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Midterm Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sociology?

A

sociology is the systematic study of human society. connects individual aspects to larger society

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2
Q

define sociological perspective.

A

the point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people

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3
Q

define social location.

A

social factors that influence life outcomes. (ie. nationality, race, ethnicity, social class, gender, sexual orientation, ability, and age).

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4
Q

define sociological imagination.

A

the ability to connect individual experiences, including personal problems, to societal issues.

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5
Q

define global perspective.

A

the study of the larger world and our societies place in it

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6
Q

define high income countries.

A

nations with the highest standards of living that produce most of the worlds goods and services.

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7
Q

define low income countries.

A

nations with a low standard of living, majority of citizens are poor with little chance to improve socioeconomic class

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8
Q

what does the United Nations Human Development Index outline?

A

determines quality of life by combining measures of income, life expectancy, literacy, and school enrolment

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9
Q

define enclosure movements.

A

movements where farmland was fenced off to create grazing areas for sheep. caused farmers to move to cities and work in factories.

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10
Q

explain the theological state of historical development (Comte).

A

believed society expressed gods will. from the beginning of time to the middle ages.

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11
Q

explain the metaphysical stage of historical development (Comte).

A

people saw society as a natural rather than supernatural system in the Renaissance.

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12
Q

explain the scientific stage of historical development (Comte).

A

applying scientific approaches to the study of society. marked by thinkers copernicus, galileo, and newton.

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13
Q

define positivism.

A

a way of understanding society based on SCIENCE. society has its own laws it operates according to.

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14
Q

define vertical mosaic.

A

hierarchies of class shaped by race and ethnicity caused groups to be stuck in their place in the hierarchy

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15
Q

define a theory.

A

statement of how and why specific facts are related, explains social behavior in the real world.

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16
Q

define theoretical approaches.

A

abstract image of society that guides thinking and research

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17
Q

define STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM.

A

society is a complex system of parts that work together to promote solidarity and stability

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18
Q

define social structure.

A

indtitution that forms relatively stable pattern of social behavior

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19
Q

define social functions.

A

the useful roles that different parts of society play to keep everything working smoothly

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20
Q

explain latent functions.

A

unrecognized and unintended consequence’s of social pattern

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21
Q

explain manifest functions.

A

recognized and intended consequence’s of social pattern.

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22
Q

define social dysfunction.

A

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society.
whats functional for some might not be for others.

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23
Q

define SOCIAL CONFLICT APPROACH.

A

see society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
KARL MARX and unequal distribution

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24
Q

define FEMINIST/GENDER CONFLICT THEORY.

A

examines inequality in the public sphere of the economy and politics, and also in the private sphere of intimate relationships and families.

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25
define feminism.
advocacy for social equality for women and men.
26
define RACE CONFLICT THEORY.
focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories. W.E.B. Du Bois
27
define SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM.
see society as the product of everyday interactions in individuals. micro level theory. symbols attach meaning to everything and create reality.
28
explain micro vs macro.
macro = broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole. micro = close up focus on social interaction in a specific situation
29
what is delayed home leaving?
growing number of young adults in their 20s-30s who live with their parents or return to live with their parents.
30
define nuclear families.
two parents (husband and wife), two children (son and daughter) that live together.
31
define transitional families.
one or more family member lives in a different country for extended periods of time.
32
define living apart together couples.
in a committed relationship but live in separate households.
33
define family.
social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another including any children.
34
define social reproduction.
emotional, mental, and physical labor involved in caring for family members.
35
define extended family.
kin relatives beyond one's immediate family
36
define cohabiting or common law couples.
couples who live together but are not legally married and tend to have different legal rights than married couples.
37
define domestic labor.
labor needed to maintain family members and shelter.
38
define family wage.
a wage that is sufficient enough to support a spouse and children.
39
define FUNCTIONALISM in terms of FAMILY LIFE and their critique.
when the institution of family breaks down it affects society and vice versa. most functional family = nuclear families critique = views diverse families as problematic
40
define SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY in terms of FAMILY LIFE and their critique.
advocates for social change in families and study how families have changed as a result of economic production. critique = only focuses on class based inequalities and de-emphasizes the role of human agency (people can overcome social class).
41
define SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM in terms of FAMILY LIFE and their critique.
create society and family through interactions, traditions, and symbols. family is fluid. critique = overlooks how structures shape family life.
42
define FEMINIST THEORY in terms of FAMILY LIFE and their critique.
study's women's social reality, unpaid labor, and caregiving as a site of conflict. critique = focuses on privileged white women
43
define MARXIST THEORY in terms of FAMILY LIFE and their critique.
analysis of gender and women's unpaid labor, economics and class. capitalism is a source of women's oppression critique = women's oppression occurs in non-capitalist societies.
44
define home care.
care provided in a patients home by a family member, personal support worker, or nurse. can be government funded
45
define intimate femicide.
homicides where a woman is killed by a current or former male partner.
46
define serial monogamy.
pursuing one monogamous relationship at a time but having several or numerous relationship's over the life course.
47
define casual sex/hookups.
sex outside relationship contexts. becoming more common
48
define polyamory.
consensual and transparent sexual intimate relationships between more than two adults of gender or sexual orientation who may or may not live together.
49
define polygamy.
marriages that unites a person with two or more spouses, illegal in Canada and often tied to religion
50
define polyaffectivity.
emotionally intimate but sexually platonic relationships within an polyamorous grouping
51
define compersion.
satisfaction experienced when a partner finds love or sexual satisfaction with someone else
52
define sologamy.
self marriage to celebrate singlehood, can marry down the line.
53
define co-parenting.
divorced parents who both participate in the raising of a child/children also referred to individuals who search for a second person to co-parent a child together
54
define baby boomers.
sharp increase in birth rate after the second world war, 40s-60s. caused many changes
55
define baby bust.
1966 birth rates took a sharp downturn
56
define the old age dependency ratio.
ratio of elderly people to working age adults
57
explain the two cohorts of elderly people.
young old = 65-75, autonomous, good health, financial security, typically coupled. old old = 75+, likely to be dependent on others because of health and money problems.
58
define gerontOLOGY.
study of aging and elderly people. how people change as they grow old and how society defines old age.
59
explain hunting/gathering societies in terms of age.
survival depended on physical stamina, old and young had less contributions to society.
60
explain agrarian societies in terms of age.
elders are most privileged and respected in society.
61
explain industrial/post-industrial societies in terms of age.
social standing of elderly is low because of fast paced social change dominated by the young.
62
define greontoCRACY.
social organization in which elders have the most power, wealth, and prestige
63
define age stratification.
unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege among people at different stages of the life course.
64
define ageism.
prejudice and discrimination against older people. used to justify age stratification.
65
define caregiving.
informal and unpaid care provided to a dependent person by a family member, relative or friend.
66
explain STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST in terms of AGING.
aging plays a role in the orderly operation of society.
67
define disengagement theory.
society helps elderly disengage from positions of social responsibility before the onset of disability or death.
68
explain SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM in terms of AGING.
meanings that people attach to growing old. people can find new roles in society as they age.
69
define activity theory.
high levels of activity increases people personal satisfaction in old age.
70
explain SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY in terms of AGING.
highlights inequalities in opportunity and social resources available to people of different age categories.
71
explain death through a historical and modern lens.
historical = death is a familiar part of life, accepted as natural, and can occur at any age. modern = death is not an everyday occurrence because of medical advancements. avoidance of death
72
define euthanasia.
doctors deliberately ending someone's life, with consent, to relieve suffering.
73
define health.
state of complete physical, mental, and social well being.
74
define universal medical coverage.
a system where the costs of essential medical services are covered by the state.
75
define social epidemiology.
study of health and diseases as distributed throughout a society's population.
76
define holistic praticoners.
emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a persons entire physical and social environment.
77
define medicine.
social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health.
78
define socialized medicine.
a medical care system in which governments own and operate most medical facilities and employs most physician's.
79
explain STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM in terms of HEALTH.
illness is dysfunctional as it reduces people abilities to person their roles.
80
define the sick role.
pattern of behavior defined as appropriate for people who are ill.
81
define the physicians role.
to used to specialized knowledge to take charge of the patients recovery
82
explain SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONSIM in terms of HEALTH.
how health and medical care are socially constructed by people in everyday interactions. response to illness not always based on medicine/facts
83
explain SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY AND FEMINIST THEORY in terms of HEALTH.
focus on unequal distribution of health and medical care. criticizes the medical establishment for over reliance on drugs/surgery, dominance of the profit motive, and overemphasis on biological rather than social causes of illness.

Sociology (3 decks)

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