04 - Systems of Speech Production Flashcards by Jamie Bevill

What are the three systems of speech production?

Repiratory System

Laryngeal System

Supralaryngeal System

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What is the respiratory system?

(2)

Air Source

Power

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What is the Laryngeal System?

(2)

Sound source

Vocal chord vibration

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What is the Supralaryngeal System? Where is it?

Sound filter

Above the larynx

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What are the parts of the Respiratory System?

(5)

Trachea

Lungs

Rib Cage

Abdomen

Air Passageways

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The Respiratory System serves as an “______” in speech production.

Air pump

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What is an Eggressive sound?

One made with expiration

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What is an Ingressive Sound?

One made with inflowing air

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What are the two steps of the Respiratory System?

Inspiration increasing the thoracic cavity volume

Expiration with air released past the vocal cords enabling vibration

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What are the parts of the Vocal Tract?

(3)

Pharynx

Mouth

Nose

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When the organs in the vocal tract move, the ______ of the vocal tract is ______ forming ________.

Shape

Altered

Various sounds

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Where is the Larynx located?

Between the trachea and the hyoid bone

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Is the hyoid part of the larynx?

Yes

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What is the Glottis?

The space between the true vocal folds

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Paired folds meet to ______.

Close the Glottis

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Each vocal fold consists of ____ and ______.

Muscle

Vocal ligament

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What is the vocal fold muscle called?

Thyroarytnenoid

/θaɪroʊ’ærɪˈtiːnɔɪd/

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The vocal folds course from the ______ near the angle and below the ______. They then diverge posteriorly and attach to the ______ of the ______.

Thyroid Cartilage

Thyroid Notch

Vocal Processes

Arytenoids

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The Thyroarytenoid muscle has ______ and _____ parts and the latter is the _______ that can vibrate.

External

Internal

Vocalis Muscle

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The external thyroarytenoids pull the arytenoids ______ and ______ them.

Forward

Rotate

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What are the ventricular folds?

False vocal folds

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One glottal cycle constitutes an ______ and _____ of the ______.

Opening

Closing

Glottis

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What part of the Glottis opens first?

The middle

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How does mechanical coupling stiffness determine the glottal cycle?

It creates the strength of the connection between the upper and lower portions of the mucosal cover of the vocal folds

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How does stiffness determine the glottal cycle?

It determines the degree of longitudinal tension of the vocalis muscle

How does mass determine the glottal cycle?

By determing the thickness of the vocalis muscle

How do viscous (gelantinous) forces determine the glottal cycle?

By determining the dissipation of the force applied to the tissue

How does Bernouli Force determine glottal cycles?

It creates the drop in pressure at the medial edge of the vocal folds

What is Bernoulli's Law? | (2)

Before an event occurs, there is a lot ot potential energy (pressure) but very little kenetic energy (velocity) After an event occurs, there is a lot of kenetic energy (velocity) but very little potential energy (pressure)

How does age affect the average fundamental frequency?

It drops

How does age affect the length of the vocal folds?

They lengthen

What is the point of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle? (2)

You yank on it to get the vocal folds out of the way The more width you want, the more you yank

What is the path of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle?

Cricoid Cartilige - Posterior Surface - to - Arytenoids - Muscular Processes

The Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle is the only intrinsic laryngeal muscles who contraction ______ the vocal folds.

Abducts | (Opens)

What do the Interartyenoid (IA) muscles do?

Brings the vocal folds together

What are the two Interartyenoid (IA) muscles?

Transverse Arytenoid Oblique Arytenoid

What is the path of the Transverse Arytenoid (TA)?

Arytenoid - Postero-Lateral Margin - to - Contralateral Arytenoid - Same Region

What does the Transverse Arytenoid (TA) do?

Adducts arytenoids

What is the path of the Oblique Arytenoid (OA)?

Arytenoid - Posterior Surface, Lateral Margin - to - Contralateral Arytenoid - Apex

What does the Oblique Arytenoid (OA) do? (2)

Adducts Draws the pieces of the artenoids together

What does the Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscle do? (3)

Swings the arytenoid cartiliges together closing the folds Adducts Closes and tenses the vocal folds

What is the path of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscle?

Cricoid Cartilage Arch - Superior Border - to - Arytenoids - Muscular Processes

What does the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle do? (2)

Pulls the thyroid forward elevating the cricoid arch Regulating pitch by tensing or lengthening the vocal folds

What is the path of the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle?

Cricoid Arch - Antero-Lateral Aspect - to - Thyroid - Inferior Cornu, Caudal Margin

How can the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle affect the POSITION of the vocal folds?

Paramed

How can the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle affect the LEVEL of the vocal folds?

Lower

How can the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle affect the LENGTH of the vocal folds?

Elongate

How can the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle affect the THICKNESS of the vocal folds?

Thin

How can the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle affect the EDGE of the vocal folds?

Sharpen

How can the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle affect the MUSCLE of the vocal folds?

Stiffen

How can the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle affect the MUCOSA of the vocal folds?

Stiffen

What do the Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles do?

Yanking on them lowers the pitch at the end of an utterance

What are the two masses in the vocal folds?

Muscle Layer Epithelial Layer

The point of having a vocal tract is to _______ and to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Produce a buzz Filter the buzz

What happens when the Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle doesn't go off? (3)

You may sound breathy You might not be able to phonate You might stutter

What is the pharynx?

A musculomembranous tube that starts the base of the skull and fills the cricoid cartilage in front

The pharynx can radiate sound in what two ways?

Orally Nasally

The position of the ______ affects the radiation of the sound.

Velum

What is the Velopharynx?

The velum and the pharyngeal walls

What is the Velopharngeal Port?

The opening between the oral-pharyngeal and nasal cavities

What is the uvula?

the pendulous tip at the end of the velum

What is the hard palate?

the boney roof of the mouth

What is the velum?

The soft palate

Which lip tends to move more?

The lower lip

Where is the aveolar ridge?

Right behind the teeth

The tongue is a \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Muscular Mass

The BODY of the tongue is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

It's bulk or mass

The Tip of the tongue is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Why is it important?

Apex It's used to make more than 50% of consonants

The BLADE of the tongue is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

The area right behind the tip

The DORSUM of the tongue is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

The back

The ROOT of the tongue is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What does it form?

Behind the dorsal region Front wall of the pharynx

Label the following:

A = Low B = High

- Larynx - Label the following:

A = Epiglottis B = False Vocal Folds (Ventricular Folds) C = Vocal Folds

Label the following:

A = Vocal Tract Resonance B = Glottal Tone C = Subglottal Air (under pressure)

Label the following:

A = Radiated Spectrum B = Vocal Tract Response Characteristics C = Spectrum of Glottal Sound Source

Label the following:

A = Phonetic Planning B = Motor Planning C = Motor Execution D = Sensory Information

Label the following:

A = Auditory Representation B = Motor Representation of vocal fold tension C = Realization of vocal fold tension

Label the following:

A = Vocalis B = Cricothyroid C = Strap Muscles D = Tongue Muscles

Label the following:

A = CT Angle B = Larynx Height C = Hyoid Position

-Posterior Cricoarytenoid - Label the following:

A = Vocal Process of Arytenoid B = Thyroid Notch C = Muscular Process of Arytenoid D = Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

- Larynx - Label the following:

A = Hyoid Bone B = Epiglottis C = Thyroid Cartilage D = Cricoid Cartilage

- Larynx - Label the following:

A = Hyoid Bone B = Thyroid Cartilage C = Cricoid Cartilage

- Interarytenoid - Label the following:

A = Apex B = Oblique Arytenoid Muscle C = Muscular Process of Arytenoid D = Transverse Arytenoid Muscle

- Glottis - Label the following:

A = Cartinagious Glottis B = "Whisper" Triangle C = Musclular Glottis

What is happening here?

Cricothryoid Muscle pulling the thyroid forward elevating the cricoid arch ## Footnote This regulating pitch by tensing or lengthening the vocal folds