Lecture 13: Bone Physiology 1

Question 1

What is Cortical Bone?

Answer 1

hard outer layer, dense; especially thick in the shaft of long bone

Question 2

What is another name for cortical bone?

Answer 2

Compact bone

Question 3

What is cancellous Bone?

Answer 3

sponge-like tissue

Question 4

What is another name for cancellous Bone?

Answer 4

Trabecular

Question 5

What is the subchondral tissue?

Answer 5

smooth tissue at the ends of bones, which is covered by cartilage

Question 6

What is cartilage?

Answer 6

connective tissue present in adults; also tissue from which most bones develop in children

Question 7

True/False: Sharks have cartilaginous skeletons and do not have bones

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What helps sharks to be buoyant?

Answer 8

lighter bodies and low-density oils

Question 9

What is the periosteum?

Answer 9

tough, thin outer membrane covering the bones

Question 10

What is beneath the periosteum?

Answer 10

tunnels and canals through which blood and lymphatic vessels run to bring nutrients to the bone

Question 11

What might attach to the periosteum?

Answer 11

muscles, ligaments, and tendons

Question 12

How are bones classified?

Answer 12

By their shape

Question 13

What are the different shapes of bones?

Answer 13

long, short, flat, or irregular

Question 14

Primarily, bones are ___ or ___.

Answer 14

long or short

Question 15

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

Answer 15

206

Question 16

How many axial bones are in the human body?

Answer 16

80

Question 17

What color are axial bones?

Answer 17

tan

Question 18

Give examples of axial bones.

Answer 18

head, facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and sternum

Question 19

How many appendicular bones are there?

Answer 19

126

Question 20

What color are appendicular bones?

Answer 20

purple

Question 21

Give examples of appendicular bones.

Answer 21

shoulders, wrists, hands, legs, hips, ankles, and feet

Question 22

What is the function and location of osteoblasts?

Answer 22

forms new bone tissue (builder) and is located in the bone

Question 23

What is the function and location of osteoclast?

Answer 23

Absorbs and removes unwanted tissue; large cell formed in the bone marrow

Question 24

What is the function and location of Osteocytes?

Answer 24

Helps maintain bone as living tissue; found within the bone

Question 25

What is the function and location of Hematopoietic cells?

Answer 25

Develop into RBC, WBC, and platelets; found in bone marrow

Question 26

Where are fat cells located?

Answer 26

bone marrow

Question 27

How much of total bone mass is cortical?

Answer 27

80%

Question 28

What is trabecular bone?

Answer 28

spongy tissue located at the ends of long bones, near joints, interior of vertebrae

Question 29

Compare the turnover of cortical vs trabecular bone.

Answer 29

Cortical (compact) bone has a slower turnover than trabecular

Question 30

What is the endosteum?

Answer 30

membrane that lines the center of the bone marrow

Question 31

What is the Epiphyseal Plate?

Answer 31

growth plate also called the physis thin layer of cartilage, site of longitudinal and circumferential bone growth

Question 32

What is an osteon??

Answer 32

the main unit of compact bone made of concentric bone layers that surround a long tube, the Haversian canal

Question 33

What are lamellae?

Answer 33

concentric bone layers

Question 34

True/False: Bone Deposition and Resorption are normally in Equilibrium (except in growing bones), so total bone mass remains constant

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Each new section of bone is an ______.

Answer 35

Osteon

Question 36

What stimulates bone turnover and increases osteoblasts?

Answer 36

Growth hormone

Question 37

Describe a bones strength in proportion to bone stress?

Answer 37

bone thickens when subjected to heavy loads

Question 38

True/False:Shape of bone can be rearranged for proper support of mechanical forces by depositing and resorbing bone according to stress patterns

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Describe the strength of bones in children vs elderly.

Answer 39

Bones in children (rapid bone deposition/absorption) are not brittle vs. elderly people with brittle bones (slow deposition/absorption)

Question 40

True/False: Bones of athletes become much heavier than bones of nonathletes

Answer 40

True

Question 41

What stimulates osteoblast deposition and calcification of bone?

Answer 41

continual physical stress

Question 42

What happens when a bone is fractured?

Answer 42

Fracture of a bone activates Osteoblasts and new bone forms at broken ends of bone (callus)

Question 43

Why is calcium and phosphorous important for the body?

Answer 43

helps bone and teeth structure

Question 44

Most of Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in the adult body as _______.

Answer 44

Hydroxyapatite

Question 45

Calcium is stored as ______ and also in ______.

Answer 45

intracellularly and extracellular fluid

Question 46

What 3 organs control calcium levels?

Answer 46

bone, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys

Question 47

Where is calcium absorbed?

Answer 47

GI Tract

Question 48

Where is calcium excreted from?

Answer 48

Kidneys and most is reabsorbed

Question 49

Bone remodeling occurs ______, breaking down Hydroxyapatite by Osteoclasts

Answer 49

continually

Question 50

What is the site of Hematopoiesis?

Answer 50

Bone marrow

Question 51

What can Immature cell in bone marrow develop as?

Answer 51

RBCs, WBCs, platelets