midterm

Question 1

any substance that makes up all observable physical objects; anything that has mass and occupies space

Answer 1

matter

Question 2

the branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes that matter undergoes

Answer 2

chemistry

Question 3

studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon containing compounds

Answer 3

inorganic chemistry

Question 4

the study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection, preservation, and restoration of human remains

Answer 4

embalming chemistry

Question 5

the measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid; can be though of as the “thickness” of a fluid

Answer 5

viscosity

Question 6

simple substances that cannot be decomposed or further divided by ordinary chemical means

Answer 6

elements

Question 7

the tendency of matter to become more disorganized (or chaotic) over time

Answer 7

entropy

Question 8

standard units of measurement of length, volume, and mass in the metric system

Answer 8

meter, liter, and gram

Question 9

a funeral service student adds 250 mL of embalming fluid to a graduated cylinder. the mass of the embalming fluid is 248.1 g. what is the density of the embalming fluid

Answer 9

d=m/v
.99 g/ml

Question 10

a piece of aluminum displaces 11.2 mL of water when placed in a graduated cylinder. given that aluminum has a mass of 30.2 grams, what is the density of the aluminum

Answer 10

d=m/v
2.7 g/ml

Question 11

a ___ mixture is uniform throughout such as salt dissolved in water

Answer 11

homogenous

Question 12

a ___ mixture has two or more distinct phases present such as a mixture of sand and water

Answer 12

heterogenous

Question 13

the mass number of an atom can be determined by adding the number of___ in the atom to the number of ___

Answer 13

protons and neutrons

Question 14

the temperature at which the vapor pressure equal atmospheric pressure or the temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor

Answer 14

boiling point

Question 15

the measure of how well a solute mixes with a solvent

Answer 15

solubility

Question 16

the amount of mass of a certain substance divided by the amount of volume the mass occupies

Answer 16

density

Question 17

usually measured in Fahrenheit; measured by Celcius in chemistry

Answer 17

temperature

Question 18

the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that was all the property of the chemical element it is part of

Answer 18

atom

Question 19

the ___ determines an atoms chemical properties

Answer 19

electron

Question 20

chemical bond involving the sharing of electron pairs between atoms; allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell

Answer 20

covalent bond

Question 21

reaction where two or more elements (or compounds) combine to form a single product

Answer 21

synthesis

Question 22

reaction that is a chemical change which is the opposite of synthesis action

Answer 22

decomposition

Question 23

attraction force that occurs when individual water molecules attract one another

Answer 23

hydrogen bonding

Question 24

breaking down of the human body by water

Answer 24

hydrolysis

Question 25

an inert medium in which an agent (ex. water) is administered

Answer 25

vehicle

Question 26

combining solutions of similar makeup, but of unequal concentrations, particles naturally move from regions of higher concentration to lower concentrations

Answer 26

diffusion

Question 27

diffusion through a semi permeable membrane

Answer 27

osmosis

Question 28

a state in which body temperature elevates after death

Answer 28

post mortem caloricity

Question 29

a chemical ___ is simply a symbolic representation of a chemical change

Answer 29

equation

Question 30

this process leads to post mortem stain and is the breakdown of erythrocytes

Answer 30

hemolysis

Question 31

surface tension interferes with the diffusion of embalming chemicals from the capillaries to the tissue; ___ are added to water to reduce this

Answer 31

surfactants

Question 32

calcium, magnesium, and somtimes iron ions are water soluble ___ that make water hard

Answer 32

minerals

Question 33

water acts as a base in the presence of an acid, and as an acid in the presence of a base, which makes water

Answer 33

amphoteric

Question 34

an ___ is a substance capable of liberating a hydrogen ion (H+) in aqueous solutions; can exist in all three states of matter

Answer 34

acid

Question 35

properties of a ___ are bitter, caustic taste, turns blue on litmus paper; solutions feel slippery or soapy; may exist in all three states of matter (moist oily solid)

Answer 35

base

Question 36

added to embalming chemicals to overcome different pH in bodies; keep pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications

Answer 36

buffer

Question 37

after a person dies, the pH of the body shifts from ___ to ___ and then back to ___

Answer 37

basic to acidic to basic

Question 38

the pH of normal human blood while alive, is ___ and sightly ___

Answer 38

7.3-7.5 and basic

Question 39

water is usually a perfect ___, but typical tap water usually is too ___ to be used by itself for embalming

Answer 39

vehicle and hard

Question 40

this is the key ingredient in nail polish, used for dissolving nail polish, super blue, cleaning clothing and casket interiors

Answer 40

acetones

Question 41

aldehydes are denoted by the ___ functional group. this group has the symbol ___

Answer 41

carbonyl and -CHO

Question 42

dyes, sanitizers, solvents, preservatives, anti coagulants, surfactants (are)

Answer 42

embalming fluid ingredients

Question 43

branch of chemistry that deals with hydrocarbons

Answer 43

organic chemistry

Question 44

water soluble; transfer of an electron from one group to another; electrostatic reaction

Answer 44

ionic bonds

Question 45

organic compounds are classified by how they function

Answer 45

reactivity

Question 46

sanitize microbes and pathogens; retard decomposition; control moisture and color

Answer 46

embalming fluid functions

Question 47

not always soluble in water, share electrons; room temperature solid, liquid, or gas

Answer 47

covalent bonds

Question 48

benzene ring structure; perfumes; deodorants

Answer 48

aromatics

Question 49

having the same number of carbons but different orientations

Answer 49

isomers

Question 50

rings can be found in phenol, cresol, and perfuming agents; unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 50

alkenes

Question 51

when proteins or nucleic acid lose structure in their native state through external stress of compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic slat, an organic solvent (ex. alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat

Answer 51

denaturation

Question 52

aldehydes are effective embalming chemicals because they are good

Answer 52

disinfectants

Question 53

aldehydes are effective disinfectants because they

Answer 53

both of these (kill bacteria and destroy bacterial food supplies)

Question 54

the reaction of aldehyde on tissue protein can be referred to as

Answer 54

coagulating

Question 55

formaldehyde is produced by the oxidation of.

Answer 55

methanol

Question 56

glutaraldehyde is a ___ at room temperature

Answer 56

gas

Question 57

antiseptics, disinfectants, cauterants, bleaching agents (are)

Answer 57

funeral service phenols

Question 58

used during cases of advanced decomposition where ammonia and urea can interfere with formaldehyde

Answer 58

high index

Question 59

a bond formed between polymer chains, either between different chains or between different parts of the same chain

Answer 59

crosslink

Question 60

ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol (are)

Answer 60

humectants

Question 61

used to disinfect instruments and sanitize surgical incisions and dressings; precursor to antiseptic surgical procedures

Answer 61

phenol

Question 62

more than one substitution on a ring; identification of position is important; ortho, meta, and para

Answer 62

di substituted benzene derivatives

Question 63

hygroscopic chemical that keeps things Dry by aDsorbing water (trapping water vapor at its surface)

Answer 63

desiccants

Question 64

functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

Answer 64

carbonyl group

Question 65

HCHO is the chemical formula for

Answer 65

formaldehyde

Question 66

the IUPAC name for formaldehyde is

Answer 66

methanal

Question 67

a structural feature that allows the chemist to classify compounds by reactivity

Answer 67

functional group

Question 68

used as both a supplement with or as an alternative to formaldehyde; does not shrink or construct tissue like formaldehyde

Answer 68

glutaraldehyde

Question 69

colorless toxic gas with disagreeable odor; vapor is trapped when dissolved in water; sold as a 37% solution in water stabilized by methanol

Answer 69

formaldehyde

Question 70

formula - HCOOH

Answer 70

formic acid

Question 71

common name for ethanol

Answer 71

grain alcohol

Question 72

until it was found to be neurologically toxic in large doses, ___ was once widely used as a disinfectant, germicide, and fungicide

Answer 72

hexachlorophene

Question 73

when formaldehyde gas is solvated in water, it reacts with the water to form

Answer 73

methylene glycol

Question 74

aqueous formaldehyde solutions are called formalin when they are stabilized with

Answer 74

methanol

Question 75

much less toxic than benzene; in the funeral home it is found in cosmetics, sealing agents, and thinner

Answer 75

toluene

Question 76

in the case of an accidental formaldehyde spill, ___ would be the perfect cleaning solution to prevent exposure to formaldehyde fumes

Answer 76

ammonia

Question 77

important fragrance in embalming; has both a phenol and ester function; wintergreen scent masks the disagreeable and pungent odor of formaldehyde

Answer 77

methyl salicylate

Question 78

acetic acid (commonly known as ___) reacts with hard water deposits like calcium ion creating the water soluble compound calcium acetate

Answer 78

vinegar

Question 79

involves the formation of at least two coordinate bonds between a central metal and an organic ligand (ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex)

Answer 79

chelation

Question 80

esters are formed by reaction of a carboxylic acid with

Answer 80

alcohol

Question 81

when soluble sodium oxalate is the modifying agent in embalming fluid, calcium oxalate ___ out of the solution when added to hard water

Answer 81

precipitates

Question 82

in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, carboxylic acids are completely

Answer 82

neutralized

Question 83

an important thioester in metabolism

Answer 83

acetyl coenzyme A

Question 84

colorless, water soluble, poly carboxylic; can sequester metals like calcium

Answer 84

EDTA

Question 85

a ___ anticoagulant "cages in" the calcium making it unavailable to coagulate blood

Answer 85

sequesterant

Question 86

the simplest amine (methyl amine) is a significant primary amine that results from

Answer 86

putrefaction

Question 87

amine and sulfur containing compounds together create the

Answer 87

smell of death

Question 88

amine decomposition products are commonly referred to as

Answer 88

ptomaines

Question 89

in cases of advanced decomposition, ___ will interfere with preservatives such as aldehydes, increasing preservative demand

Answer 89

ammonia

Question 90

added to embalming fluid to aid in the penetration of preservatives (and other chemicals) into tissue cells

Answer 90

surfactants

Question 91

dissolves the cell membranes making it an especially exceptional surfactant; also an antiseptic because it dissolves and the cell membranes of microorganisms

Answer 91

benzalkonium chloride

Question 92

bicyclic two ring structure; imparts foul odors associated with decomposition; main feature of the amino acid tryptophan

Answer 92

indole

Question 93

tryptophan is a precursor of ___, a neurotransmitter

Answer 93

serotonin

Question 94

product of protein decomposition, foul smelling and major cause of decomposition smell; in low concentrations has a flowery smell and is added to popular perfumes

Answer 94

skatole

Question 95

compounds with two amine groups attached to a carbonyl group of which urea is the most noteworthy example

Answer 95

carbamide

Question 96

embalming chemicals are all considered "organic" chemicals. what would an organic chemical consist of

Answer 96

carbon

Question 97

which of the following is not a purpose of embalming fluids

Answer 97

improved fragrance of the body

Question 98

R-OH is the functional group for

Answer 98

alcohol

Question 99

___ is fluid getting to the capillaries, whereas ___ is getting fluid out to the cells

Answer 99

distribution then diffusion

Question 100

the water content in a human ___ as the person gets older

Answer 100

decreases