Final Exam

Question 1

the esophagus is a part of the ____, while the pancreas is considered an _____ when it comes to the digestive system

Answer 1

alimentary canal: accessory digestive organ

Question 2

what is the first step in propulsion

Answer 2

swallowing-(oral pharynx)

Question 3

mucosa is made of______

Answer 3

epithelial cells

Question 4

most of the alimentary tract is made of _____ epithelial cells

Answer 4

simple columnar

Question 5

Our mouth and upper esophagus are made of ___ epithelial cells

Answer 5

stratified squamous

Question 6

chemical digestion is initiated in the _____.

Answer 6

mouth- (salivary amalayse and lingual lipase)

Question 7

The buccal phase

Answer 7

is voluntary, its when the tongue pushed to the back of the throat

Question 8

the pharyngeal-esophageal phase

Answer 8

is involuntary: controls center medulla and lower pons

Question 9

what is the function of the uvula

Answer 9

it keeps food from coming out of your nose

Question 10

what is a possible side effect of weakening of the cardiac sphincter

Answer 10

acid reflux into the esophagus

Question 11

what is chyme?

Answer 11

food when it leaves the stomach

Question 12

the stomach is able to expand to nearly 100 times its empty volume partly due to ____ in its walls

Answer 12

rugae

Question 13

the _____ cells are responsible for HCl and intrinsic factor production

Answer 13

parietal cells

Question 14

produce pepsinogin and lipases(fat digesting enzyme)

Answer 14

Chief cells

Question 15

what does pepsin break down

Answer 15

proteins

Question 16

harsh digestive conditions in the stomach are protected by

Answer 16

the mucosal barrier

Question 17

only stomach function that is essential to life

Answer 17

the secretion of intrinsic factor - vitamin b12 absorption

Question 18

peristalsis is part of which digestive process?

Answer 18

propulsion

Question 19

_____ involves over 22 muschle groups and includes the buccal phase and the pharyngeal-esophageal phase?

Answer 19

deglutation(swallowing)

Question 20

a patient with a low RBC count recieves vitamin b12 injections every 2 weeks. why?

Answer 20

parietal cells in this patient’s stomach have ceased producing intrinsic factor.

Question 21

what is the function of bile?

Answer 21

it is a fat emulsifier

Question 22

function of circular folds, villi and microvilli?

Answer 22

allow enough time for absorption and digestion in the small intestine

Question 23

brush border that contains enzymes for carb and protein digestion?

Answer 23

microvilli

Question 24

how is the small intestine adapted for nutrient absorption?

Answer 24

it has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds, villi and microvilli

Question 25

How many lobes does the liver have?

Answer 25

4

Question 26

what is the only digestive function of the liver?

Answer 26

to produce bile

Question 27

what is the chief function of the gallbladder?

Answer 27

bile storage

Question 28

what is the main function of the pancreas?

Answer 28

producing a watery solution and enzymes that neutralize chyme

Question 29

endocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 29

insulin and glucagon

Question 30

which two organs do not play a role in ingestion or defecation?

Answer 30

small intestine and stomach

Question 31

what is peristalsis?

Answer 31

the wave like motion of digestion

Question 32

what is segmentation

Answer 32

process of moving food through the digestive tract

Question 33

the majority of absorption occurs where?

Answer 33

the small intestine

Question 34

cirrhosis of the liver would most severely impact the digestion of _____

Answer 34

lipids

Question 35

the major digestive function of the large intestine?

Answer 35

to absorb water and temporarily store food until it is time to be excreted.

Question 36

function of tenia coli

Answer 36

they are a smooth muscle lining that control the haustra

Question 37

``` which of the following is not part of the large intestine? cecum appendix illeum sigmoid colon ```

Answer 37

the illeum

Question 38

what are the pocket like sacs of the large intestine

Answer 38

haustra

Question 39

how long does food stay in the large intesting

Answer 39

12-24

Question 40

what does not happen in the large intestine?

Answer 40

absorption of nutrients

Question 41

in terms of gastrointestinal function, the large intestine's greatest contribution is _____.

Answer 41

absorption of water

Question 42

the bacteria that enter your digestive sytem through anus or small intestine and help with digestive comfort?

Answer 42

bacterial flora

Question 43

2 types of motility in the large intestine?

Answer 43

haustral contractions and gastrocolic reflex

Question 44

what is gastrocolic reflex

Answer 44

initiated by the presence of food in the stomach, it is a mass movement of the colon

Question 45

what are the two sphincters of the rectum?

Answer 45

internal-smooth(involuntary) | external-skeletal(voluntary)

Question 46

primary sex organs(gonads)

Answer 46

testes and ovaries

Question 47

accessory reproductive organs

Answer 47

ducts, glands, and external genitalia

Question 48

where is sperm produced?

Answer 48

in the testes

Question 49

where is sperm stored?

Answer 49

epididimis-until ejaculation

Question 50

the temperature of the scrotum is kept constant by

Answer 50

dartos muscle and cremaster muscles

Question 51

what is oogenisis

Answer 51

the production of female gametes

Question 52

what has to happen for a sperm to penetrate an egg

Answer 52

capacatation.

Question 53

what is cleavage

Answer 53

rapid mitotic division with little no cell growth in between those divisions

Question 54

when does cleavage occur

Answer 54

while the zygote is moving towards the uterus

Question 55

parathyroid and vitamin d levels will be ____ during pregnancy

Answer 55

higher

Question 56

what is the longest stage of labor?

Answer 56

dilation stage (6-12 hours)

Question 57

a babies first shot of lgA antibodies from the mother-not milk comes from?

Answer 57

colostrum

Question 58

the intrinsic factor is produced in the stomach and is necessary for the absorption of

Answer 58

vitamin B12

Question 59

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions...T/F?

Answer 59

True

Question 60

the substance secreted by the pancreas that helps neutralize chyme is?

Answer 60

Bicarbonate

Question 61

what organ in the body regulates erythrocytes production?

Answer 61

kidney

Question 62

the collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH...T/F

Answer 62

false

Question 63

the distal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct...T/F

Answer 63

true

Question 64

the majority of absorption occurs in the _____.?

Answer 64

small intestine

Question 65

chemical digestion is initiated in the ______.

Answer 65

mouth

Question 66

the _____ cells are responsible for HCl Production

Answer 66

parietal

Question 67

peristalsis is part of which digestive process

Answer 67

propulsion

Question 68

``` the function of the large intestine includes all of the following except_____. elimination of waste absorp. of water and electr. absorption of nutrients production of vitamins ```

Answer 68

absorption of nutrients

Question 69

what is a possible side effect of weakening of the cardiac sphincter

Answer 69

acid reflux into the esophagus

Question 70

excretion of dilute urine requires____.

Answer 70

impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

Question 71

most of the nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed in the ____.

Answer 71

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 72

the collecting ducts are ____ to water when the hormone___ is present

Answer 72

permeable: ADH

Question 73

what role do the vasa recta play in urine formation

Answer 73

the VR deliver urea to the medullary interstitial fluid

Question 74

blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by negative feedback mechanisms.....T/F

Answer 74

true

Question 75

the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the ____.

Answer 75

ureter

Question 76

most of the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine are secreted by the accessory organ.

Answer 76

pancreas

Question 77

saliva is composed mainly of ____.

Answer 77

water

Question 78

``` all of the following are part of the alimentary canal except the _____. pharynx esophagus small intestine liver ```

Answer 78

liver

Question 79

the pocketlike sacs of the large intestine are called

Answer 79

haustra

Question 80

the gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen are the _____.

Answer 80

cheif cells

Question 81

the secretion of amylase is part of which digestive process?

Answer 81

chemical digestion

Question 82

a ruptured follicle is transformed into the ___.

Answer 82

corpus luteum

Question 83

what percentage of sperm carry the Y chromosome?

Answer 83

50%

Question 84

which tube carries sperm from the scrotum to the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 84

ductus deferens

Question 85

capacitation refers to changes occurring in ____.

Answer 85

sperm before fertilization

Question 86

at the time of birth, the uterus has enlarged to the level of the ____.

Answer 86

xiphoid process

Question 87

in the developing fetus, all body systems are present by __.

Answer 87

8 weeks

Question 88

immediately after ovulation, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the ___.

Answer 88

corpus luteum

Question 89

the superior portion of the uterus is called the _____.

Answer 89

fundus

Question 90

fertilization typically occurs in the ____.

Answer 90

uterine tube

Question 91

it is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temp for abundant sperm formation..T/F

Answer 91

True

Question 92

a human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes ...T/F

Answer 92

false

Question 93

the most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is____.

Answer 93

undescended testes

Question 94

which glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen

Answer 94

seminal vesicles

Question 95

which is not part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?

Answer 95

corpus luteum

Question 96

conceptus is a term used to describe the developing human offspring...T/F?

Answer 96

true

Question 97

it is impossible for sperm to be functional until after _____.

Answer 97

they undergo capacitation

Question 98

Estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk. What structures makes this possible during the first three months of pregnancy?

Answer 98

corpus luteum

Question 99

cleavage as part of embryonic development is distinctive because it involves ___.

Answer 99

cell division by mitosis with little or no growth between successive divisions