Final Exam

Question 1

define psychology

Answer 1

scientific study of mental processes and behaviour

Question 2

define mental processes

Answer 2

activities of our brain when thinking, observing or using language

internal

historically considered taboo due to subjectivity

Question 3

define behavior

Answer 3

observable activities of an organism

external

Question 4

define the 3 levels of psychological analysis

Answer 4

brain = brain structures, functions and biological activity

person = thoughts and feelings, how mental processes form/influence behavior

group = family, friends, culture and influence of social environmental factors

Question 5

what are the four goals of psychology

Answer 5

describe
explain
predict
control

Question 6

explain psychology’s roots in philosophy

Answer 6

study of the meaning of life, 400 BCE

contemplate the mind, developed scientific method, discovered mind and body are connected and that theories are always improving

hypocrite = humors determine personality and well being, phlegm, black bile, bile, blood

plato = balance of intellect, emotion, desires and appetite creates a healthy mind
- nativist = believed mind already knows
everything it needs to

aristotle = sensations, dreams, sleep and learning. promoted empirical thinking and hierarchy of humans/animals

Question 7

explain psychology’s roots in physiology

Answer 7

linked human mind/soul to brain/mind-body dualism, 1600s

increased number of dissections

francis bacon = empiricism = the view that all knowledge originates in experience

descartes = mind-body dualism

locke = tabula rasa, learn by experience

Question 8

explain psychology’s roots in psychophysics

Answer 8

the relation between physical stimuli and their psychological effects, 1800s

johannes muller = need to study relationships between physical stimuli and their physiological effects

herman von helmholtz = measured speed of a nerve impulse, they occur over time 1/10th of second to switch focus

gustav fetchner = founded experimental psychology and quantified mental events

Question 9

TRUE OR FALSE

g. stanley hall opened the first psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig Germany and made psychology a science

Answer 9

FALSE

WILHELM WUDNT

Question 10

TRUE OR FALSE

G. Stanley Hall established first psychology lab in North America and launched the first psychology journal in American and helped establish the APA

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE

James Mark Baldwin established first psychology lab in Canada at YORK

Answer 11

FALSE

first psychology lab in Canada at UofT

Question 12

define structrualism

Answer 12

EDWARD TITCHNER

attempt to understand the structure of the mind by looking at individual pieces of the mind and how they work together

structure of consciousness

used introspection

Question 13

define introspection

Answer 13

method of study involving careful evaluation of mental processes, specifically how simple thoughts transform into complex ideas

not scientific but subjective

Question 14

define functionalism

Answer 14

considers how mental processes function to adapt to changing environments

purpose and function of mental processes

viewed consciousness as every changing stream of mental events

used empirical study methods and led to other schools of thought

Question 15

define gestalt psychology

Answer 15

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

believed consciousness cannot be broken down into elements

naturally see thins as a whole

learning is tied to what we perceive

Question 16

define perspectives on behavior

Answer 16

different vantage points for analyzing behavior and its causes

Question 17

define psychoanalysis

Answer 17

human mental processes are influenced by the tension between unconscious issues coming to the conscious mind

FREUD

focus on the unconscious and early childhood development

Question 18

define unconscious

Answer 18

drives, wishes, needs and desires we are not aware of

Question 19

define behaviorism

Answer 19

focused on relationship between stimuli and responses

JOHN B WATSON

phobias can be learned

only study observable behaviors

Question 20

define humanistic psychology

Answer 20

believes in optimistic views of human nature

ABRAHAM MASLOW & CARL ROGERS

maslow = hierarchy of human needs -> self actualization

rogers = creator of client centered therapy

other methods are dehumanizing

focused on unique qualities of humans, rationality, potential freedom, and personal growth

Question 21

define cognitive psychology

Answer 21

studies mental processes as forms of information processing or ways in which information is stored and operated mentally

ulric neisser = cognition is the process by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used

Question 22

define neuroscience

Answer 22

explains psychological functions by looking at biological foundations, brain structure and activity

dependent on technology

Question 23

what are the two main beliefs of psychology

Answer 23

universe operates according to certain natural laws

laws are discoverable and testable

Question 24

define the scientific method

Answer 24

designed to help the scientific process remain as accurate and precise as possible

Question 25

explain step 1 of the scientific method

Answer 25

observations begin to make observations and make a research question

Question 26

explain step 2 of the scientific method

Answer 26

generate a prediction and make a hypothesis

Question 27

define hypothesis

Answer 27

tentative prediction about the relationship between two or more variables

Question 28

define variables

Answer 28

a measurable condition that is controlled or observed in a study must be operationally defined or testable/observable

Question 29

define independent variable vs dependent variable

Answer 29

IV = manipulated DV = measured

Question 30

explain step 3 of the scientific method

Answer 30

choose participants through random sampling to make a sample group

Question 31

define sample group

Answer 31

portion of the population issued in the study

Question 32

define random sampling

Answer 32

making sure every individual in the population has an equal chance of being included in a sample

Question 33

define sampling bias

Answer 33

choosing a sample that doesn't reflect/represent the population because of individual beliefs

Question 34

explain step 4 of the scientific method

Answer 34

pick a research method - differ in goals, samples and abilities many different types

Question 35

define descriptive research methods

Answer 35

demonstrates a relationship between the variables of interest without specifying a causal relationship

Question 36

define case study

Answer 36

in depth investigation of a single participant using various data collection methods

Question 37

define researcher bias

Answer 37

when researchers own ideas influence the study

Question 38

define naturalistic observation

Answer 38

observe and record participant's in their natural environments with little to no instruction or influence

Question 39

define abnormal psychology

Answer 39

the scientific study of psychological disorders

Question 40

what is the DSMMD

Answer 40

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders lists and describes 22 categories of mental disorders including 350 mental disorders first publish 1952

Question 41

define comorbidity

Answer 41

the condition in which a person's symptoms qualify for 2 or more diagnosis

Question 42

explain the neuroscience approaches

Answer 42

structural biochemical malfunctions in the brain cause abnormal functions

Question 43

define the psychodynamic approach

Answer 43

based on freuds belief that abnormal functioning is caused by unconcious conflicts rooted in childhood

Question 44

define the cognitive behavioural approach

Answer 44

abnormal behvaiour is acquired through a tightly interwoven mix of conditioning, modeeling and cognitive principels behavioural = conditioning cognitvie = maladaptive thinking and beliefs

Question 45

define the socio-cultural approaches

Answer 45

societal, cultrual, socail and family pressures of conflicts cause abnormal bheavior

Question 46

define the humanistics and existential approach

Answer 46

distorted views of self that prevent personal growth or decision making

Question 47

define developmental psychopathology approaches

Answer 47

abnormal bheaviour is a cause of early risk factors combined iwth poor resilience through the life stages

Question 48

define equifinality vs multifinality

Answer 48

equifinality = children can start from different points and end up at the same outcome multifinality = children can start from the same point and ned up at different outcomes

Question 49

define depression

Answer 49

a persistent sad state in which life seems dark and overhwelming

Question 50

define MDD

Answer 50

a disorder characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disabiling and not cuased by durgs or general medical conditions 8% have it, women 2x as likely

Question 51

causes of MDD

Answer 51

neuroscience = genetics, low activity of norepinephrine and serotionin and high cortisol cognitive/behavioural = learned helplessness, attribution helplessness, negative thinking, conitive tirad socio = social forces, unavilability of services, life events

Question 52

define attribution helplessness

Answer 52

when people view events as out of their control and feel helpless to prevent it

Question 53

define mania

Answer 53

persistent state of euphoria or frenzied energy

Question 54

define bipolar disorder

Answer 54

a mood disorder where periods of mania alternate iwth periods of depression affects 2% causes = gene abnormalities, stress, biological predisposition, lifc eevents

Question 55

define anxiety disorders

Answer 55

a synergy of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is out of proportion to the citation and is maladaptive

Question 56

define GAD

Answer 56

people feel excessive anxiety and worry under most cirucmstances

Question 57

causes of GAD

Answer 57

cognitive/behavioural = dysfucntional assumptions of imminent danger and intolerance of uncertainty neuroscience = malfunctioning GABA feedback system