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Speech Science > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(107 cards)

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0
Q

What is the acoustic correlate to a stop’s vocal tract closure?

A

Stop gap

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1
Q

What are the four articulation cues for stop consonant manner?

A

Vocal tract closure

Release of the closure

Rapid Articulatory Movements

Rapid opening/closing gestures

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2
Q

What is the acoustic correlate to the stop’s release of the closure?

A

Stop burst

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3
Q

What is the acoustic correlate to the stop’s rapid articulatory movements?

A

Relatively fast formant transitions (mostly F1)

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4
Q

What is the acoustic correlate to the stop’s rapid opening/closure gestures?

A

Rapid rise/fall in intensity

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5
Q

What will an FFT of a voiceless stop gap look like as compared to a stop gap with voicing?

(2)

A

The voiceless will be blank

The voiced will show evidence of voicing

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6
Q

Are voiced stops aspirated?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the acoustic cues to stop consonant place of articulation?

(3)

A

Energy peak in the burst spectrum (unless final and unreleased) - intensity

F2 transitions

Sometimes VOT duration

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8
Q

What is the defining characteristic of labial stop spectra? Where is most of its energy?

A

Downward slope

Under 600 Hz

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9
Q

What is the defining characteristic of alveolar stop spectra? Where is most of its energy?

A

Rising slope

Around 3000-4000 Hz

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10
Q

What is the defining characteristic of velar stop spectra?

2

A

Narrow spectral peaks

F2 is linked to the F2 of the following vowel. Its usually a few hundred Hz higher

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11
Q

What is Lisker’s rule?

A

That every acoustic movement has some value as an acoustic cue

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12
Q

Why does HL make it hard to hear stop bursts?

A

The quick transitions

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13
Q

What sort of F2 transition is found for /b/?

A

Rising

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14
Q

What sort of F2 transition is found in /d/?

A

Somewhat flat - there is variation

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15
Q

What sort of F2 transition is found in /g/?

A

Falling

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16
Q

What classic lack of invariance is found in stop consonants?

A

/d/

It may be interpreted as either /b/, /d/, or /g/

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17
Q

When is variance upheld in stop consonants?

A

Between /b/ and /g/ - they never get mixed up

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18
Q

What are the four cues to stop voicing in INITIAL position?

A

VOT

F1 starting position

F1 changes

Voicing during stop gap

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19
Q

What are the four cues to stop voicing in MEDIAL position?

A

Voicing during stop gap

Duration of stop gap

Length of preceding vowel

F1 transition (if voiced)

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20
Q

What are the four cues to stop voicing in FINAL position?

A

Voicing during stop gap

Duration of stop gap

Length of preceding vowel

F1 falls (if voiced)

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21
Q

What is the average VOT for /b/?

A

1 msec

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22
Q

What is the average VOT for /d/?

A

5 msec

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23
Q

What is the average VOT for /g/?

A

21 msec

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24
What is the average VOT for /p/?
58 msec
25
What is the average VOT for /t/?
70 msec
26
What is the average VOT for /k/?
80 msec
27
When does F1 start lower: for voiced or voiceless initial stops?
Voiced
28
What is the difference in stop gap length between medial and final stops? (2)
In medial position, voiceless stops have longer stop gaps In final position, voiceless stops have shorter stop gaps
29
How does the length of the preceding vowel change when it is followed by a voiceless stop versus a voiced one?
Preceding vowels are shorter if followed by a voiceless stop
30
What happens to F1 at the end of the vocalic portion of a voiced stop in final position?
It falls
31
For stops in any position, if F1 does not changes, it is most likely a ________ stop.
Voiceless
32
What is the major voicing cue for fricatives? | 2
Voiceless = aperiodic Voiced = aperiodic + periodic
33
What do the formants look like in voiced fricatives?
The are flat
34
What is the spectral peak for /s/?
Around 4500-8000 Hz
35
What is the spectral peak for /ʃ/?
Around 2500-4500 Hz
36
Do labiodental, interdental, and glottal fricatives have narrow spectra?
No
37
What lack of invariance problem is found in fricatives?
Male & female productions of /s/ & /ʃ/ are vastly different
38
What are the three major place cues for fricatives? | 3
Spectra Amplitude Formant transitions
39
Which fricatives tend to have greater amplitude? | 3
Stridents /s/ & /z/ /ʃ/ & /ʒ/
40
If you lower the amplitude of /s/, what will you percieve?
/θ/
41
When are formant transitions particularly helpful?
When distinguishing between /f/ and /θ/
42
What is the formant transition change between /f/ & /θ/? | 2
/f/ has a rising F2 /θ/ has a steady-state/constant formant
43
What is the manner cue for affricates?
Stop burst followed by a sharply rising fricative
44
What are the two manner cues between fricatives & affricates?
Rise time Steady state duration
45
What is the difference in rise time between fricatives & affricates?
Fricatives = 76 msec Affricate = 33 msec (2:1 ratio)
46
What is the difference in steady state duration between fricatives & affricates?
Fricatives = 100 msec Affricates = 48 msec (2:1 ratio)
47
What are the manner cues for liquids & glides? | 2
Shape of formant transitions Length of formant transitions
48
What distinguishes the length of formant transitions between stops and glides?
Stops have shorter transitions due to more rapid articulatory movement
49
What are the place cues for glides?
F2 transitions
50
How do F2 transitions differ between /j/ & /w/? | 2
/j/ has a high F2 that falls /w/ has a low F2 that rises slightly
51
What are the place cues for liquids?
F3 transitions
52
How does F3 differ between /l/ & /r/?
/l/ has a steady-state F3 /r/ has sharply rising F3
53
What are the manner cues for nasals? | 5
Nasal murmur (= nasal resonance = nasal formant) Voicing Low intensity Steady state formants Low frequency resonance
54
What are the place cues for nasals? | 3
Formant transitions /m/ rises slightly /n/ & /ŋ/ fall slightly
55
Are nasals easy to distinguish from one another?
No
56
What is Wilson's Rule?
The pulse rate must be 3-5 times the highest frequency you want to resolve
57
What information does envelope cues give us? | 4
Segmentation of syllables & phonemes Manner of articulation Strong vs. weak fricatives Minimal vowel information
58
What are the six envelope cues?
Stop Weak Fricatives Strong Fricatives Semi-Vowels Nasal Vowels
59
What information does periodicity cues give us? | 2
Fricative Manner Voicing
60
What information does fine temporal cues give us?
Frequency of F1
61
If a patient know 126,000 words and can extract 6 envelope features, then this patient can narrow down an utterance into _____ possible word options.
2.4
62
Is overall consonant manner relatively well-defined?
Yes
63
Is overall consonant place relatively well-defined?
Not for stops, semivowels, & nasals
64
What is the McGurk Effect?
That what you see will affect the consonant you perceive
65
What are the three roles of vision in speech?
Directs attention to the signal and away from background noise Provides segmental information that is redundant to acoustic information Provides segmental information which compliments acoustic information (info masked by noise)
66
How do visual contributions direct attention to the signal and away from background noise? (3)
Knowing speaker reduces possible acoustic patterns Helps binaural localization Lets listener know when the intensity is part of signal or part of noise
67
What did Sumby & Pollack discover?
Adding a face to a signal in noise is equivalent to a 15 dB improvement in the SNR
68
How many optical categories are there? How many are necessary?
9 6
69
We have a success rate of ___% when lip reading alone.
35%
70
We have a success rate of ___% when pitch is added lip reading.
59%
71
What envelope is helpful in distinguishing Group 1 (/p/, /t/, & /k/) from other sounds?
Burst envelope
72
What envelope is helpful in distinguishing Group 2 (/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, & /ʒ/) from other sounds?
Voicing envelope
73
What envelope is helpful in distinguishing Group 3 (/f/, /θ/, /s/, & /ʃ/) from other sounds?
Aperiodic-ness
74
What envelope cues are useful in distinguishing Group 4 (/m/, /n/, /r/, /l/, & /j/) from other sounds? (2)
Voicing envelope Amplitude envelope
75
What is an enveme?
The speech clues given by the envelope
76
What is a viseme?
The speech cues given visually
77
If all viseme and enveme information were received by a patient, the ___% of consonant information would be transmitted.
95%
78
What do lip movements activate?
The primary and secondary auditory areas in the superior temporal cortex
79
Lip movements can begin ____ msec before the auditory signal. They activate auditory areas of the cortex _____ auditory stimulation.
100 Before
80
What is activated when we hear the voices of familiar people?
Fusiform face region
81
What are two top down effects in speech recognition?
Perceptual restoration Cohort model
82
What is perceptual restoration?
A phoneme can be removed and replaced by noise but we still can "hear" it (/s/ in legislators removed and replaced with a cough)
83
What is the cohort model? | 2
Our lexicon is activated and narrowed in real time with each speech segment we receive Works like the google search box
84
When do most words in English become lexically unique?
At the end of the word
85
What is delayed committment?
Waiting until the maximum amount of information is received before deciding on meaning
86
What are two temporal processes in word recognition?
"Left to right" activation of cohorts and strategies to delete words in the activated lexicon (as they become "bad fits") Delay of decision allowing for the retrograde effects on perceptual decisions
87
When might we need delayed committment? | 3
/f/ vs. /θ/ nasals Poor audio signals
88
What is the Metrical Segmentation Strategy? | 3
We use the pattern of strong & weak syllables to identify word boundaries Strong syllables are treated as potential word onsets
89
What are Lexically-Driven Segmentation strategies? | 2
Pragmatic, semantic, & syntactic context Lexical knowledge
90
When might we use Lexically-Driven Segmentation strategies?
In Optimal situations
91
What are Sublexically-Driven Segmentation strategies? | 2
Phonotactics, allophones, & coarticulation Prosody
92
When might we use Sublexically-Driven Segmentation strategies? (3)
With poor contextual information With poor lexical information With poor segmental information
93
The auditory cortex is found in ______ but it does not end there.
Herschel's Gyrus
94
After the auditory cortex, the speech signal gets sent through what two streams?
Dorsal Ventral
95
What is the Dorsal Stream? | 3
Acoustic Phonetic Speech Codes -> Auditory-Motor Interface -> Articulatory-Based Speech Codes
96
What is the Ventral Stream? | 2
Acoustic-Phonetic Speech Codes -> Sound-Meaning Interface
97
Which part of the brain processes the Acoustic-Phonetic Speech Codes? Is it bilateral or unilateral?
Superior Temporal Gyrus Bilateral
98
Which part of the brain processes the Auditory-Motor Interface? Is it bilateral or unilateral?
Sylvian Fissure - Parietal-Temporal Boundary Unilateral - Left
99
Which part of the brain processes the Articulatory-Based Speech Codes? Is it bilateral or unilateral? (2 + 1)
Posterior Inferior Frontal Gyrus Dorsal Premotor Cortex (sensorimotor strip) Unilateral - Left
100
Which part of the brain processes the Sound-Meaning Interface? Is it bilateral or unilateral?
Posterior Inferior Temporal Lobe Unilateral - Left
101
Is speech processed in multiple areas of the brain?
Yes
102
Is speech processed bilaterally?
No - it's mostly on the left
103
What are the six parts of a cochlear implant?
Microphone Signal Processer (Chip) Transmitter Batteries Receiver Electrodes
104
What is the formula for Hz?
1000 msec / period in msec
105
What are the 6 tense English vowels?
/i/ /e/ /ɑ/ /ɔ/ /o/ /u/
106
Speech is what three things?
Visual Auditory Tactile

Speech Science (8 decks)

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