Final Exam

Question 1

What is a number of citizens united and activated by a common interest opposed to the rights of others or the public good?

Answer 1

Faction

Question 2

Madison suggested a few ways that government could control the effects of faction, what were they?

Answer 2

Remove the causes: get rid of liberty or impose common interests & control the effects: republic, public-interested leaders, federal system, large number of leaders

Question 3

What is an association of individuals or organization that attempts to influence public policy to benefit themselves or their cause?

Answer 3

interest group

Question 4

Interest groups maintain this form of representation when they contract out lobbying services to other firms

Answer 4

surrogate

Question 5

To maintain direct representation, interest group need either _________ or _______

Answer 5

money (resources); members

Question 6

What are the political and societal changes that have influences the balance of power in the interest group system?

Answer 6

Expansion of government
Supreme Court action
Shifts in party power

Question 7

Evidence indicates the _______ network exerts considerable influence on the Republican Party and its economic policies

Answer 7

Koch

Question 8

This theory of group political emphasizes the importance of groups in politics and views groups as critical to providing the public with representation

Answer 8

pluralism

Question 9

One objection to pluralism is that this type of group dominates the interest group system

Answer 9

business interests

Question 10

Proponents of pluralism argue that group conflict with produce beneficial policies, but group conflict tends to…

Answer 10

Fail to solve problems and group interest nor the public interest are supported

Question 11

Olson argued that most adversely affected individuals do not form groups because of this…

Answer 11

collective action dilemma

Question 12

One component of the collective action dilemma is the temptation individuals have to _________ or forgo contribution

Answer 12

free ride

Question 13

Group efforts are most likely for this type of group

Answer 13

privileged

Question 14

Large groups can overcome the collective action dilemma is they provide _________ incentives

Answer 14

selective

Question 15

__________ incentives are rewards that derive from the act of particiaption itself

Answer 15

purposive

Question 16

Beyond money, identify three distinct ways groups can play a role in elections

Answer 16

recruiting, endorsements, voter mobilization, communication with members, advertising

Question 17

Hartney examined the effect of endorsements by __________ on local school board elections

Answer 17

teacher’s unions

Question 18

Hartney conducted his research in two states: __________ and ___________

Answer 18

California and Florida

Question 19

Endorsements by teacher’s unions increased the likelihood that candidates won elections even in __________ states

Answer 19

Republicans, anti-union, or pro-charter states

Question 20

Identify types of voter mobilization efforts

Answer 20

voter registration drives, door-to-door canvassing, phone banks, direct mail, commercial advertising, voter guides, and Election Day support like transportation

Question 21

Groups are the second most important source of campaign funds. Who is the first?

Answer 21

Individuals

Question 22

These two acts regulate contributions to candidates, parties, and groups

Answer 22

FECA and BCRA

Question 23

What were the two main actions of FECA?

Answer 23

Disclosure and limits

Question 24

Organizations can be motivated to contribute to candidates for two reasons. What are they?

Answer 24

Access and ideology
Policy

Question 25

This type of advertisement expressly calls for the election or defeat of a candidate for federal office

Answer 25

Independent

Question 26

In this court case, the Supreme Court overturned the ban on corporations and unions from using corporate and union funds to pay for campaign messages that expressly support or oppose federal candidates

Answer 26

Citizens United v. FEC

Question 27

This type of organization is formed for non-political purposes and does not disclose to the FEC, by can sponsor advertisements

Answer 27

501c

Question 27

This court case essentially created SuperPACs by overturning the contribution limits for groups that engage in only independent spending

Answer 27

Speechnow.org v. FEC

Question 28

Groups use their members or the public to pressure Congress to support the group's agenda

Answer 28

grassroots lobbying or outside strategy

Question 29

Groups consult with legislators and their staff to persuade them to take (or not take) action

Answer 29

inside strategy or lobbying

Question 30

State legislators across multiple states introduce legislation drafted by interest groups. What is this type of legislation called?

Answer 30

Model Legislation

Question 31

Ways in which lobbyists gain access to members of Congress

Answer 31

Contributions Constituency concentration technical information coalitions

Question 32

Types of legislators that are targeted by interest groups

Answer 32

committee members party leadership appropriations and rules committees

Question 33

Groups persuaded members of Congress by providing

Answer 33

technical or political information

Question 34

Identify reasons why researchers find a weak link between campaign contributions and legislative voting

Answer 34

- contributions buy access or affect wording and activity - contributions are often non-cash forms of support (issue ads, volunteers, etc.) - most legislators are not persuadable, but those that are may affect the outcome - successful lobbying involves preventing a roll call vote

Question 35

Requires lobbyists to disclose lobbying activities and expenditures biannually

Answer 35

Lobbying Disclosure Act

Question 36

During presidential appointments, these types of groups expect to be consulted

Answer 36

Groups in the President's electoral coalition and important groups in a given policy area

Question 37

Implements laws passed by Congress through adminstrative rule making

Answer 37

bureaucracy

Question 38

Within this type of rule making, drafts of regulations are published in the Federal Register and the public (including groups) can write comments about the proposals

Answer 38

notice-and-comment or informal

Question 39

Within this type of rule making, hearings are mandatory and the rules must be justified on the basis of the comments/hearings

Answer 39

formal or rule making on the record

Question 40

Rule making advantages groups (trade associations, unions & corporations) with ___________ & ____________

Answer 40

resources and motivation

Question 41

After rules have been implemented, groups can...

Answer 41

judicial review, congressional review, presidential review

Question 42

Some observers have argued that agencies surrender to those they are responsible for regulating. Identify the reasons thy this might happen.

Answer 42

Budget constraints work overload time delays conflicts of interest lack of political support for the agency

Question 43

In the context of judicial appointments, there is very little group can do to affect the nomination itself. Name the two groups that have been involved in recent appointments.

Answer 43

ABA and Federalist Society

Question 44

Groups sponsor direct litigation or ________ _______ to obtain court rulings favorable to the groups's polticial objectives

Answer 44

test cases

Question 45

For a group to get a case heard before the courts, they must be an appropriate party to it. This is called....

Answer 45

standing

Question 46

Originally used to inform judges of precedent, but now are viewed as friends of the parties to the case

Answer 46

amicus briefs

Question 47

Why do interested choose to influence the Court by submitting amicus briefs

Answer 47

less cost lower risk immediate effect visibility

Question 48

Name the groups that top the list on amicus brief filings

Answer 48

US Government CATO Institute ACLU National Association of Criminal Defense Chamber of Commerce Americans for prosperity

Question 49

Do appellants have greater success with friendly amicus curie breifs

Answer 49

Yes