final exam Flashcards
1
Q
which of the following is not considered a macronutrient
A
vitamins
2
Q
a processed food is defined as
A
any food changed from natural state
3
Q
a substance found in plants which cannot be made by the body and is not necessary to sustain life, but has healthful benefits is
A
phytochemical
4
Q
which of the following statements about the typical american diet is true
A
intake of whole grains is low and more energy is consumed than expended
5
Q
one important principle of a healthy diet is to eat a variety of foods. in this context “variety” refers to
A
choosing variety of foods from w/in food groups as well as among groups
6
Q
which of the following yields energy but is not considered a nutrient
A
alcohol
7
Q
the energy provided by foods is measured in
A
kilocalories
8
Q
which of the following conditions does not represent a state of malnutrition
A
weight loss as result of increasing physical activity
9
Q
a measure of the nutrient content of a food compared to its energy content is referred to as
A
nutrient density
10
Q
the discipline which explores the relationship between genetic variation and nutrition is called
A
nutrigenomics
11
Q
the recommended dietary allowances are estimated to meet the nutrient needs of what percentage of a healthy population
A
97-98%
12
Q
how is the order in which ingredients are listed on a food label determined
A
by contribution to total weight
13
Q
which is true regarding tolerable upper intake levels
A
not recommended level of consumption
14
Q
empty calories are
A
from added sugars and or solid fats
15
Q
a healthy eating pattern emphasizes all of the following except
A
eating 3 servings
16
Q
the my plate plan separates foods into groups to help americans apply the recommendations of the dietary guidelines to their individual diets. these groups are
A
fruits, veggies, grains, protein foods, dairy
17
Q
how would donuts be categorized in the my plate food plan
A
grains and empty cals
18
Q
the recommendation of moderation in healthy diets
A
means limiting portion sizes and choosing nutrient dense foods
19
Q
the variables used to calculate estimated energy requirements include
A
age, gender, weight, height, and physical acitivty
20
Q
which is typically not found on a nutrition facts label
A
cals per serving compared to comparable products
21
Q
the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the needs of 50% of people in the same gender and life stage group is the
A
EAR
22
Q
the movement of food through the digestive tract is regulated by
A
endocrine and nervous system
23
Q
the digestive tract begins at the __ and ends at the __
A
mouth & anus
24
Q
the most important roles of the digestive system include digestion and
A
absorption
25
which structure prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea
epiglottis
26
the function of sphincters in the digestive tract is
regulate flow of food
27
the primary site of nutrient absorption is the
small intestine
28
__ are protein molecules that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions
enzymes
29
after water soluble nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, they are carried to the __ via the __
liver via hepatic portal vein
30
probiotics are defined as
beneficial bacteria added to foods
31
as chyme moves out of the stomach, it passes through the
gastroesophageal sphincter
32
the urinary and respiratory systems help the body to remove
metabolic waste products
33
chemical breakdown of glucose to produce energy is an example of
catabolism
34
lactose intolerance is caused by
inadequate production of enzyme lactase
35
which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes is correct
immune system destroys pancreatic cells that provide insulin
36
which of the following sequences represents a monosaccharide followed by a disaccharide followed by a polysaccharide
fructose, sucrose, starch
37
which of the following foods are the best sources of complex carbs
cereals and grains
38
the AMDR for carb intake for a healthy diet has been set at __ of the total energy required
30-45%
39
dietary fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels by
all of these are correct
40
aspartame
all of these are correct
41
the organ which supplies enzymes required for starch digestion include the
pancreas
42
aerobic metabolism occurs in
none of these choices are correct
43
an oligosaccharide is a
carb containing 3-10 sugar units
44
most fatty acids in food and in the body are found to a molecule called
glycerol
45
fatty acids are categorized based on the carbon chain length as well as
types and locations of bonds between carbons
46
the end of a fatty acid chain containing a methyl group is also referred to as the __ end
omega
47
__ fatty acids are not synthesized by the body
essential
48
a fatty acid with only one single bonds between carbon atoms is called a __ fatty acid
saturated
49
dietary sources of cholesterol include all of the following except
peanut butter
50
an omega 6 fatty acid is an example of
unsaturated fatty acid
51
when energy is ingested in excess of needs, the excess
us converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue
52
reverse cholesterol transport is accomplished by
HDLs
53
which of the following health problems can increase a persons risk of developing heart disease
all of these increase risk
54
trans fatty acids are most abundant in foods that contain
partially hydrogenated oils
55
primary source of protein for the most of the worlds population is
grains and veggies
56
which of the following functions is performed by proteins in the body
all of these functions are performed by proteins
57
the AMDR for protein intake is __ % of energy intake
10-35
58
the basic building blocks of proteins are
amino acids
59
individuals with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria should limit their intake of what
aspartame
60
obtaining protein from plant foods may be advantageous because plant foods
all of the above
61
vegetarians have a lower risk of
all of these are occurrent
62
food allergies involve an interaction between a dietary protein and
dietary protein and immune system
63
a limting amino acid
is present in short supply relative to body needs
64
a pattern of food intake that eliminates all animal products is called
vegan vegetarian
65
which stamen about obesity is true
BMI > 30
66
what is the total energy content of a serving of granola that contains 7 grams of fat, 40 grams of carbs, and 4 grams of protein
239 kcals
67
after eating a large dinner, we feel full and satisfied. the term to describe this feeling is
satiety
68
the energy expended to dest and store nutrients is called
thermic effect of food
69
the energy content of a good is determined
by bomb calorimetry
70
to provide glucose to the body between meals
glycogen is broken down
71
basal metabolism in a typical person accounts for approx. what percentage of total energy expenditure
60-75
72
in order to calculate a persons body mass index, what info about the person must be known
height and weight
73
as foods are digested, the energy stored in the chemical bonds of carbs, proteins, and fats are converted to
ATP
74
which nutrient, when consumed in excess of energy needs, is/are preferentially used to produce body adipose tissue
fat
75
which B vitamin decrease the risk of neural rube debts in developing babies
folic acid
76
a primary function of thiamin is to
facilitate production of energy from glucose
77
many B vitamins function as __ which bind to enzymes to promote their activity
coenzymes
78
which statement concerning vitamins is INCORRECT
if a vitamin is not provided by diet, the body will synthesize it
79
which term describes how well a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body
bioavailability
80
the __ is the site of most vitamin absorption into the body
small intestine
81
vitamins may be lost when food is processed. when these vitamins are added back to the processed food at the same or higher level, the food is said to
enriched
82
the process of adding nutrients to foods is called
fortification
83
a common adverse effect of niacin toxicity is
flushing of skin
84
which vitamin is referred to as sunshine vitamin
D
85
a vitamin D deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by weak or soft bones is called ]
rickets
86
The primary function of vitamin E is:
act as antioxidant
87
reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables, tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin _____.
D
88
vitamin k is required to produce prothombrin which is needed for
blood clotting
89
beta-carotene is least plentiful in which food
mustard greens
90
a condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration is
hypercarotenemia
91
excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements could cause all of the following except
acne
92
when consumption of __ is insufficient, vitamin A absorption is decreased
fat
93
fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within
chylomicrons
94
the UL for sodium intake is __ mg/day
2300
95
which of the following individuals is at risk for dehydration
all are potentially at risk for dehydration
96
water found inside cells of the body is called
intracellular fluid
97
most of the salt consumed by americans is
added to food during processing & manufacturing
98
of the following, the tissue with the lowest water content is
fat
99
most body water comes from
fluids we drink
100
shrinking of strawberry water loss after being sprinkled with sugar is an example of
osmosis
101
approx what percentage of adult human body is water
60%
102
the loss of body fluid in ways not obvious or noticeable to us is called
insensible losses
103
kevin lost 3 pounds during his workout, he should consume a min. of __ liters of liquid to replace lost fluid
1.5
104
phosphorus is essential foe energy production since it is part of
ATP
105
significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed
osteoporosis
106
the most abundant mineral in the body is
calcium
107
which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium
if dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium
108
which statement about mineral supplements is false
they should always be avoided
109
whether an element is classified as a major or as a race mineral is determined by
amounts needed daily by body
110
following minerals all compete with each other for absorption except
sodium
111
magnesium major functions in the body include all of the following except
blood clotting
112
in the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of
some amino acids and vitamins
113
the hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called __ bone
cortical
114
which of the following is not a good source of heme iron
spinach
115
lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide
iron
116
which is not a plentiful source of since
saltine crackers
117
all of the following are adequate sources of noontime iron except
apples
118
iron is a component of the protein __ that binds and transports oxygen in the blood stream
hemoglobin
119
copper deficiency is most likely to occur in
pre-term infants
120
the best dietary sources of manganese are
nuts and whole grains
121
which of the following is an excellent source of selenium
salmon
122
which of the following is the poorest source of iodine
apricots
123
of the following the best source of chromium is
whole grain
124
a compulsion to eat non-food items such as laundry starch, clay, or ice is called
pica
125
the proportion of lean body tissue can be best increased by
lifting weights regularly
126
which of the following is the worst advice to give someone regarding long term maintenance of activity program
exercise as hard as you can at least 6 days a week
127
endurance is greatest when the diet contains a higher proportion of cals from
carbs
128
for exercise lasting less than one hour, the preferred drink is
water
129
during hot weather, athletes should consume fluids __ exercise
before, during, after
130
lifting heavy weights stresses muscles over time causing an adaption called
hypertrophy
131
when a person begins exercising, the first metabolic fuel used is
ATP and creatine phosphate
132
the health benefits of exercise include all of the following except
decreased insulin sensitivity of tissues
133
whether an activity is preferentially fueled by aerobic or anaerobic metabolism primarily depends on
intensity and duration
134
an athlete exercising at a moderate level for more than 2 consecutive hours will benefit most from consuming
sports beverage
135
the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a healthy, normals weight woman is __ pounds
25-35
136
pica is defined as
abnormal cravings for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substance
137
a teratogen is defined as
substance that can cause birth defects
138
an infant weighing 7 pounds at birth should weigh __ by 4 months of age
14 pounds
139
weight gain recommendations during pregnancy are based on
weight at time of pregnancy
140
which of the following women should gain the most weight during pregnancy
woman w. pre-pregnancy BMI of 17
141
the hormone responsible for the let down reflex is
oxytocin
142
infants born at 35 weeks of gestation are classified as
premature
143
failure to thrive refers to
inability of childs growth to keep up w/ normal growth curves
144
one function of the __ is to transfer nutrient and oxygen from maternal blood to the baby through a network of blood vessels
placenta
145
which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta
provides site where fertilization occurs
146
a food jag is
period when child will only eat one food and nothing else
147
which statement about eating environment is correct
caregivers should sit w/ children and eat what they eat
148
from a nutritional perspective, as the typical american child gets older, the quality of the idea
worsens as they eat less fruit and veggies
149
consuming adequate __ can help to decrease dental caries
flouride
150
which statement about heart disease risk in children is true
elevated cholesterol during childhood is associated w/ higher death rates from heart disease in adulthood
151
issues faced by obese children include all of the following except
shorter terminal health
152
an "elimination diet" can be used to detect
cause of food allergy
153
which statement about lactose intolerance is correct
classified as food intolerance
154
which food is most appropriate for a 5month old infant
iron fortified infant rice cereal
155
which statement about childhood eating patterns is false
since children are sensitive to strong flavors, it is better to wait until 8 or 9 to try and establish good eating habits
156
the period during which an individual undergoes physical changes that result in sexual maturity is
puberty
157
the max age to which a human can live is defined as
life span
158
programmed cell death theories that
genes determine the life span of cells, aging occurs as cells die
159
the wear and tare hypothesis proposes that aging
is result of an accumulation of cellular damage
160
postponing onset of chronic or debilitating disease in an older population is termed
compression of morality
161
__ describes a condition that occurs when a person is having difficulty acquiring enough food to meet his/her needs
food insecurity
162
sarcopenia is defined as
decrease of muscle mass that occurs w/ age
163
diets high in __ may slow or prevent development of macular degeneration and cataracts
antioxidants
164
the nutrient needs of the elderly remain essentially the same although their energy needs decrease. because of this, the best advice for them is to
consume more more nutrient dense diet
165
during aging insulin
secretion decrease and may be less effective at cellular level
166
the least significant factor contribution to rate of agin is
gender
167
in older adults, energy expenditure is less because BMR decreases __ % every decade or life after age 20
2-3%
168
pasteurization of milk or eggs involves the use of
heat
169
wiping a soiled counter with a cloth, then wiping a cutting board with the same cloth is an example of
cross contamination
170
which of the following will help prevent food borne illnesses
all of these
171
raw hamburger patties are taken to the grill on a platter. after they are cooked, the patties are returned to the same, unwashed platter and served. this is an example of
cross contamination
172
the GRAS list was part of the 1958 food additives amendment. GRAS stands for
generally recognized as safe
173
a method that places sterilized food in a sterilized package using a sterile process is called
aseptic processing
174
HACCP stands for
hazard analysis critical control point
175
the HACCP system uses critical control points which are
steps in food production processes where contamination can occur or be prevented
176
which food presents the greatest risk of food-borne illnesses
turkey thawed at room temp
177
infant mortality rate refers to
of deaths during 1st year of life per 1000 live births
178
the nutrition transition is accompanied by
increase in the incidence of heart disease and diabetes
179
the cycle of malnutrition can be broken by
any of these
180
the single greatest cause of food insecurity is
poverty
181
modern large scale farming can do all of the following except
use very little energy
182
decreased growth in height in children is refereed to as
stunting
183
areas of the US that lack access to affordable foods which constitute a healthy diet are called
food deserts
184
approx. what portion of households in the US experience food insecurity at some point during the year
14.5 %
185
currently, which bears the least responsibility for world wide food shortages
inability of world wide food producers to keep up with consumption
186
processed foods and convenience foods tendo to __ compared to freshly prepared foods
all of these are correct
187
Consuming nutrient-dense foods helps to ensure a proper diet. One effective strategy is:
all of these are effective strategies
