final exam Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Define wellness
A
optimal health & vitality
2
Q
Name the 6 dimensions of wellness
A
social
spiritual
physical
emotional
intellectual
environmental
3
Q
What is an infectious disease
A
communicable from 1 person to another
4
Q
What is a chronic disease
A
develops & continues over a long period of time
5
Q
What does DALE stand for
A
Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy
6
Q
What are the goals of the healthy people initiative
A
eliminate health disparities
improve quality & yrs of life
7
Q
What 3 things are part of the body’s immune system
A
neutrophils
macrophages
lymphocytes
8
Q
What happens during incubation
A
viruses multiply in the body
9
Q
What happens in the prodromal period
A
infected host has acquired immunity
10
Q
What is immunisation
A
priming the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen
11
Q
What is a vaccine
A
introducing a killed/weakened pathogen to the body so it produces antibodies
12
Q
What is passive immunity
A
injecting antibodies produced by other humans/animals
13
Q
What is acquired immunity
A
memory lymphocytes that remember a previous infection
14
Q
What are the 4 types of pathogen
A
viruses - cold
fungi - athletes foot
protozoan - malaria
parasitic worm
15
Q
What is the torpor stage
A
body hibernates (sleeps)
shuts down to conserve energy
16
Q
What are the 3 major macronutrients
A
fats
proteins
carbs
17
Q
What is the biggest nutritional problem
A
overconsumption of calories, alcohol, cholesterol, fats, sodium & sugar
18
Q
How many essential nutrients do we need from food & what do they come from
A
45 essential nutrients
carbs
fats
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water
19
Q
What is dietary carbohydrate & what does it contain
A
supply energy to body cells
carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
20
Q
Difference between simple & complex carbs
A
simple = mono/disacharides, little nutritional value
complex = polysaccharides & fibre, better for us, e.g. grains
21
Q
What is fiber & what is it needed for
A
non digestable carb, e.g. whole grain cereal
present naturally in plants
essential for digestion/pooping
22
Q
What are the functions of dietary fat
A
energy for work
insulator
shock absorber
23
Q
Difference between saturated & unsaturated fats
A
saturated = single bonds, solid at room temp, bad, e.g. butter
unsaturated = 1 or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, mono - fruit/veg, poly - omegas
24
Q
What is partial hydrogenation
A
changing unsaturated fats to trans fats
25
What are compound fats, LDL & HDL
combo of lipids & proteins
LDL = bad cholesterol
HDL = good cholesterol
26
What are the functions of dietary protein
build/repair tissues
source of energy
27
How many essential & non essential amino acids are there
9 essential (food)
11 non essential (produced)
28
What are complete/incomplete/complementary proteins
complete = all essential amino acids
incomplete = dont supply all essential
complementary = together - essential
29
Functions of vitamins & no of them
organic & regulatory, 13 total
growth & development
30
Functions of minerals & no of them
inorganic, major & trace, 17
iron, calcium etc
heart rhythm, blood clotting etc
31
What are antioxidants
substances that reduce the adverse effects of free radicals
32
What is BMI
Body Mass Index
weight in relation to height
not accurate, doesn't account for muscle mass, e.g. Dwayne Johnson = deemed overweight
33
What are the methods to determine body fat
hydrostatic = underwater
skinfold
electrical impedance analysis
scans = MRI, CT etc
34
What factors lead to excess body fat
genetics
physiological = metabolism etc
lifestyle = eating, exercise etc
35
What is physical fitness
enables us to perform up to our potential performance of the heart/lungs/muscles
36
What are the 4 components of physical fitness
cardiovascular = deliver o2
muscular
flexibility - full ROM
stability
37
What are the benefits of exercise
boost brainpower
melt away stress
energy
build relationships
ward off disease
eat more
38
SOAP stand for
Specifity = focus on the specific skill
Overload = increase workload
Adaptation
Progression = gradually add to
39
What is overtraining
training beyond the bodys ability to recover
40
What is needed in a good exercise programme
cardio respiratory endurance
muscular strength
flexibility
skill training
41
RICE stand for
Rest
Ice
Compress
Elevate
42
Main difference between men & women
men have a valve (postate) & women dont
43
What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle
menses = day 1-5, menstration
estrogenic = day 6-13, walls build up
ovulation = day 14, egg
progestational = day 15-27, before next cycle
44
What menstrual problems are there
dysmenorrhea = cycle problem
amenorrhea = no period
45
Difference in sexual maturation between boys & girls
boys 2 yrs later (12)
46
What is the menopause
ovaries cease functioning, no more eggs produced
47
What does contraception do
stops sperm from getting to the egg
48
What are the 4 types of contraception
barrier
hormonal
natural
surgical
49
Examples of hormonal contraception
oral (pill) = estrogen & progesterone, least invasive
Patch = replace each week
Implants = 5 yr protection, invasive
they dont interrupt sex, reduce acne
no protection against STD's
50
Examples of barrier contraception
IntraUreine Device = 10 yr protection, invasive, painful, effective
Condoms = easy to get, cheap, interrupt sex
51
Examples of natural contraception
abstinence = no sex, most effective
Calendar method = hard to know when would be the exact time
52
Examples of surgical contraception
vasectomy = severing of sperm tunnel, block sperm highway
female sterilisation = cut fallopian tubes
effective, invasive, hard to reverse
53
What does a baby being viable mean
the baby has a 50/50 survival rate outside of the mum
54
How does abortion link to the 3 trimesters
1st = abortion up to women & doctor
2nd = state regulate abortion
3rd = ban abortions that aren't life threatening to mum
55
What is the difference between pro choice & pro life
pro choice = women have the right to make their own choice
pro life = egg is human from moment of conception, abortion is murder
56
What is the medical method of abortion
mifepristone misoprostol method - pills, effective, painful, affects hormones
57
What are the surgical methods of abortion
Suction curettage = suction machine, curette scrapes walls
Manual vacuum aspiration = syringe, 4 wks after last cycle
Dilation & evacuation = instruments & curettage remove fetus
58
What are the 7 major STD's
viral = HIV/aids, Hepatitis, Herpes & HPV
bacterial = syphilis, chlamydia & gonorrhoea
59
What is HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
leading cause of death
flu like symptoms
60
What is Chlamydia
most prevalent bacterial STD
cause sterility in men & women
discharge
vaginal & anal intercourse
61
What is Gonorrhea
sterility, arthritis & heart problems
discharge & burning urination
vaginal/anal/oral sex
62
What is pelvic inflammatory disease
harms womens reproductive system
discharge, spotting
63
What is involved in preconception care
preexisting medical conditions
prescription drug use
age
smoking/alcohol
diet
64
How many chromosomes do the egg & sperm carry
23
65
What are the causes of infertility in men & women
men = reduced sperm count, smoking, drugs, blocked passageways
women = blocked tubes, endometriosis, smoking, alcohol
66
What are infertility treatments
Intrauterine insemination
InVitro fertilisation
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
surrogate motherhood
67
What is the main hormone associated with pregnancy
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
68
What happens in the 3 trimesters
1st = viability, embryo & fetus, 2 inches long
2nd = hands, feet, 50% viability, 14 inches & 2 pounds
3rd = organs develop
69
How do we diagnose fetal abnormalities
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis - fluid removal from uterus
70
What are common pregnancy complications
Ectopic pregnancy - egg in fallopian tube
Miscarriage
Low birth weight - below 5.5lbs
71
What are the 3 stages of labour/delivery & how long does it last
lasts 2-36 hrs
1st = dilated cervix (10cm), contractions, mucus plug expelled
2nd = baby in birth canal, umbilical cord is cut
3rd = placenta is delivered
72
Why are cesarean's used
head too large
mother health condition
difficult labor
fetal distress
73
What does Sir Walter Cannon say about the fight or flight response
it is absurdly inappropriate
74
Difference between psychosomatic and somatopsychic
psychosomatic = brain to body, relaxation, a mantra, systematic desensitisation
somatopsychic = body to brain, breath control, progressive muscle relaxation, smiling, biofeedback
75
What are effective stress responses
laughing
talking
exercise
time management
76
What are ineffective stress responses
overeating
procrastination
frustration
77
What does the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) involve
eustress
distress
alarm - fight or flight
resistance
exhaustion
allostatic load
78
What are techniques to manage stress
communication
exercise
nutrition
sleep
journaling
79
What are cognitive stress techniques
maintain positive
live in present
take control
80
What are relaxation stress techniques
progressive relaxation
visualisation
meditation
yoga
81
What are the 2 types of coping strategies
problem focused = manage the problem causing the stress, e.g. time management
emotion focused = regulate emotional responses, e.g. meditation
82
What does DSM stand for and what number are we currently in
Diagnostic Statistical Manual
5
83
How many stages are there in Erikson's personality development and what are they
8
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs self doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs identity confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generatively vs self absorption
integrity vs despair
84
What are the best ways to achieve healthy self esteem
positive self concept
less defensive
optimistic
85
What are common anxiety disorders
phobia - fear of something
social phobia - fear of humiliation
panic disorders
Generalised anxiety disorder - future threats
OCD - unwanted repetitive thoughts
PTSD
86
What are the 4 different perspectives linked to therapy
Biological
Behavioural/social
Cognitive
Psychodynamic - thoughts
87
What does a psychiatrist treat you with
Medicine
88
What is the leading cause of death in US
cardiovascular disease
89
Difference between pulmonary & systemic circulation
pulmonary = right side, blood to & from lungs
systemic = left side, blood to rest of body
90
Difference between systole & diastole
systole = contraction
diastole = relaxation
91
What are risk factors that cannot be changed
heredity
age
sex - meh have higher risk
ethnicity
92
What are the different forms of CVD
atherosclerosis - narrowing by fatty deposits
heart attack - blocked blood vessels
angina
arrythmias
93
What are the ways to treat heart disease
ECG
MRI
Angiogram
Stent
Balloon Angioplasty
Bypass surgery
94
What are the different types of strokes
Ischemic - blood vessel blockage
Thrombotic - clot in cerebral artery
Embolic - blood clot
Hemorrhagic - brain blood vessel rupture
95
How do you protect yourself from CVD
eat heart healthy - omega 3s, calcium
reduce fat & cholesterol
exercise
avoid tobacco
