MIDTERM II Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
after centrifuge what percentage contains components immune function?
A
buffy coat
2
Q
what percentage of the blood is plasma?
A
55%
3
Q
functions of blood
A
transport, regulation, protection
4
Q
erithrocytes are filled with?
A
hemoglobin (97%) for gas transport
5
Q
There are no mitochondria in
A
RBCs
6
Q
which is present in a mature red blood cell
A
Plasma Membrane
7
Q
The pigment in a Hemoglobin that gives it its’ red color is called what?
A
Heme- it has an iron atom
8
Q
each hemoglobin molecule can transport how many oxygen molecules
A
4
9
Q
oxygen binds to which portion of the hemoglobin
A
iron atom
10
Q
what is hematopoiesis
A
blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
11
Q
hematopoietic stem cells do what?
A
give rise to all formed elements of hematopoiesis
12
Q
What is erythropoiesis
A
Production of red blood cells
13
Q
a hematopoeitic stem cell will give rise to
A
all of the above
14
Q
what response would you expect after traveling to high altitude for 2 weeks
A
kidneys would secrete extra erythropoeitin
15
Q
target organ of erythroproeitin?
A
red bone marrow
16
Q
Causes of anemia
A
Blood loss, low RBC, high RBC
17
Q
an elevated neutrophil count would mean
A
an acute bacterial infection
18
Q
antihistamines counter the actions of which WBCs
A
Basophils
19
Q
the immediate response to blood vessel damage
A
vascular spasm
20
Q
why dont plateletes form plugs in undamaged vessels
A
only platelets contacted with exposed collagen fibers and von willebrand factor causes them to be sticky and form plugs
21
Q
Humoral stimuli
A
When changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones
22
Q
Neural stimuli
A
When a nerve fiber stimulates hormone release(sympathetic nervous system)
23
Q
Hormonal stimuli
A
When hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones(i.e. hypothalamus)
24
Q
when the ovaries secrete estrogen this is an example of
A
hormonal stimulation
25
when pancreas releases insulin it is an example of
humoral stimulation
26
permissiveness
one hormone cannot exert effects without another hormone being present
27
synergism
more than one hormone produces the same effect- amplification
28
antagonism
one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone
29
two major lobes of the pituitary gland
posterior(neural) and anterior (glandular)
30
what does the infindibulim do?
it is the point of attachment between hypothalamus and pituitary gland
31
what kind of organ is the hypothalamus
neuroendocrine
32
what two hormones are secreted and stored by the posterior pituitary gland
oxytocin and ADH
33
where are oxytocin and ADH synthesized?
in the hypothalamus
34
does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland have a direct neural connection to the hypothalamus?
NO-it is a vascular connection
35
the anterior lobe of the PG carries....
releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate hormone secretion
36
What is Oxytocin
Strong stimulant of uterine contractions, pregnant chicks
37
The Growth Hormone(GH)
a tissue building hormone that increases blood levels of fatty acids and stimulates protein synthesis...conserves glucose, breaks down glycogen
38
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that act on other endocrine glands and cause them to release their hormones
39
The tropic hormones are?
FSH,LH, ACTH, TSH (FLAT)
40
The direct hormones are?
Prolactin, Endorphines, Growth H, (PEG)
41
Hypersecretion of GH in children
results in gigantism
42
Hypersecretion of GH in adults
will not change growth(acromegaly) may change facial structure
43
hyposecretion in children
will result in pituitary dwarfism
44
thyroid stimulating hormone does what?
stimulates normal developement and activity of the thyroid, inhibited by rising blood levels
45
adrenocorticotropic hormone does what?
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids(help body resist stress)
46
two gonadotropins are?
FSH-stimulates egg or sperm
| LH- promotes production of testosterone and estrogen
47
prolactin (PRL)
stimulates milk production
48
cortical nephrons
shorter loops
49
juxtamedullary nephrons
are next to the medullar junction
50
nephron capillary bed flow
afferent arteriole- glomerulus-efferent arteriole
51
why is blood pressure in glomerulus high
because the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent
52
which blood vessel is associated with the nephron
efferent arteriole
53
which type of nephron plays an important role in producing concentrated urine
juxtamedullary nephrons
54
which would not be found in a normal filtrate
albumin
55
most of the nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed where?
proximal convoluted tubule
56
The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct do what
vary reabsorption with the body's needs, this is fine tuned by hormones
57
The proximal convoluted tubule is
the main site of secretion and reabsorption
58
When is it called urine and not filtrate
once it leaves the connecting duct
59
the urine forming units of the kidney are
nephrons
60
podocytes are part of
filtration slits
61
which of the following factors contributes to the higher filtration rate in the glomuler capillaries compared to other capillary beds
all of the above
62
drinking too much alcohol results in a headache because?
alcohol inhibits ADH secretion
63
the two counter current mechanisms in the kidney
vasacrecta and nephron loop
64
the juxtamedullary nephron
creates 300-1200 osmolotiti
65
the vasarecta
is reponsible for maintaining the 300-1200 gradient
66
the collecting duct
fine tunes what is happening at the end of the nephron loop
67
the three key players in the osmotic gradient
vasarecta, nephron loop, collecting duct
68
the descending limb
is freely permeable to water
69
the ascending loop
is not permeable to water
70
water moves towards the gradient
of higher solute concentration.
71
Platelets____.
stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
72
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte productions?
Kidney
73
which of the following components is a complete cell?
leukocytes
74
the collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH
False
75
the proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct
false
76
obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient
true
77
oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions
true-also with milk release
78
the endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid?
False-it is the thyroid
79
which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
enzyme
80
which of the following is not a structural characteristic that contributes to erythrocyte gas transport functions?
Mitotically active
81
the descending limb of the nephron loop___.
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
82
the anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called
tropic hormones
83
an excess of hormones in the blood may cause target organs to decrease the number of receptors for that hormone in a process called____.
positive feedback
84
the renal tubule is made up of ____.
all of the above
85
the _____ artery connects to the afferent arteriole leadgin into the glomerulus
cortical radiate
86
these cells contain histamine and are the least numerous of teh circulating white blod cells
basophils
87
most of the nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed in the
proximal convoluted loop
88
what percentage of our blood is plasma
55%
89
after centrifuging, of the listed blood components, which contains the components of immune function
buffy coat
90
which part of the nephron employs the countercurrent mechanism?
nephron loop
91
the blood filtering structure of the kidney is called the
glomerulus
92
the target organ of erythropoietin is the
red bone marrow
93
the fluid in the glomerular capsule is similar to the plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of
plasma proteins
94
excretion of dilute urine requires
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
95
receptors for steroid hormones commonly located
inside the target cell
96
what response would you expect after traveling to high altitude for two weeks
the kidneys would secrete elevated amounts of erythropoeitin
97
the immediate response to blood vessel damage is a
vascular spasm
98
the collecting ducts are ___ to water when the hormone___ is present
permeable: ADH
99
when the parathyroid gland releases PTH in direct response to blood calcium levels, this is an example of ___ stimulation
humoral
100
a major determinant of a hormone's mechanism of action is
whether is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic
101
which type of nephron plays an important role in concentrated urine
juxtamedullary nephrons
102
blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by positive feedback mechanisms
false
103
the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the
ureter
104
after centrifuging, of the listed blood components, which contains the components of immune function
plasma
105
a hematopoietic stem cell will give rise to
all of the above
106
which of the following is an effect of PTH
all of the above
107
the portion of the nephron that maintains the hypertonicity of the medulla is
nephron loop
108
when urine enters the collecting duct, it is ___ to the blood
hypotonic
109
the secretion of ___ helps regulate our circadian rythms
melatonin
110
which area of the brain regulates the endocrine system
hypothalamus
111
much of the endocrine system regulates itself through a process called
negative feedback
112
hormones are secreted in response to all of the following stimuli except
up-regulation
113
when the pancreas releases insulin in direct response to blood glucose, this is an example of _____ stimulation
humoral stimulation
114
the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) is the
anterior pituitary gland
115
oxytocin is produced here
hypothalamus
116
a patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and severe dehydration. the most likely cause is ____.
hyposecretion of ADH
117
which of the following is an indirect effect of PTH
increasing calcium absorption in the intestines
118
during times of stress, elevated levels of ____ often occur, which explains why we get a cold during final exam time
cortisol
119
the islets of langerhans are found in which endocrine organ?
pancreas
120
which hormone is released by the hypothalamus
GH
121
target organs respond to water-soluble hormones because of the presence of ___ on the cell membrane surface
specific receptors
122
blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by ___ mechanisms
negative feedback
123
the anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called
tropic hormones
124
the epiphyseal plate is a target organ of this hormone
GH
125
the most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
PTH
126
what inhibits PTH release
rising Ca2+ levels in the blood
127
Where are the adrenal glands located
atop the kidneys
128
what are the two structures of the adrenal gland
the adrenal medulla and cortex
129
what does the adrenal cortex do?
it produces different corticosteroids
130
what does the adrenal medulla do?
synthesizes epinephrine(80%) and norepinephrine(20%)
131
what does the pineal gland do?
secretes melatonin (sleep/wake, puberty, sleep, appetite, etc..)
132
what are acinar cells for?
produce enzyme rich juice for digestion
133
pancreatic islets
contain endocrine cells
134
major target and cause of glucagon
liver-increased blood glucose level
135
the effect of glucagon on the body
release of glucose to the body
136
the effects of insulin
helps control blood glucose, neural development and learning
137
what do the ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
138
what is secreted by the placenta
estrogens, progesterones and HCG
139
testes produce
testosterone
140
what do kidneys do?
excrete metabolic waste, maintain water balance, maintain acid-base balance
141
3 regions of the internal kidney
renal cortex, medulla, pelvis
142
which of the following empties urine directly into the renal pelvis?
renal papilla
143
urine collection occurs in the __ of the kidney
pelvis
144
blood is delivered to the kidneys via___
renal arteries
145
the renal corpuscle consists of a
glomerular capsule
146
the glomerulus specialize in
filtration
147
how are glomerulus different from other capillary beds
they are fed and drained by arterioles
148
the vasa recta are associated with which structure in the kidneys
juxtamedullary nephrons
149
where is ADH secreted from and what does is target?
the posterior pituitary gland, the kidneys
150
what does FSH do?
stimulates sperm production and estrogen in the ovaries-comes from the anterior pituitary gland
151
prolactin
promotes lactation in breasts, from anterior pituitary gland
152
oxytocin
secretes contractions in childbirth, milk ejection
153
the parathyroid hormone targets___.
the bones and kidneys
154
what are t4 and t3
t4-circulating form from the thyroid
| t3-cells
155
what does the GH target
liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues, comes from the anterior pituitary
