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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the third eyelid

A

Concave fold of palepbral conjunctiva that protrudes from the medial angle of the eye

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2
Q

Describe superficial gland of the third eyelid

A

Body of fat and glandular tissue that surrounds the third eyelid at its base

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3
Q

What is a muscle that protects the eye and is different from eye movement muscles.

A

Orbicularis oris

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4
Q

What vertebrate lacks transverse foramina?

A

C1

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5
Q

What vertebrate has the largest transverse process?

A

C6

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6
Q

T/F Spinous process decreases in height from C3-C7

A

F

Increases

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7
Q

Glenoid cavity articulates

A

Glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus

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8
Q

What articulates between the humerus and ulna

A

trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

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9
Q

Give articulations of ribs

A

1-7
Articulate directly with sternum via hyaline cartilage

8-12
Articulate indirectly with the sternum via cartilage

11-12
Do not articulate with the sternum

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10
Q

What articulates between Os coxae and axial skeleton

A

Iliium with sacral vertebrae

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11
Q

What does femur articulate with in pelvic bone

A

Acetabuar fossa with femur head

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12
Q

Contents of the carotid sheeth and location

A

Common carotid a
Vagosympathetic trunk
Internal jugular v
Tracheal lymphatic

Btw omotransversarius (dorsally) and sternothroideus (ventrally)

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13
Q

What autonomous zone is on the dorsal part of thoracic paw

caudal?

A

Radial is cranial

Ulnar is caudal

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14
Q

What autonomous zone is on the medial surface of the thoracic leg?

A

Musculocutatneous

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15
Q

What parts of the manus communicate with each other>

A

Middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints communicate

Antebrachiocarpal joint does not communicate

Proximal interphalangeal jt/distal interphalageal jt communicates with each other

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16
Q

Describe the degree of movement allowed by each joint of the manus

A

Antebrachiocarpal
Btw radius and ulna…articulates w/radial carpal and ulnar carpal bones

Middle carpal
Btw the two rows of carpal bone

Carpometacarpal
Btw distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpals

Proximal and distal interphalangeal jt articulate with each main digit

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17
Q

What supplies parasympathetic and sympathetic to heart and lungs

A

Sympathetic
middle cervical ganglia

Parasympathetic
Vagus

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18
Q

Explain location of vagus n branches/trunks on esophagus

A

Vagus n travels in vagosympathetic trunk then leaves at level of middle cervical ganglion and splits into dorsal and ventral branch on each side. Dorsal and ventral vagal branches unite to give single dorsal trunk and single ventral trunk.

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19
Q

Explain the mediastinum and list structure in different parts of the mediastinum

A

Consists of the right and left mediastinal pleurae and contents between

Cranial=part lying cranial to the heart. Contains thymus and cranial vena cava
Middle=Contains heart
Caudal=Contains accessory lobe of the right lung and cadal vena cava

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20
Q

Describe the lobes of the lungs

A 
Left lung
Cranial lobe (caudal and cranial parts), caudal lobe

Right lung
Cranial, middle, caudal, accessory lobe

Cardiac notch
Right lung at 4th and 5th intercostal space; notch is occupied by the right ventricle.

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21
Q

What is the origin and pathway for the recurrent laryngeal n and their fxn

A

Left recurrent laryngeal
Leaves vagus n at lvl of aortic arch

Right recurrent laryngeal n
Leaves vagus n at the level of middle cervical ganglion

Both branches go to the heart, trachea, and esophagus before terminating in the laryngeal muscles as the caudal laryngeal n

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22
Q

List vessels that originate from the ascending aorta and aortic arch and their general areas of distribution

A

R and L coronary arteries branch off to supply heart muscle

Brachiocephalic trunk branches from aortic arch. Gives rise to the left common carotid a, terminates as the right carotid a and right subclavian a

Left subclavian a branches from aortic arch. gives rise to internal thoracic a, vertebral a, superficial cervical a,, costocervical trunk

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23
Q

What are the sources of venous return into the L and R atrium

A

R atrium
Caudal vena cava, cranial vena cava, great cardiac v,azygous

L atrium
Pulmonary v

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24
Q

What are the fxns of foramen ovale and ductus arteiosus? What are adult structures called

A

Foramen ovale=fossa ovalis in adults
Opening of caudal to the intervenous tubercle; in fetus it allows blood to pass from RA to LA

Ductus arterisosu=ligamentum arteriosum in adults
In fetus, shunts blood btw pulmonary trunk and aorta to keep blood away from non-functioning lungs

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25
Name areas of puncta maxima for AV, aortic, and pulmonary valves
Pulmonary-3rd interspace (low) Aortic-4th interspace (high-shoulder) AV-5th interspace (low) Right side AV-4th interspace (low)
26
Understand how the external oblique muscle forms or contributes to the formation of the superficial inguinal ring, inguinal ligament, and vascular lacunae
The aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique separates into two parts which then come together to form superficial inguinal ring Inguinal ligament is the caudal border of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique The inguinal ligament forms the cranial order of the femoral triangle; the base of the femoral triangle is the vascular lacuna
27
``` State where organ is in body Spleen Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine ```
Spleen-Left Liver-R, L medial and quadrate in middle, R lateral lobe and caudate lobe are R, left lateral lobe is left Stomach-Cardiac, fundus, body L. Pyloric is R Small intestine- Cranial duodenal flexure, descending duodenum, caudal duodenal flexure, and ascending duodenum are R Jejunum is both Ilium is R Large intestine Cecum and ascending colon are R Transverse colon B Descending colon is L
28
Describe the different regions of the stomach
Cardiac- where esophagus enters Fundus-Proximal 1/3 Body-middle 1/3 Pyloric-Distal 1/3
29
Name lobes of the liver. | What lobe of the liver may be fused in a cat?
R lateral, R medial, Quadrate, L medial, L lateral, cuadate R medial lobe with quadrate
30
Describe the parietal and visceral surfaces of the liver
Parietal surface of liver conforms to the abdominal surface of the diaphragm, the visceral surface is related on the left to the stomach and sometimes to the spleen on the right of the pancreas, right kidney, and duodenum, and ventrally to the greater omentum and small intestine.
31
Describe location of pancreas
R lobe is near descending duodenum Body is near pylorus of stomach L lobe is near pylorus/body of stomach
32
Give blood supply of stomach
Celiac a branches off aorta and divides into LEFT GASTRIC, SPLENIC, HEPATIC a. L gastric a continues along lesser curvature of stomach Splenic a travels along greater curvature of stomach and contunes to become the left gastroepiploic a Hepatic a continueto become gastroduodenal a which branches into the R gastroepiploic a which continues along the greater curvature of the stomach. Supplies R gastric too. SO things that supply stomach R and L gastric a (lesser curvature) R and L gastroepiploic a (greater curvature)
33
Give blood supply of duodenum
The cranial mesenteric a branches off the abdominal aorta, divides into the ileocolic a and continues as the jejunal a. The jejunal a continue as the caudal pancreaticoduodenal a to supply the duodenum. Cranial pancreaticoduodenum a is supplied from hepatic a
34
Know the origin and type of axons for the hypogastric n as they project to the pelvic cavity
Hypogastric n Pelvic ganglion and plexus Preganglionic sympathetic
35
Compare drainage of the testicular/ovarian v on the right and left side of the body
L into renal v then into caudal vena cava R directly into caudal vena cava
36
What is the common action of the gluteal and hamstring group muscles on the hip joint?
Extend hip | Provide thrust to propel animal forward
37
Give origin of quadriceps femoris and how it affects their actions What is the role of the patella/patellar ligament
Rectus femoris O: Ilium A:Flex hip, extends stifle Vastus lateralis O:Proximal femur A:Extends stifle Vastus medialis O:Proximal femur A:Extends stifle Vastus intermedius O:Proximal femur A:Extends stifle Common insertion is the patella-sesamoid bone intercalated in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris on tibial tuberosity.
38
Which tarsus joint allows for the most movement and can be used to sample synovial fluid
Tibiotarsal jt | Btw tibia and talus
39
What are the autonmous zones for hindlimb
Medial thigh and leg -Saphenous Dorsal paw -Common fibular Plantar paw -Tibial
40
What are the sites of venipuncture in a dog vs cat
Dog Cranial branch of lateral saphenous v Cat Medial saphenous v
41
What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm and give purpose
``` Levator ani (medial) Coccygeus (lateral) ``` Help prevent perineal hernias
42
Give autonomic n scheme of pelvic viscera
Hypogastric n Sympathetic post gang from caudal mesenteric ganglion Suppplies internal urethral sphincter and ejaculation in males Pelvic n Parasympathetic pre-gang. Branches from S1-S3. Runs near vaginal/prostatic a. Supplies branches to urogenital organs, rectum, descending colon. bladder voiding, male erection. Pudendal n From S1-S3. Supplies innervation to perineal region. Motor innervation with external anal sphincter (via caudal rectal n) and external urethral sphincter
43
What are the parts of the anal canal
``` Columnar zone (anal columns) Intermediate zone (anocutaneous line) Cutaneous zone (fine hairs, openings for anal sac) ```
44
List structures that pass through inguinal canal in both sexes
External pudendal a and v | Genitofemoral n
45
Where will calculi lodge in cat vs dog penis
Dog Behind os penis Cat tip of penis
46
What helps keep testes cool for optimal spermatogenesis
Scrotum Pampiniform plexus Tunica dartos Cremaster muscle
47
What structures are surgically involved in OHE
Suspensory ligament of ovary Ovarian a Uterine a Cervic Remove ovaries, uterine horns, body of uterus clamped at cervix
48
What are two major autonomic n that supply GI viscera
Symp=major splanchnic | Psymp-Vagus
49
Temporomandibular jt
Synovial jt btw condylar process of mandible and retro-articular process of temporal bone
50
Atlanto-occipital jt
Occipital condyles and atlas
51
Atlanto-axial jt
C1 and C2
52
Origin of olfactory receptor cells
Olfactory epithelium of caudal nasal mucosa, neuronal axons pass through cribriform plate and reach olfactory bulb
53
Layers of bulbus oculi
Fibrous tunic: sclera and cornea. Tunic has relations with extraocular muscles Vascular tunic: Choroid, iris, ciliary body Nervous tunic: retina
54
Differentiate tapetum lucidum from fundus of eye
Fundus is deep portion of eyeball that ncludes optic disck, tapetum lucidum Tapetum lucidum is specialized cells of choroid
55
Describe relationship btw retina, optic disk, and optic n
Retina is thin layer sheet that covers internal surface. Optic nerve enters into posterior aspect of eye at optic disk
56
Explain route of aqueous humor
``` Formed by ciliary body Flows into posterior chamber Through iris Into anterior chamber angle Into scleral venous plexus ```
57
What is the lateral border of the orbit?
Orbital ligament that extends from frontal process of zygomatc bone to zygomatic process of frontal bone
58
Give flow of tears
Lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, opening of nasolacrimal duct in the ventral aspect of alar fold
59
Borders of oral cavoty
Dorsal-Hard palate/soft palate Ventral-tongue Lateral/Rostral-dental archers Caudoventral-body of tongue at palatoglossal arch
60
What are the extrinisic muscles of tongue and their innervations
``` Geniohyoideus Genioglossus Mylohyoideus Styloglossus Hyloglossus ``` CN 12
61
Give dental formula for dog and cat
Dog 3142 3143 Cat 3131 3121
62
What is the significance of the incisive papilla
It is an opening for a duct that opens into ventral nasal meatus and goes to vomeronasal organ which is important for reproductive purposes.
63
Epiglottic cartilage lingual surface is attached to
basihyoid
64
What are the major structures of the glottis
Vocal apparatus - arytenoid cartilage - both vocal folds - Space between vocal folds and arytenoid cartilage (rima glottidis)
65
What opens the glottis
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
66
Describe cricothyroideus
Tenses vocal fold indirectly by drawing the ventral parts of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage together
67
What does cricothyroid ligament do
Attaches caudal border of thyroid cartilage to ventral arch of cricoid cartilage
68
What muscle is in temporal fossa and inserts on coronoid process of mandible
temporalis
69
What muscle is from zygomatic arch and inserta in masseteric fossa, ventrolateral surface of ramus of mandible, and angular process
Masseter
70
What muscle comes from pterygopalatine fossa and inserts on medial surface and caudal margin of ramus of mandible and angular process
Medial and lateral pterygoid
71
What muscle arises from paracondylar process of occipital bone and inserts on body of mandible
Digastricus
72
What muscle opens the jaw
Digastricus
73
What connects nasal cavity with larynx and oral cavity with esophagus? "Crossing place"
pharynx
74
What do pharyngeal muscles help do
Swallow CN 9 and 10 help
75
Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube lies on lateral wall of
Nasopharynx
76
Where can you find thyrid gland?
Around 5 tracheal ring. Parathyroid gland associated with thyroid gland
77
What a supplies roots of teeth in lower jaw
inferior alveolar branch of maxillary a
78
Lingual v drains
tongue larynx pharynx
79
Maxillary v drains
``` Ear orbit palate nasal cavity cheek mandible cranial cavity ```
80
Parotid LN drains
Root of nose Eye lids external acoustic meatus Tympanic cavity
81
Mandibular LN drains
``` Medial palpebral commissure Cheek Sides of nose Upper lip Lateral lower lip Gums ```
82
Retropharyngeal LN drains
Nasal cavity Nasal pharynx Auditory tubes Superior deep cervical glands

Anatomy (22 decks)

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