Final Exam 4

Question 1

What are the three basic parts of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

The heart, blood, and pipes (arteries and veins)

Question 2

What are the two pumps of the heart and which one is the main?

Answer 2

Right and Left (main)

Question 3

What is the pericardium?

Answer 3

The thin layer covering the surface of the heart

Question 4

What is the myocardium?

Answer 4

Muscle; majority of the heart wall thickness

Question 5

What is the endocardium?

Answer 5

The thin layer covering the surface of the heart, inner layer

Question 6

Where do arteries carry blood?

Answer 6

Away from the heart

Question 7

What are arteries?

Answer 7

Thick muscular walls that deal with high pressure

Question 8

What do capillaries do?

Answer 8

connect arteries and veins

Question 9

What are capillaries (structure)?

Answer 9

Microscopic vessel network through tissue; permeable to allow gas/nutrient exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

Question 10

Where do veins carry blood?

Answer 10

To the heart

Question 11

What are veins?

Answer 11

More thin-walled, easily distensible and deal with low presure

Question 12

How do veins prevent backflow?

Answer 12

They have valves

Question 13

How does deoxygenated blood become oxygenated?

Answer 13

oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the lungs into RBCs, which binds to hemoglobin and 1 hemoglobin molecule binds to 4 oxygen molecules

Question 14

What is the function of the right atrium?

Answer 14

Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava

Question 15

What is the function of the left atrium?

Answer 15

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein

Question 16

How does the blood get from the atriums to the ventricles?

Answer 16

The atria contact and force the blood into the ventricles

Question 17

What prevents multidirectional flow?

Answer 17

AV valves

Question 18

What is systole?

Answer 18

When the ventricles are contracting

Question 19

What is diastole?

Answer 19

When the ventricles are relaxing

Question 20

At rest what is systole and diastole?

Answer 20

systole is about 1/3 time, diastole is 2/3 time

Question 21

At exercise, which is more prominent: systole or diastole?

Answer 21

Systole

Question 22

What does blood pressure depend on?

Answer 22

Cardiac output (CO) and venous return to the heart (preload)

Question 23

What is cardiac output?

Answer 23

total blood flow; Volume of blood ejected from the heart every minute

Question 24

What is venous return?

Answer 24

Flow of blood delivered by the heart, contributes to blood pressure

Question 25

Where do the right and left coronary arteries originate from?

Answer 25

at the root of the aorta

Question 26

What do the right and left coronary arteries supply?

Answer 26

the myocardium

Question 27

What happens during diastole?

Answer 27

there is myocardial relaxation and the coronary arteries are filled with blood to perfuse the heart

Question 28

True/False: Cardiac muscle cells do not have chemical synapses.

Answer 28

False; Cardiac muscle cells also have chemical synapses

Question 29

What is the function of the chemical synapses in cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 29

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system use these to MODULATE (not initiate) cardiac muscle function

Question 30

True/False: Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system use chemical synapse to initiate cardiac muscle function

Answer 30

False: Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system use these to MODULATE (not initiate) cardiac muscle function

Question 31

What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 31

Fight-or-flight

Question 32

What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 32

Rest-and-Digest

Question 33

What is released during fight or flight (sympathetic)?

Answer 33

Epinephrine

Question 34

What is released during rest or digest (parasympathetic)?

Answer 34

Acetylcholine

Question 35

What is stroke volume?

Answer 35

Amount of blood ejected (Output) during a single heartbeat (from either left or right ventricle)

Question 36

How do you calculate CO?

Answer 36

CO= Heart rate x Stroke volume

Question 37

What does preload affect?

Answer 37

The end-systolic volume

Question 38

What does the afterload affect?

Answer 38

ESV

Question 39

What can change stroke volume?

Answer 39

Contraction and afterload

Question 40

Explain what a strong/weak heart means in relation to the aorta.

Answer 40

Strong heart = more blood ejected into Aorta Weak heart = less blood ejected into Aorta

Question 41

What is afterload?

Answer 41

The resistance after the blood is ejected from the ventricle

Question 42

What affect does plaque have?

Answer 42

It narrows the diameter of the arteries and increases after load, increases resistance therefore decreases stroke volume