FIRST MIDTERM Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
What are Tissues?
A
Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform common related functions.
2
Q
What is the basic function of epithelial tissue?
A
Keeps skin tough, secretion, absorption, it is basically a cover.
3
Q
Connective tissue function?
A
Support, protect, transport(blood)
4
Q
Muscle tissue function?
A
Produces movement
5
Q
Nervous tissue function
A
Controls PNS and CNS
6
Q
Two main types of epithelial tissue?
A
Covering and Lining. Glandular
7
Q
What are the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?
A
Polarity, Specialized contacts, supported by conn. tissue, avascular but innervated, can regenerate quickly(high mitosis)
8
Q
What is the purpose of the basal lamina and from where does it arise?
A
to filter and absorb nutrients, it arises from the epithelial tissue.
9
Q
How are epithelial cells classified?
A
By # of cells layers and shape of the cells
10
Q
Where are simple squamous cells typically located?
A
areas of absorption
11
Q
Which type of cells are the skin made of?
A
Stratified squamous
12
Q
How are glandular epithelial cells classified?
A
of cells(unicellular or multicellular) and site of product release
13
Q
Endocrine glands
A
Secrete product directly into blood or specific organ, ductless glands
14
Q
Exocrine glands
A
release product into ducts -these can be unicellular
15
Q
which surface of the stomach does food come in contact with?
A
The apical surface
16
Q
The lateral contacts of epithelial cells are?
A
Tight Junctions and Desmosomes
17
Q
What is the function of the basement membrane?
A
Reinforces epithelial sheet, resists stretching, defines boundaries.
18
Q
What does avascular but innervated mean?
A
There are no blood vessels, supplied by nerve fibers.
19
Q
The mucus-secreting cells prevalent in the simple columnar epithelium are known as ?
A
goblet cells
20
Q
All are characterics of epithelium except?
A
abundant extracellular material
21
Q
Areas of the body that are subject to abrasion should have?
A
stratified squamous cells
22
Q
Glands that secrete by rupture of cells are classified as ?
A
Holocrine
23
Q
The most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue?
A
connective tissue
24
Q
The four main classes of connective tissue?
A
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
25
3 characteristics that distinguish connective tissue?
have mesenchyme, varying degrees of vascularity, have extracellular matrix
26
The structural elements of connective tissue?
Ground substance and fiber
27
2 cell types of connective tissues
blasts-immature cytes-mature
28
Elastic fibers allow for?
stretch and rebound
29
Which type of cell is found patrolling areas exposed to harmful bacteria?
macrophages
30
Bone is also known as
osseous tissue
31
why is blood classified as connective tissue?
because it develops from mesenchyme
32
Skeletal muscle tissue
found in skeletal muscle, voluntary
33
Cardiac muscle,
Heart, involuntary
34
Smooth muscle
walls of hollow organs, involuntary
35
Main components of nervous tissue
Brain, spinal cord, nerves- regulate and control body function
36
neurons
specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
37
Neuroglia
supporting cells that insulate and protect neurons
38
The epidermis is mostly made up of
epithelial tissue
39
the dermis is mostly made up of
connective tissue
40
The hypodermis
subcutanous layer of fat used for insulation, anchoring, etc..
41
The principle role of melanin is to
shiel nucleys from damage by UV rays
42
The touch sensors in the epidermis are?
tactile cells
43
what is apoptosis
controlled cellular suicide
44
mitosis occurs primarily in which stratum of the epidermis
basale
45
which layer of the skin is constantly shedding?
stratum corneum
46
which layer of the skin has no blood vessels?
the epidermis
47
the dermis is composed of what type of tissue?
connective
48
what do keratnocytes do?
produce keratin (a protein)
49
what do dendritic cells do?
arise in the bone marrow and are used for defense
50
what are striae
stretch marks
51
derivatives of the epidermis include,
hair and follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
52
the smooth muscle associated with the hair follicle is ?
the arrector pili
53
2 tyoes of hair?
vellus (fine) and terminal (coarse, long appears at puberty)
54
what is alopicia?
hair thinning
55
2 main types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
56
eccrine sweat glands,
function in thermoregulation
57
apocrine sweat glands
axillary and anogenital areas, odorless until bacteria interaction
58
what is sebum?
oily bactericidal secretion that softens the hair and skin
59
what are the major functions of the integumentary system
protection, body temp, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion,
60
The skin serves as what 3 types of barrier?
Chemical, physical, biological
61
metastasize means?
spread
62
basal cell carcinoma
least malignant, most common, usually cured by surgical excision
63
squamous cell carcinoma
2nd most common, does metastasize, removed surgically and by radiation therapy
64
melanoma
cancer of melanocytes, most dangerous
65
the ABCD rule?
Asymmetrical
Border (irregular)
Colors (multiple)
Diameter (>6mm)
66
The spinal cord consists of?
central cavity surrounded by gray matter and external white matter (myelinated fibers)
67
4 regions of the adult brain
cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
68
The brain stem consists of?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
69
the ventricles of the brain are filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
70
how many ventricles does the brain have?
4
71
83% of the brain is made up of?
the cerebral hemisphere
72
the 5 sections of the cerebral hemisphere
frontal, temporal, parietal, central, insula
73
what is the foramen magnum
the space where the spinal cord connects to the brain
74
CSF continuously moves through?
the subarachnoid space
75
the "executive suite" of the nervous system is called
the cerebral cortex
76
the cerebral cortex consists of how much of brain mass and is the site of ________
40% and is the site of the conscious mind
77
the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex
motor areas, sensory areas, association areas
78
each hemisphere is concerned with ____
the contralateral side of the body
79
what does lateralization of cortical function mean?
division of labor between the hemispheres
80
what does cerebral dominance mean?
the hemisphere that is dominant for language(90% of people it is the left)
81
the left hemisphere controls
language, math and logic
82
the right hemisphere controls
intuition, emotion, artsy and musical skills
83
hemispheres communicate ______ via fiber tracts and functional integration
instantaneously
84
3 types of fiber tracts in the white matter of the cerebral cortex
association, commissural, and projection(vertical connect lower brain with SP)
85
basal nuclei are part of
the cerebrum
86
function of basal nuclei
influence muscle movement, filter responses, inhibit unnecessary movements
87
what is said to be the gateway to the cerebral cortex and what is its function?
thalamus- sorts out and edits signals
88
the three structures of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
89
which brain region synthesizes two major body hormones?
hypothalamus
90
the _____ is 11% of brain mass and is responsible for coordinated movements
cerebellum
91
professional ballet dancers have a particularly efficient
cerebellum
92
severe damage to which brain region would result in death?
medulla oblongata
93
the 2 networks of neurons in the functional brain system
reticular formation, limbic system
94
the limbic system is primarily responsible for
emotion and cognition
95
the reticular formation governs___?
overall arousal of the brain
96
what is RAS
reticular activating system-sends impulses to te cerebral cortex
97
reticular formation is inhibited by___?
sleep centers, alcohol, drugs
98
severe injury to the reticular formation could result in?
permanent unconsciousness
99
if inhibited which brain system would allow previously filtered stimuli to enter our consciousness?
reticular activating system
100
the 4 basic classes of brain waves?
alpha- awake, relaxed
beta- awake, alert
theta-common in children
delta- deep sleep
101
what is an EEG
electroencephalogram-used to record electrical activity that accompanies brain function
102
2 types of sleep
REM (dreaming) and non-REM
103
narcolepsy
when a person abruptly lapses in REM sleep
104
Insomnia
chronic inability to obtain amount and quality of sleep needed
105
sleep apnea
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
106
Broca's area is responsible for?
speech
107
factors that affect the transfer of information from STM to LTM
emotional state, rehearsal, motivation and automatic memory
108
which type of memory does not require conscious attention
nondeclarative memory
109
3 layers of meninges?
dura mater-toughest
arachnoid mater-webs
pia mater-directly on the brain
110
composition and function of the CSF?
watery solution that gives buoyancy and protects the CNS structures, nourishes and carries chemical signals
111
How is CSF absorbed back into the blood?
arachnoid villus
112
what does the blood brain barrier do?
its a selective barrier that allows nutrients in but keeps wastes and toxins out
113
what are the 5 special senses
vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium
114
70% of the body's receptors are located____
in the eye
115
most of the eye is protected by
adipose tissue
116
the cornea is part of which layer of the eye?
fibrous layer
117
what are the 3 layers of the eye
fibrous-
vascular-
inner
118
the fluid in the internal cavity of the eye is called
humors
119
2 regions in the fibrous layer of the eye
sclera, cornea
120
3 regions in the vascular layer of the eye
choroid-supplies blood
ciliary-smooth muscle bundles control shape
iris-colored part of the eye
121
the inner layer of the eye
Retina- pigmented layer and neural layer
122
the role of taste in maintaining homeostasis?
triggers digestion, increased secretion of saliva, increased secretion of gastric juice into stomach, initiates protective reactions(gagging, vomiting)
123
taste is 80% smell. the relationship between taste and smell is evidenced by the fact that both sensations are a type of
chemoreception
124
hearing receptors are located in the
internal ear
125
what is sound?
a pressure disturbance produced by vibrating objects
126
the ____of sound waves is interpreted as differing pitches, the ____ of sound is interpreted as loudness
frequency; amplitude
127
sound waves first arrive in ____
the tympanic membrane
128
what sends information about the region and intensity of sound to the CNS
the cochlea
129
Mitosis occurs primarily in which stratum of the epidermis?
Basale
130
The sweat glands that are important in body temp regulation are the ______.
Eccrine glands
131
How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched?
visible lines that become silvery white scars
132
fibers that connect gray matter between the two cerebral hemispheres are called?
commissures
133
blood vessels of the eye are found in the middle of the _____.
Choroid
134
taste and smell are both____
chemoreceptors
135
the fibrous layer of the eye contains
cornea
136
all of the following are usually characteristics of epithelium except
abundant extracellular material
137
the central canal of the spinal cord is analogous to what part of the brain?
ventricles
138
the innermost meninx that protects the brain and spinal cord is the ____.
pia mater
139
tissue that forms boundaries
epithelial tissue
140
tissue type responsible for regulating and controlling body function?
nervous tissue
141
which layer of the dermis is closest to the epidermis
papillary layer
142
gateway to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
143
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
optic disc
144
subarachnoid leaves lies
between arachnoid and the pia
145
the innermost meninx that protects the brain and spinal cord___
pia mater
146
basal nuclei are part of the
cerebrum
147
brainstem
midbrain, medulla, pons
148
the only voluntary muscle
skeletal muscle
149
key activators of immune system
dendritic cells
150
most risk for melanoma
exposure to UV radiation
151
taller than wide but flat in the apical layer
stratified squamous
152
which cells in the epidermis are key activators of the immune system
dendritic cells
153
protein throughout epidermis that gives protective properties
keratin
154
the pons belongs to which region
mid brain
155
which statement best describes connective tissue
usually contains a large amount of matrix
156
sound is transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear by the
ossicles
157
layer of skin with no blood vessels
epidermis
158
which type of tissue is avascular
epidermis
159
glands that secrete directly in the blood
endocrine
160
the dermis is composed of what tissue
connective
161
ciliary body is part of the
vascular part of the eye
162
the ____ of the brain allows for smooth coordinated movement
cerebellum
163
cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed back into the body by
arachnoid villi
164
does epithelial have high regenerative capabilites
yes
165
in detection of smell, odorants themselves
bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels
166
which layer of the dermis is responsible for cell division and repalacement
stratum basale
167
which types of glands are sweat glands
apocrine, eccrine
168
ossicles are located ___?
in the middle ear
169
eyebrow follicles stay short because
they are only active for a few months
170
fat accumulates in which layer?
hypodermis
171
Property of epithelial tissue
It is innervated
172
a ridge on the surface of the cortex is called a
gyrus
173
the system that filters out distractions
reticular formation.
