Final Exam Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
define a traditional nuclear family
A
man = breadwinner
woman = homemaker
two children who are co-residents
promotes a conservative bias or standard
2
Q
define a transnational family
A
one or more family member lives in a different country for extended periods of time
3
Q
define living apart together families
A
in a committed relationship but live in separate households.
4
Q
define families
A
social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another including any children.
a set of relationships that work to reproduce life on a daily and generational basis - Bonnie Fox
5
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
single person households are increasing
A
TRUE
- 29.4%
6
Q
why are single person households increasing
A
aging population
higher rates of separation and divorce
delayed couple formation
better standard of living
7
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
lone parent families headed by fathers
A
FALSE
lone parent families headed by mothers 80% of the time
8
Q
define marriage
A
a groups approved mating arrangement, marked with a ritual to indicate new status
9
Q
define common law
A
living together without formal marriage union
- increasing in Canada
10
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
marriage rates are increasing overall
A
FALSE
marriage rates are DECREASING overall
11
Q
why are marriage rates declining overall
A
increased cohabitation, aging population, and declining influence of religion
12
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
emotional dimensions of marriage are typically women dominated
A
TRUE
reality tasks of marriage are male dominated
13
Q
what were families/marriages like in the 20th century
A
traditional sexual division of household labor
men = breadwinners
women = housewife
nuclear family
14
Q
how did COVID influence marriages
A
caused women to exit workforce and homeschool kids
still made women do majority of household labor - caused role blurring
15
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
same-sex and trans/nonbinary couples are less egalitarian with divide of household labor
A
FALSE
they are more egalitarian and divide work better
if differences occur its based on income and hours worked or based on genetic relationship to eldest child
16
Q
FILL IN THE BLANK
unpaid labor is structured by _______
A
gender
17
Q
define sandwich generation
A
those who simultaneously provide elder care and child care
aka the children of aging population and parents of newer generations
18
Q
how has Canada been influenced by neoliberalism
A
cuts to healthcare and social spending
home care can eb government funded or paid for directly by the individual
cuts to government sponsored home care
19
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
the elimination of mandatory retirement has caused more Canadians to retire earlier in life
A
FALSE
more Canadians now work past the age of 65
20
Q
what is credentialism and what is the negative effect
A
the increasing levels of educational attainment needed in the labor market
causing a delay in the transition to adulthood
21
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
divorce rates are higher in Canada than in the USA
A
FALSE
Canada has lower divorce rates than the USA
22
Q
why do single mothers have less time to find new partners after divorce
A
due to time spent with children and their needs it reduces their opportunities for re-partnering
23
Q
what has greater relationship dissolution led to for many children
A
moving between homes and living with numerous partners of one or both parents and experience disruption in caregiving relationships
24
Q
define intimate femicide and it’s risk factors
A
homicide when a woman is killed by a current or former male partner
risk factors:
- leaving a relationships
- past history of domestic violence
- male unemployment
25
FILL IN THE BLANK
intimate partner violence is connected to _______, control, and _____________.
power
masculinity
26
define serial monogamy
pursuing one monogamous relationship at a time but having several or numerous relationships in one's life
27
TRUE OR FALSE
non-monogamy is becoming more common in unattached and partnered Canadians of all sexual orientations
TRUE
28
define polyamory
consensual and transparent sexual intimate relationships between more than two adults of any gender or sexual orientation who may or may not live together
29
define polygamy
marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
illegal in Canada
30
define polyaffectivity
emotional intimate but sexually platonic relationships within a polyamorous grouping
31
define compersion
the satisfaction experienced when their partner finds love or sexual satisfaction with someone else
32
define sologamy
celebration of singlehood
reaffirms the idea of investing in one's relationship with oneself
a rejection of partnering but also aren't opposed to partnering
33
TRUE OR FALSE
female same-sex couples are more likely to be raising children than male same-sex couples
TRUE
34
TRUE OR FALSE
same-sex or single parents are less likely to adopt black children because they are less open to transracial adoption
FALSE
same-sex and single parents are more likely to adopt black children
- more open to transracial adoption
35
TRUE OR FALSE
fertility has been declining in Canada
TRUE
36
define co-parenting
divorced parents who both parent/raise a child together or those who go online to find someone to co-parent with them
37
TRUE OR FALSE
there are more people aged 65+ than under 14
TRUE
38
what is the median population of age
41.6 y/o
39
what is the life expectancy of males vs females
males =80
females = 84
40
why does immigration not increase life expectanacy
immigrants move in their 20s-30s and grow with the population
41
define the old age dependency ratio
proportion of older adults relative to working age population
42
define apocalyptic demography
belief that population aging will lead to socio-economic crisis because they take up a large portion of CPP
43
what caused North Americas stagnant or decreasing life expectancy
COVID and the opioid crisis
44
define chronological age
number of years a person has lived
society is chronologically age graded and places heavy emphasis on kids ages and not growing old
milestone ages constantly changing
45
define functional age
state of a persons physical capacities
what a person is able to do at a certain age
46
define subjective age
how old a person feels psychologically
47
define social age
social meaning's or roles associated with chronological age
48
define third age
post retirement age
have a full active lifestyle
49
define fourth age
depressed, decrepit. a decline towards death
50
define ageism
prejudice attitudes and discriminatory actions against older people
51
why has the birth rate been decreasing
industrialization and higher educational attainment by women causing them to have fewer children as well as newer reproductive technologies and access of birth control
52
what are consequences of an aging population
additional population of non-working adults
causes more demand for health care and social services
53
what is young old vs old old
65-75 = young old
- autonomous, good health and financial
security
75+ = old old
- dependent on others because of health
and finance problems
54
define socialist medicine
government assumes all responsibility for healthcare
own and operate all medical facilities and pays healthcare workings
healthcare is free
ie. CUBA, CHINA, and VIETNAM
55
define socialized medicine
government involved in but don't completely control healthcare
government owns and operates most medical systems and employs doctors
56
define direct fee
patients pay directly for doctors, hospitals and medical care
insurance can help but more money allows for better quality healthcare
57
define dual track healthcare
mixed system of healthcare
everyone is entitled to healthcare through the National Health Service (NHS)
can pay to receive private healthcare and gain better quality but not necessary
ie. UK, AUSTRALIA, and FRANCE
58
define socialized health/medical insurance
IN CANADA
private delivery but publicly paid for
government funded but regulated
- can pay for private practice's
all residences have national insurance paid by government
COMPREHENSIVE = covers all medical things
universal = everyone can be covered by it
59
what are the 4 principles of insurance
universal and accessible
portability
comprehensive
public administration
60
define social determinants of health
broader social structures that drive health and illness beyond physical health
61
TRUE OR FALSE
women have lower rates of chronic disease and disability than men
FALSE
due to women's higher life expectancy, stress of double day/role, and medical system built around men, women have a higher rate of chronic disease and disability
62
TRUE OR FALSE
men have higher rates of fatal diseases
TRUE
they are more likely to die prematurely from heart disease, cancer or suicide as well as risky behavior and occupations
63
TRUE OR FALSE
poor people are more likely to be in poor health causing a shorter life expectancy and higher stress level
TRUE
64
FILL IN THE BLANK
racially marginalized groups have _______ rates of poverty and so ________ health and _____ access to resources
higher
poorer
less
65
why do Indigenous populations have more health problems and shorter life expectancies
colonization
residential school diets
isolation of reserve's
inadequate housing, unsanitary conditions, and environmental destruction
66
define the healthy immigrant effect
recent immigrants have better health and life expectancy than Canadians and the longer the stay in Canada the worse their health gets
due to racism and access to healthcare
67
define a syndemic in relation to COVID'S
biological and social interactions increase susceptibility to harm
a sociological approach to disease
68
TRUE OR FALSE
systemic racism causes social, political, and power inequalities and higher rates of COVID
TRUE
69
FILL IN THE BLANK
inequalities shape ____________ of risks and ___________ of health
distribution
resources
70
define social epidemiology
study of health and disease as distributed throughout a society's population
71
TRUE OR FALSE
the age of onset disability is becoming delayed
TRUE
more years of good health is common
72
define the feminization of HIV/AIDS
increase in HIV infection in women in Africa and outside Africa
73
define an individual model of disability
focus on limitations that disabilities cause and the physical and emotional implications to an individual
74
define a social model of disability
looks at broader social context, including historical context, to understand how people with disabilities experience inclusion/exclusion
75
TRUE OR FALSE
higher socio-economic groups have higher rates of smoking and lower rates of smoking cessation
FALSE
those from lower socio-economic groups have higher rates of smoking and lower rates of smoking cessation
76
define the cloud chasers identity of vapers
dedicated and identify with vaping subculture
feel a sense of belonging to the community
some involved politically in attempting to improve government regulations to be supportive of vaping
77
define the substitutes identity of vapers
former daily smokers who used e-cigarettes to try to reduce their smoking and health risks associated
attempt to avoid stigma associated with smoking and reduce nicotine addiction
don't embrace vaper identity
78
define eating disorders
an intense form of dieting or other unhealthy method of weight control driven by the desire to be very thin
typically start during adolescence
79
TRUE OR FALSE
obesity is a rising issue in Canada
TRUE
80
define medicine
the social situation that focuses on fighting disease and improving health
a social insitution
81
TRUE OR FALSE
in 1965 the General Council of Medical Education and Registration in Upper
Canada signified acceptance of scientific model of medicine
FALSE
1865
82
TRUE OR FALSE
1867 Canadian Medical Association was established to control the certification
process and defined the practice of medicine
TRUE
83
define holistic medicine
an approach to healthcare that emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a person's entire physical and social environment
emphasize treatment of the whole person rather than just symptoms
focus on health rather than disease
84
how do functionalists define education
function leads to socialization and allocation
education is sorts people by abilities into a social hierarchy
85
what do conflict theorists emphasize about education
argue education and schooling perpetuates and reinforces inequality
a means of generating conformity to produce obedient adult workers
86
define the correspondence principle
link between social standing and the educational system
social relations in education mirror those in a capitalist economy's workplace
87
define streaming
assigning students to different types of educational programs based on social background rather than aptitude
impacts students self-concepts
88
define hidden curriculum
subtle presentations of political or cultural ideas in the classroom
89
define cultural capital
non-fincncial social asset or resource
serves as a signifier of an individual’s status within a group or society
90
how is schooling funded on First Nations reserves
schooling is funded by Indigenous Services Canada and distributed through Band Councils
communities themselves assume responsibility for curriculum design and school administration
91
define education
the social institution for transmitting knowledge and skills
also teaches cultural norms and values
92
how does education differ in pre-industrial societies vs industrial societies
pre = education occurs informally in the family
industrial = develop formal systems of schooling to educate their children
93
TRUE OR FALSE
by 1920 Canada had compulsory education to the end of elementary school and age 16
TRUE
94
FILL IN THE BLANK
schooling in Canada is intended to promote equal ____________ but the opportunity to go to post-secondary is tied to family __________
opportunity
income
95
define functional illiteracy
a lack of reading/writing skills needed for everyday life
96
define socialization
teaching the skills that young people need to succeed in life
includes cultural values and norms
97
define cultural innovation
providing the opportunity for academic research that leads to important discoveries
98
define social integration
molding a diverse population into one society by teaching cultural norms and values
99
define social placement
reinforcing meritocracy and providing a path for upward social mobility
100
define latent functions
providing child care and the opportunity for building social networks
101
how does structural functional theory view education
focuses on ways that schooling contributes to the orderly operation of society
102
how does symbolic interaction theory view schooling
looks at how we build reality in our day-to-day interactions
103
define the self fulfilling prophecy
how self-image can have important consequences for how students perform in school
if they think they are superior they will preform better and vice versa
104
TRUE OR FALSE
dropout rates in Canada are increasing
FALSE
dropout rates have been declining overtime in Canada
some are more likely to dropout than others due to ethnicity and income
105
why was home schooling originally made
turned away from public education because they wanted to give their children a strong religious upbringing
106
TRUE OR FALSE
less than 1% of the population are home schooled
TRUE
107
define environmental sociology
study of interaction between human society and physical environment
started from environmental activism of the 70s
108
TRUE OR FALSE
the APA did not start the talk about mental health issues arising from climate change
FALSE
the APA did start this talk
109
define ecoanxiety
existential stress related to climate change including fear and anxiety regarding the future
APA believed it should be seen as an actual form of distress
110
what are the two direct ways mental health can be affected by environmental issues
acutely = for a short amount of time
chronically = long term effects
111
define anthropocentricism
understanding of humans as separate from and above the rest of nature
sees humans as supreme and unique allowing us to justify not valuing or preserving the environment
nature serves human beings
112
what are factors that caused anthropocentric worldviews
enlightenment era - 17th/18th century
- science as main belief, natural work
scrutinized
technological advancements provoked by Industrial Revolution
early sociological beliefs that humans made society and social problems
- human essentialism, less focus on religion
capitalism and communism
western Christianity and the book of genesis/creation story foster anthropocentric views
113
define capitalism
notions of the free market, unrestrained economic activity, competitive attitudes, economic gain pursued at all costs
114
define communism
use resources of earth to further social prosperity, earth is to help humans economic growth
115
define the treadmill of production theory
capitalism is a profit generating machine based on necessity of growth
earth cannot sustain capitalists appetite for growth
116
define the triple bottom line principle
created by John Elkington
traditional bottom line is profits or economics
this principle suggests businesses should commit to measuring their social and environmental impact in addition to their profits/economics
117
define ecological modernization theory
eventually capitalism will become more sustainable and their damage will lessen as it responds to market demand for environmentally responsible products and practices
118
define carbon foot prints
a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person or group
119
TRUE OR FALSE
poorest 50% globally account for 7% of global emission's while the richest 10% account for 52% of global emission's
TRUE
120
FILL IN THE BLANK
_________ dont determine one's carbon footprint but _______ and __________ do
intentions
wealth
income
121
define environmental racism
the pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities
it is purposefully causing minorities further disadvantage by providing them more environmental hazard that are harder for them do deal with
- because of low socio-economic class
122
what are the two main environmental issues faced by Indigenous peoples
bear the brunt of risks from mining
poor water quality
123
define social movements
organized activity that encourages or discourages social change
believe things aren't as they should be and need change
operate outside established institutions and status quo
124
what are the 4 sources social movements in Canada could have arose from
Quebec/francophone seek to reshape relationship with Canada or independence
regional interest responding to economic and political inequalities
indigenous peoples struggling yo gain recognition of right to self-govern
ethnic/racial minority attempts to participate as equal in larger society without losing their identities
125
what are David Arberles 4 categories' of social movements
reformative = partial change of society through progressive/proactive change or reactionary/countermovement's
transformative = radical change to everyone, want a new society based on new principles, violent
alternative = changing individuals thoughts and behaviors, target specific groups, limited scope
redemptive = totally change the lives of individuals by redemption, includes religious movements
126
TRUE OR FALSE
deprivation leads to mobility, deprived people become involved in social movements to end deprivation
TRUE
127
define relative deprivation theory
intolerable gap between social rewards believed to deserve and social rewards they expect to receive
a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison
critique = lacks empirical proof, doesn't answer the question of why affluent people mobilize
128
define deprivation theory
social movements seeking change arise among people who feel deprived
129
129
129
define mass society theory
william kornhauser
socially isolated people seek out social movements as a way to gain a sense of belonging and importance
social movements are more likely to arise in impersonal mass societies
those with weak social ties likely to join social movements
130
what are Neil Smelser's 6 factors for collective behaviour
structural conduciveness = start to think society has problems
structural strain = people experience relative deprivation, society fails to meet their expectations
growth and spread of an explanation = shared belief and clear statement of the problem, it's causes and solutions
precipitating factors = triggers spark collective behavior
mobilization for action = dependent on charismatic public figurehead of movement or local leaders who turn beliefs into actions.
- the actual gathering of people
lack of social control = success depends on response of political officials, police and military
- control attempts before = eliminate strain
- control attempts after = repress movement
- cooptation = transform the mobilization
from opponent to ally
131
define resource mobilization theory
McCarthy and Zald
no social movement is able to succeed without substantial resources
social movements rise or fall based on how well it attracts resources, mobilizes people and forges alliances
based on utilitarian logic or cost/benefit analysis
132
define bloc recruitment
recruiting existing groups as a whole
133
define free riders
benefit personally from movements success but don't directly participate
134
define new social movements
1960s-present
focus on relatively educated, affluent populations rather than working class
focus on social media and universalistic
135
briefly explain the raging grannies
use their role as grannies to draw attention and gain media coverage
specifically play into their social role by dressing innocently so they can get close to their targets
136
TRUE OR FALSE
social movements are intentional and long lasting
TRUE
137
define culture theory
recognition that social movements depend on material resources, the structure of political power and on cultural symbols
people in any situation are likely to mobilize
mobilization depends on a sense of injustice, must believe they can't respond effectively alone
social movements gain strength as they develop symbols and a sense of community
138
define political economy theory
social movements arise within capitalist society because capitalism fails to meet the needs of the majority of people
139
define new social movements theory
new social movements tend to focus on improving our social and physical surrounding's
older social movements concerned with economic issues and draws support from working class people
most movements today are international and draw support from middle/upper class people
140
what are the 4 stages of a social movement
emergence = driven by perception of dissatisfaction
coalescence = develop strategy for going public, leaders determine tactics
bureaucratization = must assume bureaucratic traits, depend less of charisma but on capable staff
decline = lose influence if met goal, if organizational failures, if established power structure diverts leaders from goals and because of repression by officials
141
TRUE OR FALSE
social movements exist to encourage or resist social change
TRUE
142
what are the 3 reasons social movements will increase
as minority groups or historically disadvantaged people strengthen their political voices
global level anyone with technology can take part in political events
social movements unite people throughout the world
emergence of international social movements
143
how did DURKHEIM view religion
focused on sacred vs profane
3 characteristics of religion
- belief in sacred
- practices centering around the sacred
- moral community results from 1&2
144
define sacred vs profane
sacred = extraordinary or supernatural, inspires awe
profane = everyday, ordinary, doesn't inspire awe, respect, or fear
145
what was DURKHEIMS 3 functions of religion
1. social cohesion
2. social control
3. providing meaning and purpose
146
how did MARX view relgion
religion is an illusion
believed religion is manufactured in the social realm and that people are not sacred
religion is a projection of the human mind onto the supernatural realm
147
define the projection theory of religion
characteristics of god are the characteristics of humankind projected and mistakenly thought to be real or independent
this projection of god and religion helps workers escape the stress of capitalism
148
FILL IN THE BLANK
____________ is the root of social understanding of God and religion
alienation
149
what was Marxs famous saying about religion
religion is the opium of the people
150
what is WEBERS protestant ethics thesis
ideas and religious beliefs of Protestantism and Calvinism gave rise to behaviors that caused social change and the development of capitalism
many capitalist nations were Calvinists
151
define Calvinism
belief in predestination
- god predestined some to heaven other to
hell, future is set
anxiety from predestination
calvinist beliefs encouraged capitalism by fostering the spirit of capitalism
- believed they would go to heaven if they
were good workers and worked harder
152
TRUE OR FALSE
Canada is not a secular society
FALSE
Canada is secular and has no state church
153
TRUE OR FALSE
the importance of religion and the sacred in social life is declining
TRUE
154
define religiosity
importance of religion in society or a persons life
59% believed in god
65% of adults believe in life after death vs 75% of teens
42% pray daily
81% believe you dont need to go to church to be a good Christian
154
what are megachurches
religious revitalization led to megachurches
more conservative Christian churches
155
define religion
major social institution based on setting the sacred apart from the profane
grounded in faith rather than science
religious belief expressed through various rituals
156
what was PETER BERGERS thoughts on religion
people are likely to seek religious meaning when faced with life's uncertainties and disruptions
157
define a totem
an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred
158
define faith
belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence
159
define liberation theology
the combining of Christian principals with political activism, often Marxist in character
160
define secularization
the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred
161
define fundamentalism
a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religion
162
TRUE OR FALSE
membership to churches had declined but membership to cults and fundamentalist churches have increased
TRUE
163
define spiritual seekers
part of the new age movement
pursue spiritual development outside conventional religious organizations
