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Sociology > Mid Term 2 > Flashcards

Mid Term 2 Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

what is deviance?

A

recognized violation of cultural norms

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2
Q

what is crime?

A

the violation of a societies formally enacted criminal law.

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3
Q

what is social control?

A

attempts by others to regulate peoples thoughts and behvaiours.

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4
Q

what is the criminal justice system?

A

the organizations, police, courts, and prison officials that respond to alleged violations of the law

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5
Q

who was cesare lombroso?

A

believed criminals stand out because of atavistic traits

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6
Q

what was William Sheldon’s biological theory of crime?

A

somatotypes = body structure can predict criminality
- athletic/muscular build = criminal

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7
Q

describe containment theory.

A

staying out of trouble was based on a personality that controlled deviant impulses

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8
Q

what are the 3 social foundations of deviance?

A

1.varies according to cultural norms
2. people become deviant as others define them in that way
3. norms and the way people define rule breaking involve social power

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9
Q

define STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL THEORY in terms of crime/deviance.

A

emilie durkheim = father
deviance is necessary for social organization

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10
Q

4 essential functions of deviance - STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM

A
  1. affirms cultural values and norms
  2. responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
  3. responding to serious deviance brings people together
  4. deviance encourages social change
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11
Q

what was ROBERT MERTONS STRAIN THEORY.

A

society can be set up in a way that encourages too much deviance
society provides the means to achieve cultural goals

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12
Q

describe innovation in terms of crime.

A

innovative ways, aka deviance, to achieve culturally appropriate goals when not met with conventional ways to achieve culturally appropriate goals

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13
Q

describe ritualism in terms of crime.

A

cant obtain cultural goals so rigidly stick to conventional means and rules to feel respectable

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14
Q

describe retreatism in terms of crime.

A

rejection of cultural goals and means, lives an unconventional lifestyle (deviant)

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15
Q

describe rebellion in terms of crime.

A

rebels reject cultural definitions of success and conventional means of achieving it
- support alternatives to existing social order

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16
Q

define deviant subcultures.

A

crime results from limited legal opportunities and from readily accessible legal opportunities
gangs

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17
Q

define conflict/retreatist subcultures

A

cannot identify any kind of opportunity, legal or illegal.
causes violence from frustration and desire for respect

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18
Q

define Albert Cohen’s thoughts on delinquency.

A

delinquency is most common in lower class youth because of lesser opportunity for conventional success

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19
Q

explain SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM in terms of crime/deviance

A

analyze how people define deviance in everyday situations

deviance and conformity are flexible

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20
Q

define LABELING THEORY

A

the idea that deviance and conformity result from how others respond to what people do and their actions

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21
Q

define primary and secondary deviance.

A

some norm violation provokes slight reaction from others and has little effect on the self concept of a person

primary deviance = passing episode’s of deviance

secondary deviance = responses to primary deviance

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22
Q

define stigma

A

a powerful negative label that changes a person’s self concept and social identity
- socially isolates others

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23
Q

define harold garfinkle’s degradation ceremony.

A

entire community formally stigmatizes an individual

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24
Q

define retrospective labeling

A

interpreting someone’s past in light of present deviance
increases likelihood of future deviance

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25
define project labeling
deviant identity is used to predict future actions increases likelihood of future deviance
26
what are 3 consequence's of deviance as a moral/medical issue
1. who responds to deviance 2. how people respond to deviance 3. personal competence of the deviant person
27
define sick vs moral deviance
sick = unable to control moral = able to control, accountability taken
28
define differential association theory
learning behaviour patterns are a process that takes place in groups tendency toward deviance or conformity depends on amount of context with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior
29
define control theory
social control depends on people anticipating the consequence's of their behavior everyone finds deviance tempting
30
What are the 4 types of social control?
attachment opportunity involvement belief
31
define SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY in terms of crime/deviance.
links deviance to social inequality who or what is labeled deviant depends on who holds power capitalist system controls those who dont fit in
32
define white collar crime
crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations
33
define corporate crime
illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behald
34
define organized crime
a business that supplies illegal goods or services
35
define hate crimes
criminal acts against a person or persons property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
36
how does the feminist perspective view crime/deviance?
stricter normative controls to women than men - center lives of women on the home - definition of deviance depends on gender of audience/actor
37
what are the 2 elements of crime?
actus reus = act itself/failure to act mens rea = guilty mind
38
define intent
matter of degree
39
what are the 3 types of crime?
violent = against people, involve violence property = involves theft of property victimless = no obvious victims
40
define victimization surveys
a representative sample is asked about its experience's with crime to gather data
41
define a plea bargan
legal notion where prosecution reduces a defendants charge in exchange for a guilty plea
42
what is the criminal justice systems role in terms of crime/deviance?
societies formal response to crime
43
what is the polices role in terms of crime/deviance?
primary point of contact between society and CJS maintain public order and make arrests
44
what is the courts role in terms of crime/deviance?
determines guilt or innocence
45
what is punishments role in terms of crime/deviance?
means of discipline or control prison = little to no rehabilitation
46
define retribution
an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
47
define deterrence
the attempt to discourage criminality through punishment
48
specific vs general deterrence
specific = persons punishment demonstration serves as an example to oneself general = one persons punishment serves as an example to others
49
define rehabilitation
program for reforming the offender to preclude subsequent
50
define societal protection
rendering an offender incapable of further offences either temporarily (incarceration) or permanently (execution)
51
define criminal recidivism
subsequent offences by people previously convicted of crimes
52
define community based corrections
correctional programs operating within society rather than behind prison walls
53
3 advantage's of community based corrections
1. reduces cost 2. reduces overcrowding in prison 3. allows for supervision of convicts
54
define probation
policy that permits a convicted offender to remain in the community under the regular supervision of a probation officer
55
define parole
releasing inmates from prison to serve the remainder of their sentences in the local community under supervision of parole officers
56
define sentencing circles
indigenous practice's can include accused, victim, their families, and other community members helps start the healing process
57
define profane
an ordinary element of everyday life
58
define sacred
set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe, and reverence
59
define religion
social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred
60
define rituals
formal ceremonial behavior
61
define faith
belief based on conviction rather than scientific evidence
62
why do sociologists study religion?
to understand religion experiences around the world and how it's tied to social institutions
63
define STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM in terms of religion
society has a life and power of its own, society is godlike, it shapes the lives of its members
64
define a totem
an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred. symbolizes the power of society over an individual
65
what are the 3 major functions of religion
1. establishes social cohesion 2. promotes social control 3. provides meaning and purpose
66
define SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM in terms of religion
religion is socially constructed with divine intervention believing gives us the appearance of security and permanence
67
define SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY in terms of religion
highlights religions support of social inequality religion serves the ruling class by legitimizing the status quo and diverting peoples attention from social inequalities
68
what was Karl Marx's famous quote on religion
religion is the sign of the oppressed creature it is the opium of the people
69
define FEMINIST THEORY in terms of religion
religion and social inequality are linked through gender - religion is patriarchal - in the forefront of equal rights movements for minorities and women
70
define WEBER'S view on religion
religion brough about the industrial revolution in western Europe calvinism encouraged capitalism
71
define John Calvin's impact on the industrial revolution.
preached about predestination conviction led Calvinists to work all the time and amassed wealth - gave back profits by investing poor = mark of God's rejection
72
what is liberation theology
the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character common in poorer countries
73
define church
type of religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society - trained leaders, well established intellectual terms and abstract moral standards of day-to-day living
74
define state church
a church formally allied with the state everyone is a member of the church if they are a member of the state
75
define a denomination
a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism church and state = separate
76
define a sect
a type of religious organizations that stands apart from the larger society rigid belief, denies other's beliefs less formal than churches, charisma, and less stable
77
define charisma
extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers
78
define conversion
a personal transformation or religious rebirth
79
define a cult
a type of religious organization that is largely outside a societies cultural tradition's charismatic leaders, compelling unconventional messages, demand change
80
define animism
the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity Indigenous
81
define monotheism
belief in a single divine power
82
define polytheism
belief in many gods
83
western religions
islam, judaism, christianity clear focus on god congregation
84
which is the most widespread religion
Christianity
85
where did Buddhism arise 2500 years ago
india
86
which is the older religion
hinduism
87
which religion has 1.6 billion followers
islam
88
define karma
belief in spiritual progress of the human soul, reincarnation
89
define dharma
calls people to observe the traditional caste system of india
90
define reincarnation
cycle of death and rebirth by which a person is reborn into a spiritual state corresponding to the moral quality of their previous life
91
define moksha
state of spiritual perfection, soul will no longer be reborn
92
define nirvana
a state of enlightenment and peace, the goal in Buddhism
93
define jen (confucianism)
humaneness, always placing moral principles above self-interest looking to traditions for guidance on how to live
94
eastern religions
hinduism, buddhism, and confucianism ethical codes, less distinct between sacred/profane religion in daily lives
95
define religiosity
the importance of religion in a persons life
96
which religion is the most affluent
anglican and protestant
97
which religions had the highest trade certificates
catholics, penetcostal and lutheran
98
which religion is most highly educated
jewish
99
define secularism
the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred
100
define new age seekers
seek spiritual development outside established religious organizations 5 core values 1. hyperpower 2. all connected 3. spirit world 4. want to experience spirit world 5. pursue transcendence
101
define fundamentalism/evangelicalism
a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation's in favor of restoring traditional otherworldly religion
102
schooling in india
dependent on earnings of children despite child labor laws 96% completed primary only 24% enter college overcrowded schools, 1/4th can't read/write sexism in laws = daughters no school bc need to work to make money while they can
103
schooling in japan
mandatory education = industrialization 1872 transmit japanese traditions competitive examinations determine future 97% graduated high school cram schools outperform almost all other students in high income nations
104
schooling in great Britain
middle ages = privilege for nobility legally required to attend until 16 now public schools = for wealthy - 7% attend - teach academics and how to conduct yourself middle class families = state supported day schools university system linked admission to competitive entrance exams not background/wealth
105
schooling in canada
first university = Laval 1636 first primary = 1780 influenced by Britain and Anglican church BNA = education provincial responsibility compulsory education until 16 essential for national economic growth 160s Quebec quiet revolution = schooling shift from religion to sciences official tests for literacy and math
106
define functional illiteracy
a lack of reading and writing skills needed for everyday living
107
define STRUCTURAL FUCNTIONALISTS in terms of school
ways in which formal education supports the operation and stability of society produces talent and abilities
108
latency functions of schooling
provides childcare brings people together of marriageable age establishes networks that serve as valuable career resources throughout life
109
define self fulfilling prophecy
thomas theorem situations people define as real become real in their consequences
110
define SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY in terms of school
explains how schooling causes social inequality stereotypes of good/bad students arise contributes to social stratification wealth/class increases abilities/advantages/opportunities in school
111
define streaming
assigning students different types of educational programs perpetuates privilege destreaming common now
112
who no postsecondary now
straight to jobs costs of tuition distance to postsecondary convinced cannot succeed
113
which teachers are at risk for violence from students
females in elementary teaching in lower socioeconomic neighborhood's teaching special needs kids
114
what percent of population is home schooled
1%
115
How does tech advancements help students
allows students to be more active and progress at their pace allows for accommodation's for those with disabilities

Sociology (3 decks)

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