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon containing compounds
A
inorganic chemistry
4
Q
the study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection, preservation and restoration of human remains
A
embalming chemistry
5
Q
the measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid; can be thought of as the “thickness” of a fluid
A
viscosity
6
Q
simple substances that cannot be decomposed or further divided by ordinary chemical means
A
elements
7
Q
the tendency of matter to become more disorganized (or chaotic) over time
A
entropy
8
Q
standard units of measurement of length, volume, and mass in the metric system
A
meter, liter, and gram
9
Q
a funeral service student adds 250 mL of embalming fluid to a graduated cylinder. the mass of the embalming fluid is 248.1 g. what is the density of the embalming fluid?
A
.99 g/ml
10
Q
a piece of aluminum displaces 11.2 mL of water when placed in a graduated cylinder. given that aluminum has a mass of 30.2 grams, what is the density of the aluminum?
A
2.7 g/ml
11
Q
a ___ mixture is uniform throughout such as salt dissolved in water
A
homogenous
12
Q
a ___ mixture has two or more distinct phases present such as a mixture of sand and water
A
heterogenous
13
Q
the mass number of an atom can be determined by adding the number of ___ in the atom to the number of ___
A
protons and neutrons
14
Q
the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure or the temperature at which a liquid change to a vapor
A
boiling point
15
Q
the measure of how well a solute mixes with a solvent
A
solubility
16
Q
the amount of mass of a certain substance divided by the amount of volume the mass occupies
A
density
17
Q
usually measured in Fahrenheit; measured by celsius in chemistry
A
temperature
18
Q
the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that was all the property of the chemical element is it part of
A
atom
19
Q
the ___ determines an atom’s chemical properties
A
electron
20
Q
chemical bond involving the sharing of electron pairs between atoms; allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell
A
covalent bond
21
Q
reaction where two or more elements (or compounds) combine to form a single product
A
synthesis
22
Q
reaction that is a chemical change which is the opposite of synthesis action
A
decomposition
23
Q
attraction force that occurs when individual water molecules attract one another
A
hydrogen bonding
24
Q
breaking down of the human body by water
A
hydrolysis
25
an inert medium in which an agent (ex. water) is administered
vehicle
26
combining solutions of similar makeup, but of unequal concentrations, particles naturally move from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration
diffusion
27
diffusion through a semi permeable membrane
osmosis
28
a state in which temperature elevates after death
post mortem caloricity
29
a chemical ___ is simply a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction
equation
30
this process leads to post mortem stain and is the breakdown of erythrocytes
hemolysis
31
surface tension interferes with the diffusion of embalming chemicals from the capillaries to the tissue; ___ are added to water to reduce this
surfactants
32
calcium, magnesium, and sometimes iron ions are water soluble ___ that make water hard
minerals
33
an ___ is a substance capable of liberating a hydrogen ion (OH-) in aqueous solutions; can exist in all three states of matter
acid
34
properties of a ___ are bitter, caustic taste, turns blue on litmus paper; solutions feel slippery or soapy; may exist in all three states of matter (moist oily solid)
base
35
water acts as a base in the presence of an acid, and as an acid in the presence of a base, which makes water...
amphoteric
36
added to embalming chemicals to overcome different pH in bodies; keep pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications
buffer
37
after a person dies, the pH of the body shifts from ___ to ___ and then back to ___
basic to acidic and back to basic
38
the pH of normal human blood while alive is ___ and slightly ___
7.3-7.5 and basic
39
water is usually a perfect ___, but typically tap water usually is too ___ to be used by itself embalming
vehicle and hard
40
this is the key ingredient in nail polish, used for dissolving nail polish, super glue, cleaning clothing and casket interiors
acetones
41
aldehydes are denoted by the ___ functional group. this group has the symbol ___
carbonyl and -CHO
42
aldehydes are effective embalming chemicals because they are good...
disinfectants
43
aldehydes are effective disinfectants because they...
both (kill bacteria and destroy bacterial food supplies)
44
the reaction of aldehyde on tissue protein can be referred to as
coagulating
45
formaldehyde is produced by the oxidation of
methanol
46
glutaraldehyde is a ___ at room temperature
liquid
47
dyes, sanitizers, solvents, preservatives, anti coagulants, surfactants are...
embalming fluid ingredients
48
branch of chemistry that deals with hydrocarbons
organic chemistry
49
water soluble; transfer of an electron from one group to another; electrostatic reaction
ionic bond
50
organic compounds are classified by how they function
reactivity
51
sanitize microbes and pathogens; retard decomposition; control moisture and color
embalming fluid functions
52
not always soluble in water, share electrons; room temperature solid, liquid, or gas
covalent bonds
53
benzene ring structure; perfumes; deodorants
aromatics
54
having the same number of carbons but different orientation
isomers
55
rings can be found in phenol, cresol, and perfuming agents; unsaturated hydrocarbons
alkenes
56
when proteins or nucleic acids lose structure in their native state through external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (ex. alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat
denaturation
57
antiseptics, disinfectants, cauterants, bleaching agents
funeral service phenols
58
used during cases of advanced decomposition where ammonia and urea can interfere with formaldehyde
high index
59
a bond formed between polymer chains, either between different chains or between different parts of the same chain
crosslink
60
ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol
humectants
61
used to disinfect instruments and sanitize surgical incision and dressings; precursor to antiseptic surgical procedures
phenol
62
more than one substitution on a ring; identification of position is important; ortho, meta, and para
di-substituted benzene derivatives
63
hygroscopic chemical that keeps things Dry by aDsorbing water (trapping water vapor at its surface)
desiccants
64
functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom
carbonyl group
65
HCHO is the chemical formula for
formadlehyde
66
the IUPAC name for formaldehyde is
methanal
67
a structural feature that allows the chemist to classify compounds by reactivity
functional group
68
used as both a supplement with or as an alternative to formaldehyde; does not shrink or constrict tissue like formaldehyde
glutaraldehyde
69
colorless toxic gas with disagreeable odor; vapor is trapped when dissolved in water; sold as a 37% solution in water, stabilized by methanol
formaldehyde
70
formula - HCOOH
formic acid
71
common name for ethanol
grain alcohol
72
until it was found to be neurologically toxic in large doses, ___ was once widely used as a disinfectant, germicide, and fungicide
hexachlorophene
73
when formaldehyde gas is solvated in water, it reacts with the water to form
methylene glycol
74
aqueous formaldehyde solutions are called formalin when they are stabilized with
methanol
75
much less toxic than benzene; in the funeral home it is found in cosmetics, sealing agents, and thinner
toluene
76
in the case of an accidental formaldehyde spill, ___ would be the perfect cleaning solution to prevent exposure to formaldehyde fumes
ammonia
77
important fragrance in embalming; has both a phenol and ester function; wintergreen scent masks the disagreeable and pungent odor of formaldehyde
methyl salicylate
78
acetic acid (commonly known as ___) reacts with hard water deposits like calcium ions creating the water soluble compound calcium acetate
vinegar
79
involves the formation of at least two coordinate bonds between a central metal and an organic ligand (ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex)
chelation
80
esters are formed by reaction of a carboxylic acid with
alcohol
81
when soluble sodium oxalate is the modifying agent in embalming fluid, calcium oxalate ___ out of the solution when added to hard water
precipitates
82
in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, carboxylic acids are completely
neutralized
83
an important thioester in metabolism
acetyl coenzyme A
84
colorless, water soluble, poly carboxylic; can sequester metals like calcium
EDTA
85
a ___ anticoagulant "cages in" the calcium making it unavailable to coagulate blood
sequesterant
86
the simplest amine (methyl amine) is a significant primary amine that results from
putrefaction
87
amine and sulfur containing compounds together create the
smell of death
88
amine decomposition products are commonly referred to as
ptomaines
89
in case of advanced decomposition, ___ will interfere with preservatives such as aldehydes, increasing preservative demand
ammonia
90
added to embalming fluid to aid in the penetration of preservatives (and other chemicals) into tissue cells
surfactants
91
dissolves the cell membranes making it an especially exceptional surfactant; also an antiseptic because it dissolves the cell membranes of microorganisms
benzalkonium chloride
92
bicyclic two ring structure; imparts foul odors associated with decomposition; main feature of the amino acid tryptophan
indole
93
tryptophan is a precursor of ___, a neurotransmitter
serotonin
94
product of protein decomposition, foul smelling and major cause of decomposition smell; in low concentrations has a flowery smell and is added to popular perfumes
skatole
95
compounds with two amine groups attached to a carbonyl group of which urea is the most noteworthy example
carbamide
96
embalming chemicals are all considered "organic" chemicals. what would an organic chemical consist of
carbon
97
which of the following is not a purpose of embalming fluids
improved fragrance of the body
98
-OH is the functional group for
alcohol
99
___ is fluid getting to the capillaries, whereas ___ is getting fluid out to the cells
distribution and diffusion
100
the water content in a human ___ as the person gets older
decreases
101
water is ___ of the mass of an adults body
60%
102
in the human body there are 20 of them which are required to sustain life; building blocks of protein
amino acids
103
typically think of them in terms of food; prepared from saccharide units
carbohydrates
104
the lipids most commonly known as "fat" to the general public; isolated from plants and animals to form cooking oils
triglycerides
105
long chained esters make up the category of lipids known as
waxes
106
transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism; powers our cells, movements, and existence; the absence of it causes rigor mortis
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
107
charged amino acids; simultaneously exist as both a cation and an anion; very water soluble
zwitterions
108
just like water, amino acids can act as both an acid and a base and are therefore
amphoteric
109
carries oxygen in the blood from the lungs to the electron transport chain in the cells; also carries carbon dioxide away from the cells and back to the lungs where it is exhaled
hemoglobin
110
most abundant proteins in the human body; give structure to the organs, skin, muscle fiber, tendons and bone; made up of repeating amino acid units
fibrous
111
enzymes aid in ___ after death
decomposition
112
enzymes are ___ proteins
globular
113
enzymes act on a ___; typical ones that are broken down are materials we consume through food (ex. sugars, fats, and proteins)
substrate
114
enzymes - optimal functioning temperature of an enzyme
98.6 F
115
when nature ___ enzyme activity through proenzymes, cofactors, and coenzymes
regulate
116
cells are bundles of ___ reactions; reproduce; break molecules down and synthesize new molecules from the stock material that we consume
chemical
117
caused by the deficiency of a lysosome based enzyme which cause nerve cells in the body to start to break down which can cause death within a few years
tay-sachs disease
118
when the amino acid side chains that make up the active site are fitted and molded into a position that enables the enzyme to perform
induced fit model
119
low iron (Fe) leads to ___ in the human body
anemia
120
the phosphate ___ of adenosine triphosphate is the actual power source which the cell taps
tail
121
carbon water is the literal meaning of
carbohydrates
122
the decomposition of carbohydrates is termed
fermentation
123
the decomposition of lipids is termed
lypolysis
124
of or relating to, or being a compound (such as a surfactant) consisting of molecules having a polar water soluble group attached to a water insoluble hydrocarbon chain
amphiphilic
125
while fats and oils are both triglycerides, they are distinguished from each other by their ___ state at room temperature
physical
126
form DNA and RNA; identify us and create our structure so that the final product is wholly unique to us
nucleic acid
127
DNA generates RNA through a process called
transcription
128
___ was one of the winners of the nobel prize for discovering the double helix structure of DNA
James Watson
129
RNA is the machine responsible for the synthesis of every ___ in our body
protein
130
adenine, guanine, and cytosine belong to two categories of nucleobase that occur in both DNA and RNA; ___ is only present in DNA and ___ is only present in RNA
thymine and uracil
131
the ___ of the nucleobases in our DNA and RNA is what makes up our unique genetic code
sequencing
132
during embalming, the amine nitrogen in adenine and cytosine serve as ___ and are available to react with electrophilic aldehydes
nucleophiles
133
our bodies have developed intricate energy ___ process for fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
extraction
134
carbohydrates are converted to ___ monomers during digestion
glucose
135
through a complex ___ pathway, glucose is broken down and releases energy to power our bodily functions and maintain body temperature
metabolic
136
the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
glycolysis
137
digestion is a form of ___ the breaking down of compounds thats divided into two processes: mechanical and chemical digestion
catabolism
138
the most important molecules produced and consumed during glycolysis is the energy containing molecule
ATP
139
when ATP is converted to ADP, energy has been
released
140
also known as the citric acid cycle, an aerobic process of catabolism that produces ADP, and takes place inside the mitochondria part of a cell
krebs cycle
141
another term for krebs cycle
citric acid cycle
142
the krebs cycle is a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions occurring in the ___, where acetyl CoA is oxidized to form carbon dioxide and coenzymes are reduced, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain
mitochondrial matrix
143
the krebs cycle is the final pathway of the ___ of glucose, fats, and amino acids
oxidation
144
amino acids are deaminated and get converted to ___ and other intermediates of the krebs cycle
pyruvate
145
regulation of the krebs cycle depends on the supply of NAD+ and the utilization of ___ in physical and chemical work
adenosine triphosphate
146
double stranded molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides; self replicating q
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
147
single stranded molecule consisting of short chains of nucleotides; synthesized on an as needed basis
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
148
responsible for long term storage of genetic information; transmits genetic information to make other cells and new organisms
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
149
directly codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger to make proteins
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
150
composed of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine bases
deoxyribonucleic acid
151
she was an expert in a technique called x-ray crystallography and her work lead to the discovery of the structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
152
DNA does not like to form crystal, but prefers to form organized
fibers
153
possibly the first virus ever discovered
tobacco mosaic
154
james watson, francis crick and maurice wilkins won the nobel prize for the discovery of the shape of DNA in
1962
155
the x-ray diffraction image that convinced james watson and francis crick that DNA myst have a double helical structure
photo 51
156
intrinsic and extrinsic factors cause the post mortem cooling of a body to the environment following death
algor mortis
157
swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into the tissues
anasarca
158
skin slip or scaling of the skin
desquamation
159
postmortem physical change that slows blood in the vascular system; can also occur as part of a pathological process prior to death
hypostasis
160
the chemical breakdown of red blood cells
hemolysis
161
an intravascular discoloration due to the settling of blood to the dependent parts of the body
livor mortis
162
the elevation of body temperature immediately following death; can accelerate chemical reactions including protein decomposition and blood coagulation processes
postmortem caloricity
163
a condition that occurs in the muscles; begins a few hours following death; a chemical change withe physical manifestations
rigor mortis
164
as time progresses, the pH shifts back to the ___ side of the scale as proteins decomposition releases basic amines and ammonia into the body
basic
165
the chemical change and extravascular discoloration that is evident in the tissues as heme liberation accumulates
postmortem stain
166
used in every decedent to minimize exposure to blood borne pathogens
universal precautions
167
during the embalming process, exposure to blood, fluids, and ___ is at a maximum
microorganisms
168
funeral homes must develop a written ___ program that covers all hazardous chemicals present in the facility, proper labeling of containers, safety data sheets and regular employee training for the hazards of the chemicals
hazardous communications
169
ventilation, embalming machines with lids, and properly controlled drainage are effective ___ for limiting exposure to formaldehyde
engineering controls
170
should be washed periodically through the embalming operation, inspected for integrity often, and changed frequently
disposable gloves
171
basic dilution equation
c1 x v1 = C2 x V2
172
in relation to moisture content, the body can accumulate so much excess water it becomes
edematous
173
an app that is helpful when calculating embalming fluid dilution
embalm calc
174
the evaluation performed by the embalmer that will determine the procedures to be used throughout the embalming process
embalming analysis
175
the diluted mixture that the embalmer prepares to inject into a dead body
embalming solution
176
pathological conditions in the body increase preservative demand when ___ increase free nitrogen in the body
cancer therapies
177
the volume and concentration required to properly embalm a dead human being; depends on many variables (ex. time considerations, moisture content of the body)
preservative demand
178
when final disposition time is extended, preservative demand always increases because preservative effects are ___ because decomposition is ___ not stopped
temporary and slowed
179
takes place in the embalming machine when embalming fluid is mixed with water and supplemental fluids
primary dilution
180
takes place when the embalming solution interacts with water in the body
secondary dilution
181
in the hierarchy of degradation, ___ degrade first
carbohydrates
182
in the hierarchy of degradation, _ are the last to degrade
bone, hair, and nails
183
the decomposition of carbohydrates begins with ___ of glycogen into glucose
hydrolysis
184
major cause of protein degradation
saprophytic bacteria
185
during protein degradation, ___ degrade first
proteolytic enzymes
186
upon death, unprocessed biliverdin and bilirubin cause ___ by seeping form the capillaries and into the surrounding tissues
postmortem stain
187
eventually secreted from the liver in the form of bile
bilirubin
188
adipose tissue (or body fat) make up a large portion of ___ in the human body
lipids
189
under anaerobic conditions, fatty acids can be transformed into
adipocere
190
when a body is located near or buried in alkaline soil with a high mineral content, fatty acids produced during decomposition get ___ and form into a wax like soap
saponified
191
undiluted preservative fluid injected into the body cavity to preserve organs
cavity fluid
192
placed in embalming solution for cosmetic reasons, and can also help the embalmer trace diffusion of the solution throughout the body
dye
193
in addition to temporarily preventing further decomposition, building a methylene bridge between ___ also reestablishes life like firmness to embalmed tissue
protein chains
194
building a methylene bridge is based on the propensity of aldehydes to react with the ___ present in and created by the decomposition of proteins
nitrogen
195
in a protein chain, the ___ position is the most important cross linking position on a protein
peptide
196
sodium hypochlorite NaOCI is
bleach
197
hydrogen peroxide (3% in water) is a reliable oxidizer used to disinfect
surfaces
198
iodine is a solid at room temperature and is typically dissolved in an alcohol to create what is commonly known as a
tincture
199
disinfectants kill bacteria on
inanimate objects and surfaces
200
antiseptics kill bacteria that are on
living organisms
