FINAL EXAM Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Anterior Thigh - quadriceps: VASTUS INTERMEDIUS (underneath)
A
- Origin: Anterior shaft of Femur
- Insertion: Common tendon - patellar tendon, wraps around the patella to form the patellar ligament insertion on the Tibial Tuberosity
- Function: Knee extension
2
Q
what implications should be in place for training
A
explosive power activities (football, shotputters, etc.) - to increase amount of PC in muscle fibres
endurance activities (long distance running etc.) - enhance cells, increasing the mitochondria and ability to breakdown glucose
3
Q
What are fatty acids converted to? Where do they enter
A
acetyl coA via beta oxidation; kreb cycle
4
Q
3 ways to describe muscle movement
A
- Concentric: Muscles will shorten (contract)
- Eccentric: Muscle will lengthen (relaxing)
- Isometric: stay the same length
5
Q
autonomous stage of motor learning
A
- skill becomes “automatic”
- aware of mistakes and how to correct them
6
Q
golgi tendon organs
A
- Sensory Receptors that run within the muscle tendons where it meets the muscle body.
- They align in series with the muscle tendons.
- They respond to change to muscle tension
7
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
involuntary contractions (ex. cardiac and smooth muscles)
- break down into sympathetic & parasympathetic:
~ sympathetic: localized body adjustments, prepares the body emergencies (FIGHT OR FLIGHT)
~ parasympathetic: helps return body to normal
8
Q
how do muscle spindles respond to change in muscle length
A
- A change in length is detected by the Muscle Spindles
- An impulse is sent along the Sensory Neuron (afferent) to the CNS
- Synapses happens between the sensory neuron and the motor neurons of that same muscle
- Motor neuron (efferent) sends a message back the the muscle
- Motor units are activated to appropriately respond to the initial demand/change
9
Q
What are the 3 sub pathways for cellular respiration
A
glycolysis, kreb cycle, ETC
10
Q
Posterior Thigh - Hamstrings: SEMIMEMBRANOSUS
A
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity
- Insertion: Tibia below the medial condyle
- Function: Hip Extension, flexes knee
11
Q
5 different coach types
A
- authoritarian: emphasizes discipline and competition, well organized
- business like: logical approach, thorough planning, expects top effort from athletes
- nice gal/guy: well liked, might be taken advantage of their cooperative nature
- intense: emphasizing winning above all, anxiety transfers to athletes
- easy-going: casual approach to training, impression of not taking sports seriously, well liked but athletes find their approach not serious enough
12
Q
muscles of the anterior abdominal wall: EXTERNAL OBLIQUES
A
- origin: lower 8 ribs
- insertion: iliac crest, linea alba, pubis
- function: flex and rotate the vertebral column
13
Q
Anterior Thigh - Quadriceps: VASTUS MEDIALIS
A
- Origin: Medial aspect of the linea aspera
- Insertion: Common tendon - patellar tendon, wraps around the patella to form the patellar ligament insertion on the Tibial Tuberosity
- Function: Knee extension
14
Q
what is origin
A
- proximal attachment; where muscles attach to the least moveable area of the axial skeleton
15
Q
how does training affect myoglobin
A
endurance training boosts myoglobin levels in all muscle cell types (more in Type I oxidative)
16
Q
cognitive stage of motor learning
A
- basic understanding of task
- learner commits relatively large errors
- may need specific instruction on how to improve
17
Q
Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior: SOLEUS
A
- Origin: Proximal end of fibula
- Insertion: Achilles tendon to calcaneus
- Function: Plantar flexion
18
Q
Posterior Thigh - Hamstrings: BICEPS FEMORIS
A
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity and Linea Aspera
- Insertion: Head of the Fibula
- Function: Hip Extension, flexes the knee
19
Q
how does training affect oxidative enzymes
A
significantly increase in activity due to endurance training
20
Q
Anterior Thigh - quadriceps: VASTUS LATERALIS
A
- Origin: Lateral side of Linea Aspera and greater trochanter
- Insertion: Common tendon - patellar tendon, wraps around the patella to form the patellar ligament insertion on the Tibial Tuberosity
- Function: Knee extension
21
Q
motor learning
A
the process by which a person develops the ability to perform a task; learning is influenced by:
~ Physical factors (age, mastered skills, prior experiences)
~ Psychological factors (mindset)
22
Q
closed skill
A
Relatively distraction free environment
Predictable conditions
23
Q
muscles acting on upper limb: PECTORALIS MAJOR
A
- origin: clavicle, sternum, cartilage of 1st to 6th rib, external oblique
- insertion: lateral lip of intertubercular groove
- function: internal rotation, adduction, medial flexion of arms
24
Q
muscles that act on the scapula: RHOMBOID MINOR/MAJOR
A
- Origin: C7 - T5
- Insertion: Medial border of scapula
- Function: Downward rotation of scapula, retraction of scapula
25
muscle spindles
- sensory Receptors that run within the muscle fibres.
- Help muscles automatically change the demands placed on muscles
26
does muscle type matter
- the number of muscle fibres is believed to be fixed at birth
- individual fibre type composition will impact performance at different sports.tasks
- muscle type plasticity (adult muscle can undergo conversion between fibre types in response to prolonged training & exercise)
* ENDURANCE TRAINING CAN CAUSE MUSCLE TYPE TRANSITION
27
muscles of the hip (anterior): SARTORIUS
- Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
- Insertion: Medial surface of tibia
- Function: Crosses two joints, hip flexion, helps flex the knee
28
muscles acting on the upper limb: LATISSMUS DORSI
- origin: lumbar or lower thoracic vertebrae, Iliac crest, sacrum
- insertion: bottom of the intertubercular groove below pectoralis major
- function: adductor, extensor, "hand cuff", internal rotation of humerus
29
functions of muscles
movement: breathing, eating, beating of hearts
locomotion: support, keeps the body upright
heat production: chemical rxns in the muscles, vasodilation to increase blood flow
30
Unlocking the Knee: POPLITEUS
- Origin: Lateral condyle of femur
- Insertion: Proximal shaft of tibia on medial side
- Function: Medial rotates the leg to unlock the knee and initiate flexion
31
how does training affect glycolytic enzymes
Sprint/resistance training significantly increases the activity of these enzymes
32
how does motor unit work
- Motor Neurons transmit impulses (messages) in “waves” that ensure smooth movements
- A single nervous impulse and the resulting contraction is called a muscle twitch
- One neuron or “motor neuron” may be responsible for stimulating a number of muscle fibres
- The number of Motor Units stimulated will vary depending on the force required
33
what is insertion
- distal attachment; where muscles attach to the bone that is moved most
34
sarcomere
- consists of a thin filament Actin and the thick filament Myosin
- On the Myosin filaments there are several myosin heads
- The interactions between Actin and Myosin is what causes a muscle to contract (shorten/overlap)
35
perimysium
Binds bundles of muscle fibres together to form a Fascicle
36
fats
- Ideal fuel source, contains large amounts of energy (9 cal per gram)
- Fats enter the energy systems at the Kreb Cycle
- Fatty acids are first converted to acetyl-CoA via Beta Oxidation
- Takes place in the Mitochondria
- Utilized once all available Glucose is used.
37
muscle of the neck: STERNO-CLEIDOMASTOID
- origin: clavicle and sternum
- insertion: mastoid process
- function: rotates head, lateral flexion of head (ear to shoulder), neck flexion (brings chin down)
38
Posterior Thigh - Hamstrings: SEMITENDINOSUS
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity
- Insertion: Posterior and Inferior aspect of the medial condyle
- Function: Hip Extension, flexes knee
39
muscles that act on the scapula: SERRATUS ANTERIOR
- Origin: 1st to 8th Rib
- Insertion: Anterior surface of the medial border of scapula
- Function: Protraction of scapula
40
delayed onset muscle soreness
pain in muscles within 24 hours of forceful contraction on muscles, peaks from 24-72 hours
~ microscopic tears deep within the muscle fibres
41
endomysium
Sheath of connective tissue surrounding muscle fibres
42
muscles that move the humerus: TERES MAJOR
- Origin: Inferior lateral border
- Insertion: Medial lip of the intertubercular groove
- Function: Internal rotation extends the arm posteriorly
43
Extrinsic Foot muscles: TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
- Origin: Posterior side of Tibia and Fibula
- Insertion: Navicular bone
- Function: Dorsiflexion at the ankle, inversion at the foot
44
glycolysis
in the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA rather than lactic acid; Acetyl CoA then enters a more complicated pathway known as the Krebs cycle
45
does our body have a protein reserves
- Unlike carbohydrates, our bodies don’t keep a protein reserve, all protein are part of existing body tissue
- Converted in the liver into glycogen, or is converted to fat. Our bodies cannot store protein.
46
tear
if strains remain untreated, tears can worsen
47
the role of the sensory/nervous system in motor learning
When the senses gather information about the context of any given activity, the brain can begin directing the body to perform the appropriate action.
~ Comparing the requirements of an activity to those performed in the past, we are able to decide what action is required
~ Our brains perceptual system takes in information for processing, our memories recall similar events that allow us to react in what we remember as having been successful
48
somatic nervous system
our awareness of the external environment and the corresponding motor activity
- breaks down into afferent and efferent nerves:
~ afferent nerves: sends information to CNS (touch, smell, sound)
~ efferent nerves: send info to skeletal muscles to move accordingly (motor neurons)
49
hip adductors: GRACILIS
- Origin: Inferior Ramis of pubis
- Insertion: Below medial tibial condyle
- Function: Adducts the hip, flexes the knee
50
two categories of feedback
1. knowledge of performance: Focuses on how the movement was executed.
2. knowledge of results: Focuses on what happened after the movement.
51
Anterior Thigh - quadriceps: RECTUS FEMORIS
- Origin: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
- Insertion: Common tendon - patellar tendon
- Function: Knee extension and Hip Flexion
52
What are proteins converted to?
broken down into amino acids and converted to glycogen in the liver; enters energy pathways as glucose
53
skill performance feedback loop
1. observe the complete skill
2. analyze each phase of the skill
3. use your knowledge of mechanics
4. select the errors to be corrected
5. decides on a method for the corrections
54
Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior: GASTROCNEMIUS (medial and lateral heads)
- Origin: Lateral and Medial condyle of the femur
- Insertion: Achilles tendon to calcaneus
- Function: Plantar flexion and knee flexion
55
types of neurons
sensory: detect or sense information from the outside world (light, sound, touch, and heat)
motor: Send signals away from the CNS and cause a response
interneurons: Form interconnections between neurons in the CNS. Help complete the circuit
56
movements of the scapula
retraction, protraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation
57
all or none principle
- This principle states that, when a motor unit is stimulated to contract, it will do so to its fullest potential
- In other words, if a motor unit consists of 10 muscle fibres and they are “turned on”, either all the fibres will contract or non will contract
58
What does pyruvate get converted to in the presence of oxygen in cellular respiration
acetyl CoA
59
strain
caused by excessive twisting or pulling on a muscle or tendon (can be acute; caused during contact sports OR chronic; prolonged overuse)
60
what is function
action/motion
~ what the muscle does when activated (flex, extend, adduct)
61
associate stage of motor learning
- learnings begin to refine skill
- develop awareness of mistakes
- effort becomes more consistent
62
muscles that move the humerus: DELTOID (anterior, lateral, posterior)
- Origin: Clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula
- Insertion: Common insertion on Deltoid tuberosity
- Function: Internal rotation, Arm flexion , Arm abduction, Arm extension, external rotation
63
how does training affect myosin ATPase
increased activity in Type II muscle cells after sprint/resistance training
64
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation
when Lactic Acid builds up to the point fatigue is induced
65
How do Golgi tendon organs respond to muscle tension
1. A change in tension is detected by the GTO
2. An impulse is sent along the Sensory Neuron (afferent) to the CNS
3. Synapses happens between the sensory neuron and the motor neurons of that same muscle
4. Motor neuron (efferent) sends a message back the the muscle
5. Motor units are activated to appropriately respond to the initial tension (muscle relaxation)
66
muscles that act on the Scapula: TRAPEZIUS
- origin: nuchal line, all cervical and thoracic vertebrae
- insertion: scapular spin, acromion and clavicle
- function: Scapular elevation/depression, adduction of scapula, retraction, upwards /downward rotation, extends the neck
67
Muscles of the hip (posterior): GLUTEUS MEDIUS
- Origin: Lateral surface of ilium
- Insertion: Greater trochanter
- Function: Hip abduction
68
epimysium
Sheath enveloping entire muscle that extends beyond the muscle to become one with the tendon
69
Elbow flexors and extensors: BICEPS BRACHII
- Origin: Short - coracoid process. Long - Supraglenoid tubercle
- Insertion: Radial tuberosity
- Function: Supinator, when the forearm is supinated, the main flexor of the elbow
70
Myofibrils
Contain actin and myosin
71
Muscles of the hip (posterior): GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
- Origin: Crest of Ilium, sacrum and coccyx
- Insertion: Posterior aspect of Greater Trochanter
- Function: Hip extension, external rotation
72
what is the Proprioceptor System made of
1. muscle spindles
2. golgi tendon organs
they tell the nervous system about the state of muscle contraction and act as a kind of safety device
73
what do the rotator cuff muscles do (SITS)
extend from the scapula to the humerus, holding shoulder joint in place, deceleration of arm during throwing
74
Muscle Fibres
Collection of Myofibrils (also called a muscle cell)
75
Elbow extensors: TRICEP BRACHII
- Origin: Short - posterior humerus, Long - Infraglenoid tubercle, Medial - posterior humerus below short head.
- Insertion: Upper unla, called Olecranon
- Function: Extension at elbow
76
tendonitis
Typically, in an overuse injury, the tendon becomes irritated
77
muscle of the anterior abdominal wall: RECTUS ABDOMINIS
- origin: pubic crest/pubis symphysis
- insertion: xiphoid process/inferior ribs
- function: trunk flexion, expiration, defecation, and childbirth
78
what does motor unit consist of
1. motor neuron
2. muscle fibre (muscle cell)
the meeting of these two structures is called a neuromuscular junction
79
where are fats stored
Stored in the muscles, under skin, fat cells and other tissue as “fatty acids”
80
open skill
Player must adapt to a changing environment
